California

This code shall be known as the Evidence Code.

The rule of the common law, that statutes in derogation thereof are to be strictly construed, has no…

If any provision or clause of this code or application thereof to any person or circumstances is hel…

Unless the provision or context otherwise requires, these preliminary provisions and rules of constr…

Division, chapter, article, and section headings do not in any manner affect the scope, meaning, or …

Whenever any reference is made to any portion of this code or of any other statute, such reference s…

Unless otherwise expressly stated: (a) “Division” means a division of this code. (b) “Chapter” means…

The present tense includes the past and future tenses; and the future, the present.

The masculine gender includes the feminine and neuter.

The singular number includes the plural; and the plural, the singular.

“Shall” is mandatory and “may” is permissive.

(a) This code shall become operative on January 1, 1967, and shall govern proceedings in actions bro…

Unless the provision or context otherwise requires, these definitions govern the construction of thi…

“Action” includes a civil action and a criminal action.

“Burden of producing evidence” means the obligation of a party to introduce evidence sufficient to a…

“Burden of proof” means the obligation of a party to establish by evidence a requisite degree of bel…

“Civil action” includes civil proceedings.

“Conduct” includes all active and passive behavior, both verbal and nonverbal.

“Criminal action” includes criminal proceedings.

“Declarant” is a person who makes a statement.

“Evidence” means testimony, writings, material objects, or other things presented to the senses that…

“The hearing” means the hearing at which a question under this code arises, and not some earlier or …

“Hearsay evidence” is defined in Section 1200.

“Law” includes constitutional, statutory, and decisional law.

“Oath” includes affirmation or declaration under penalty of perjury.

“Perceive” means to acquire knowledge through one’s senses.

“Person” includes a natural person, firm, association, organization, partnership, business trust, co…

“Dependent person” means a person, regardless of whether the person lives independently, who has a p…

“Personal property” includes money, goods, chattels, things in action, and evidences of debt.

“Property” includes both real and personal property.

“Proof” is the establishment by evidence of a requisite degree of belief concerning a fact in the mi…

“Public employee” means an officer, agent, or employee of a public entity.

“Public entity” includes a nation, state, county, city and county, city, district, public authority,…

“Real property” includes lands, tenements, and hereditaments.

“Relevant evidence” means evidence, including evidence relevant to the credibility of a witness or h…

“Spouse” includes “registered domestic partner,” as required by Section 297.5 of the Family Code.

“State” means the State of California, unless applied to the different parts of the United States. I…

“Statement” means (a) oral or written verbal expression or (b) nonverbal conduct of a person intende…

“Statute” includes a treaty and a constitutional provision.

“Trier of fact” includes (a) the jury and (b) the court when the court is trying an issue of fact ot…

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subdivision (b), “unavailable as a witness” means that the decla…

“Writing” means handwriting, typewriting, printing, photostating, photographing, photocopying, trans…

“Original” means the writing itself or any counterpart intended to have the same effect by a person …

A “duplicate” is a counterpart produced by the same impression as the original, or from the same mat…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, this code applies in every action before the Supreme Court …

(a) All questions of law (including but not limited to questions concerning the construction of stat…

If the law of an organization of nations, a foreign nation or a state other than this state, or a pu…

Except as otherwise provided by law, where the trial is by jury: (a) All questions of fact are to be…

Except as otherwise provided by law, the court in its discretion shall regulate the order of proof.

No evidence is admissible except relevant evidence.

Except as otherwise provided by statute, all relevant evidence is admissible.

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the results of a polygraph examination, the opinion …

(a) In a civil action for personal injury or wrongful death, evidence of a person’s immigration stat…

(a) In a civil action not governed by Section 351.2, evidence of a person’s immigration status shall…

(a) In a criminal action, evidence of a person’s immigration status shall not be disclosed in open c…

The court in its discretion may exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed …

In any criminal proceeding under Section 261, 262, or 264.1, subdivision (d) of Section 286, or subd…

(a) In any criminal proceeding where a party seeks to admit as evidence a form of creative expressio…

A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the judgment or decision based thereon be rev…

A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the judgment or decision based thereon be rev…

When evidence is admissible as to one party or for one purpose and is inadmissible as to another par…

Where part of an act, declaration, conversation, or writing is given in evidence by one party, the w…

As used in this article, “preliminary fact” means a fact upon the existence or nonexistence of which…

As used in this article, “proffered evidence” means evidence, the admissibility or inadmissibility o…

(a) When the existence of a preliminary fact is disputed, its existence or nonexistence shall be det…

(a) The proponent of the proffered evidence has the burden of producing evidence as to the existence…

Whenever the proffered evidence is claimed to be privileged under Section 940, the person claiming t…

With respect to preliminary fact determinations not governed by Section 403 or 404: (a) When the exi…

This article does not limit the right of a party to introduce before the trier of fact evidence rele…

As used in this chapter, “direct evidence” means evidence that directly proves a fact, without an in…

Except where additional evidence is required by statute, the direct evidence of one witness who is e…

If weaker and less satisfactory evidence is offered when it was within the power of the party to pro…

In determining what inferences to draw from the evidence or facts in the case against a party, the t…

Judicial notice may not be taken of any matter unless authorized or required by law.

Judicial notice shall be taken of the following: (a) The decisional, constitutional, and public stat…

Judicial notice may be taken of the following matters to the extent that they are not embraced withi…

(a) The official acts and records specified in subdivisions (c) and (d) of Section 452 include any c…

The trial court shall take judicial notice of any matter specified in Section 452 if a party request…

(a) In determining the propriety of taking judicial notice of a matter, or the tenor thereof: (1) An…

With respect to any matter specified in Section 452 or in subdivision (f) of Section 451 that is of …

If the trial court denies a request to take judicial notice of any matter, the court shall at the ea…

If a matter judicially noticed is a matter which would otherwise have been for determination by the …

The failure or refusal of the trial court to take judicial notice of a matter, or to instruct the ju…

(a) The reviewing court shall take judicial notice of (1) each matter properly noticed by the trial …

Where the advice of persons learned in the subject matter is required in order to enable the court t…

Except as otherwise provided by law, a party has the burden of proof as to each fact the existence o…

Insofar as any statute, except Section 522, assigns the burden of proof in a criminal action, such s…

The court on all proper occasions shall instruct the jury as to which party bears the burden of proo…

The party claiming that a person is guilty of crime or wrongdoing has the burden of proof on that is…

The party claiming that a person did not exercise a requisite degree of care has the burden of proof…

The party claiming that any person, including himself, is or was insane has the burden of proof on t…

In any action where the state is a party, regardless of who is the moving party, where (a) the bound…

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in a civil proceeding to which the State Board of Eq…

(a) The burden of producing evidence as to a particular fact is on the party against whom a finding …

(a) A presumption is an assumption of fact that the law requires to be made from another fact or gro…

A presumption is either conclusive or rebuttable. Every rebuttable presumption is either (a) a presu…

A statute providing that a fact or group of facts is prima facie evidence of another fact establishe…

A presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence is a presumption established to implement n…

The effect of a presumption affecting the burden of producing evidence is to require the trier of fa…

A presumption affecting the burden of proof is a presumption established to implement some public po…

The effect of a presumption affecting the burden of proof is to impose upon the party against whom i…

When a presumption affecting the burden of proof operates in a criminal action to establish presumpt…

The presumptions established by this article, and all other presumptions declared by law to be concl…

The facts recited in a written instrument are conclusively presumed to be true as between the partie…

Whenever a party has, by his own statement or conduct, intentionally and deliberately led another to…

A tenant is not permitted to deny the title of his landlord at the time of the commencement of the r…

The presumptions established by this article, and all other rebuttable presumptions established by l…

Money delivered by one to another is presumed to have been due to the latter.

A thing delivered by one to another is presumed to have belonged to the latter.

An obligation delivered up to the debtor is presumed to have been paid.

A person in possession of an order on himself for the payment of money, or delivery of a thing, is p…

An obligation possessed by the creditor is presumed not to have been paid.

The payment of earlier rent or installments is presumed from a receipt for later rent or installment…

The things which a person possesses are presumed to be owned by him.

A person who exercises acts of ownership over property is presumed to be the owner of it.

A judgment, when not conclusive, is presumed to correctly determine or set forth the rights of the p…

A writing is presumed to have been truly dated.

A letter correctly addressed and properly mailed is presumed to have been received in the ordinary c…

A trustee or other person, whose duty it was to convey real property to a particular person, is pres…

A deed or will or other writing purporting to create, terminate, or affect an interest in real or pe…

A book, purporting to be printed or published by public authority, is presumed to have been so print…

A book, purporting to contain reports of cases adjudged in the tribunals of the state or nation wher…

Printed materials, purporting to be a particular newspaper or periodical, are presumed to be that ne…

(a) As used in this section, “defendant” includes any party against whom the res ipsa loquitur presu…

The return of a process server registered pursuant to Chapter 16 (commencing with Section 22350) of …

The presumptions established by this article, and all other rebuttable presumptions established by l…

The owner of the legal title to property is presumed to be the owner of the full beneficial title. T…

A ceremonial marriage is presumed to be valid.

It is presumed that official duty has been regularly performed. This presumption does not apply on a…

A person is presumed to intend the ordinary consequences of his voluntary act. This presumption is i…

Any court of this state or the United States, or any court of general jurisdiction in any other stat…

A person not heard from in five years is presumed to be dead.

An unlawful intent is presumed from the doing of an unlawful act. This presumption is inapplicable i…

(a) The failure of a person to exercise due care is presumed if: (1) He violated a statute, ordinanc…

A rule, policy, manual, or guideline of state or local government setting forth standards of conduct…

(a) Any ordinance enacted by the governing body of a city, county, or city and county which (1) dire…

(a) In any dispute concerning payment by means of a check, a copy of the check produced in accordanc…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, every person, irrespective of age, is qualified to be a wit…

(a) A person is disqualified to be a witness if he or she is: (1) Incapable of expressing himself or…

(a) Subject to Section 801, the testimony of a witness concerning a particular matter is inadmissibl…

(a) Before the judge presiding at the trial of an action may be called to testify in that trial as a…

No person presiding at any judicial or quasi-judicial proceeding, and no arbitrator or mediator, sha…

(a) Before a juror sworn and impaneled in the trial of an action may be called to testify before the…

Every witness before testifying shall take an oath or make an affirmation or declaration in the form…

At the trial of an action, a witness can be heard only in the presence and subject to the examinatio…

Notwithstanding Sections 711 and 1200, at the trial of a criminal action, evidence of the technique …

(a) A person is qualified to testify as an expert if he has special knowledge, skill, experience, tr…

(a) Subject to subdivision (b), a witness testifying as an expert may be cross-examined to the same …

(a) The fact of the appointment of an expert witness by the court may be revealed to the trier of fa…

The court may, at any time before or during the trial of an action, limit the number of expert witne…

When it appears to the court, at any time before or during the trial of an action, that expert evide…

(a) (1) In all criminal actions and juvenile court proceedings, the compensation fixed under Section…

Any expert appointed by the court under Section 730 may be called and examined by the court or by an…

Nothing contained in this article shall be deemed or construed to prevent any party to any action fr…

A person who serves as an interpreter or translator in any action is subject to all the rules of law…

(a) An interpreter shall take an oath that he or she will make a true interpretation to the witness …

(a) When a witness is incapable of understanding the English language or is incapable of expressing …

(a) When the written characters in a writing offered in evidence are incapable of being deciphered o…

(a) As used in this section, “individual who is deaf or hard of hearing” means an individual with a …

Whenever an otherwise valid privilege exists between an individual who is deaf or hard of hearing an…

(a) During any medical examination, requested by an insurer or by the defendant, of a person who is …

(a) To the extent required by other state or federal laws, the Judicial Council shall reimburse cour…

Pursuant to this chapter, other applicable law, and existing Judicial Council policy, including the …

“Direct examination” is the first examination of a witness upon a matter that is not within the scop…

“Cross-examination” is the examination of a witness by a party other than the direct examiner upon a…

“Redirect examination” is an examination of a witness by the direct examiner subsequent to the cross…

“Recross-examination” is an examination of a witness by a cross-examiner subsequent to a redirect ex…

A “leading question” is a question that suggests to the witness the answer that the examining party …

(a) The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode of interrogation of a witness so as to…

A witness must give responsive answers to questions, and answers that are not responsive shall be st…

(a) Except under special circumstances where the interests of justice otherwise require: (1) A leadi…

(a) In examining a witness concerning a writing, it is not necessary to show, read, or disclose to h…

In examining a witness concerning a statement or other conduct by him that is inconsistent with any …

Unless the interests of justice otherwise require, extrinsic evidence of a statement made by a witne…

(a) Subject to subdivision (c), if a witness, either while testifying or prior thereto, uses a writi…

(a) The examination of a witness shall proceed in the following phases: direct examination, cross-ex…

(a) A witness examined by one party may be cross-examined upon any matter within the scope of the di…

A witness once examined cannot be reexamined as to the same matter without leave of the court, but h…

The court, on its own motion or on the motion of any party, may call witnesses and interrogate them …

(a) A party to the record of any civil action, or a person identified with such a party, may be call…

(a) Subject to subdivisions (b) and (c), the court may exclude from the courtroom any witness not at…

After a witness has been excused from giving further testimony in the action, he cannot be recalled …

Except as otherwise provided by statute, the court or jury may consider in determining the credibili…

(a) In any of the circumstances described in subdivision (c), if evidence of sexual conduct of the c…

The possession of a condom is not admissible as evidence in the prosecution of a violation of Sectio…

In any civil action alleging conduct which constitutes sexual harassment, sexual assault, or sexual …

The credibility of a witness may be attacked or supported by any party, including the party calling …

Evidence of traits of his character other than honesty or veracity, or their opposites, is inadmissi…

Subject to Section 788, evidence of specific instances of his conduct relevant only as tending to pr…

For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, it may be shown by the examination of the…

Evidence of his religious belief or lack thereof is inadmissible to attack or support the credibilit…

Evidence of the good character of a witness is inadmissible to support his credibility unless eviden…

Evidence of a statement previously made by a witness that is consistent with his testimony at the he…

(a) The testimony of a witness is not inadmissible in a criminal proceeding by reason of the fact th…

If a witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to s…

If a witness is testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of an opinion is limited to such …

(a) In a general civil case, as defined in Rule 1.6 of the California Rules of Court, where the part…

A witness testifying in the form of an opinion may state on direct examination the reasons for his o…

The court may, and upon objection shall, exclude testimony in the form of an opinion that is based i…

(a) If a witness testifying as an expert testifies that his opinion is based in whole or in part upo…

Testimony in the form of an opinion that is otherwise admissible is not objectionable because it emb…

(a) Except where another rule is provided by statute, this article provides special rules of evidenc…

As used in this article, “value of property” means market value of any of the following: (a) Real pr…

This article is not intended to alter or change the existing substantive law, whether statutory or d…

(a) The value of property may be shown only by the opinions of any of the following: (1) Witnesses q…

The opinion of a witness as to the value of property is limited to such an opinion as is based on ma…

When relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witness may take into account as a ba…

When relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witness may take into account as a ba…

(a) Subject to subdivision (b), when relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witne…

For the purpose of determining the capitalized value of the reasonable net rental value attributable…

When relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witness may take into account as a ba…

When relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witness may take into account as a ba…

When relevant to the determination of the value of property, a witness may take into account as a ba…

(a) In an eminent domain or inverse condemnation proceeding, notwithstanding the provisions of Secti…

Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, the value of property for which there is no rel…

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this article, a just and equitable method of determining …

A witness may state his opinion as to the sanity of a person when: (a) The witness is an intimate ac…

Unless the provision or context otherwise requires, the definitions in this chapter govern the const…

“Proceeding” means any action, hearing, investigation, inquest, or inquiry (whether conducted by a c…

“Civil proceeding” means any proceeding except a criminal proceeding.

“Criminal proceeding” means: (a) A criminal action; and (b) A proceeding pursuant to Article 3 (comm…

“Presiding officer” means the person authorized to rule on a claim of privilege in the proceeding in…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, the provisions of this division apply in all proceedings. T…

Except as otherwise provided by statute: (a) No person has a privilege to refuse to be a witness. (b…

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the right of any person to claim a privilege provi…

(a) If in the instant proceeding or on a prior occasion a privilege is or was exercised not to testi…

(a) The presiding officer shall determine a claim of privilege in any proceeding in the same manner …

(a) Subject to subdivision (b), the presiding officer may not require disclosure of information clai…

(a) The presiding officer, on his own motion or on the motion of any party, shall exclude informatio…

(a) If a privilege is claimed on the ground that the matter sought to be disclosed is a communicatio…

A party may predicate error on a ruling disallowing a claim of privilege only if he is the holder of…

(a) Evidence of a statement or other disclosure of privileged information is inadmissible against a …

Nothing in this division shall be construed to repeal by implication any other statute relating to p…

To the extent that such privilege exists under the Constitution of the United States or the State of…

To the extent that such privilege exists under the Constitution of the United States or the State of…

As used in this article, “lawyer” means a person authorized, or reasonably believed by the client to…

As used in this article, “client” means a person who, directly or through an authorized representati…

As used in this article, “confidential communication between client and lawyer” means information tr…

As used in this article, “holder of the privilege” means: (a) The client, if the client has no guard…

Subject to Section 912 and except as otherwise provided in this article, the client, whether or not …

The lawyer who received or made a communication subject to the privilege under this article shall cl…

(a) There is no privilege under this article if the services of the lawyer were sought or obtained t…

There is no privilege under this article if the lawyer reasonably believes that disclosure of any co…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue between parties …

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue of breach, by th…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the i…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the i…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the v…

Where two or more clients have retained or consulted a lawyer upon a matter of common interest, none…

For purposes of this article, the following terms have the following meanings: (a) “Client” means a …

(a) Subject to Section 912 and except as otherwise provided in this article, the client, whether or …

A lawyer referral service that has received or made a communication subject to the privilege under t…

There is no privilege under this article if either of the following applies: (a) The services of the…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, a married person has a privilege not to testify against his…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, a married person whose spouse is a party to a proceeding ha…

A married person does not have a privilege under this article in: (a) A proceeding brought by or on …

(a) Unless erroneously compelled to do so, a married person who testifies in a proceeding to which h…

Subject to Section 912 and except as otherwise provided in this article, a spouse (or his or her gua…

There is no privilege under this article if the communication was made, in whole or in part, to enab…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding to commit either spouse or otherwise place …

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding brought by or on behalf of either spouse to…

There is no privilege under this article in: (a) A proceeding brought by or on behalf of one spouse …

There is no privilege under this article in a criminal proceeding in which one spouse is charged wit…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding under the Juvenile Court Law, Chapter 2 (co…

There is no privilege under this article in a criminal proceeding in which the communication is offe…

As used in this article, “physician” means a person authorized, or reasonably believed by the patien…

As used in this article, “patient” means a person who consults a physician or submits to an examinat…

As used in this article, “confidential communication between patient and physician” means informatio…

As used in this article, “holder of the privilege” means: (a) The patient when he has no guardian or…

Subject to Section 912 and except as otherwise provided in this article, the patient, whether or not…

The physician who received or made a communication subject to the privilege under this article shall…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the c…

There is no privilege under this article if the services of the physician were sought or obtained to…

There is no privilege under this article in a criminal proceeding.

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the c…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue between parties …

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue of breach, by th…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the i…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the v…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding to commit the patient or otherwise place hi…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding brought by or on behalf of the patient to e…

There is no privilege under this article as to information that the physician or the patient is requ…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding brought by a public entity to determine whe…

As used in this article, “psychotherapist” means a person who is, or is reasonably believed by the p…

A communication between a patient and an educational psychologist, licensed under Chapter 13.5 (comm…

As used in this article, “patient” means a person who consults a psychotherapist or submits to an ex…

As used in this article, “confidential communication between patient and psychotherapist” means info…

As used in this article, “holder of the privilege” means: (a) The patient when he has no guardian or…

Subject to Section 912 and except as otherwise provided in this article, the patient, whether or not…

The psychotherapist who received or made a communication subject to the privilege under this article…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the m…

(a) There is no privilege under this article if the psychotherapist is appointed by order of a court…

There is no privilege under this article if the services of the psychotherapist were sought or obtai…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue between parties …

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue of breach, by th…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the i…

There is no privilege under this article as to a communication relevant to an issue concerning the v…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding under Chapter 6 (commencing with Section 13…

There is no privilege under this article if the psychotherapist has reasonable cause to believe that…

There is no privilege under this article in a proceeding brought by or on behalf of the patient to e…

There is no privilege under this article as to information that the psychotherapist or the patient i…

There is no privilege under this article if all of the following circumstances exist: (a) The patien…

As used in this article, a “member of the clergy” means a priest, minister, religious practitioner, …

As used in this article, “penitent” means a person who has made a penitential communication to a mem…

As used in this article, “penitential communication” means a communication made in confidence, in th…

Subject to Section 912, a penitent, whether or not a party, has a privilege to refuse to disclose, a…

Subject to Section 912, a member of the clergy, whether or not a party, has a privilege to refuse to…

As used in this article, “victim” means a person who consults a sexual assault counselor for the pur…

As used in this article, “sexual assault counselor” means any of the following: (a) A person who is …

As used in this article, “confidential communication between the sexual assault counselor and the vi…

As used in this article, “holder of the privilege” means: (a) The victim when such person has no gua…

A victim of a sexual assault, whether or not a party, has a privilege to refuse to disclose, and to …

The sexual assault counselor who received or made a communication subject to the privilege under thi…

As used in this article, “sexual assault” includes all of the following: (a) Rape, as defined in Sec…

As used in this article, “victim” means any person who suffers domestic violence, as defined in Sect…

(a) (1) As used in this article, “domestic violence counselor” means a person who is employed by a d…

(a) As used in this article, “confidential communication” means any information, including, but not …

Nothing in this article shall be construed to limit any obligation to report instances of child abus…

As used in this article, “holder of the privilege” means: (a) The victim when he or she has no guard…

A victim of domestic violence, whether or not a party to the action, has a privilege to refuse to di…

The domestic violence counselor who received or made a communication subject to the privilege grante…

As used in this article, “domestic violence” means “domestic violence” as defined in Section 6211 of…

A domestic violence counselor shall inform a domestic violence victim of any applicable limitations …

(a) A trafficking victim, whether or not a party to the action, has a privilege to refuse to disclos…

(a) The court may compel disclosure of information received by a human trafficking caseworker that c…

As used in this article, the following terms have the following meanings: (a) “Confidential communic…

Nothing in this article shall be construed as limiting any obligation to report instances of child a…

(a) As used in this section, “official information” means information acquired in confidence by a pu…

(a) Except as provided in this section, a public entity has a privilege to refuse to disclose the id…

(a) Except where disclosure is forbidden by an act of the Congress of the United States, if a claim …

(a) In any case in which discovery or disclosure is sought of peace or custodial officer personnel r…

Nothing in this article shall be construed to affect the right of access to records of medical or ps…

(a) This article does not affect the right of access to records of complaints, or investigations of …

In any case, otherwise authorized by law, in which the party seeking disclosure is alleging excessiv…

(a) Records of peace officers or custodial officers, as defined in Section 831.5 of the Penal Code, …

If he claims the privilege, a person has a privilege to refuse to disclose the tenor of his vote at …

If he or his agent or employee claims the privilege, the owner of a trade secret has a privilege to …

(a) For purposes of this section, and Sections 1062 and 1063: (1) “Trade secret” means “trade secret…

(a) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, in a criminal case, the court, upon motion of the ow…

The following provisions shall govern requests to seal articles which are protected by a protective …

(a) A publisher, editor, reporter, or other person connected with or employed upon a newspaper, maga…

Except as otherwise provided by statute, any otherwise admissible evidence (including evidence in th…

(a) Except as provided in this section and in Sections 1102, 1103, 1108, and 1109, evidence of a per…

In a criminal action, evidence of the defendant’s character or a trait of his character in the form …

(a) In a criminal action, evidence of the character or a trait of character (in the form of an opini…

Except as provided in Sections 1102 and 1103, evidence of a trait of a person’s character with respe…

Any otherwise admissible evidence of habit or custom is admissible to prove conduct on a specified o…

(a) In any civil action alleging conduct which constitutes sexual harassment, sexual assault, or sex…

(a) In a criminal action, expert testimony is admissible by either the prosecution or the defense re…

(a) In a criminal action, expert testimony is admissible by either the prosecution or the defense re…

(a) In a criminal action in which the defendant is accused of a sexual offense, evidence of the defe…

(a) (1) Except as provided in subdivision (e) or (f), in a criminal action in which the defendant is…

For purposes of this chapter: (a) “Mediation” means a process in which a neutral person or persons f…

(a) Nothing in this chapter expands or limits a court’s authority to order participation in a disput…

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), this chapter applies to a mediation as defined in Section…

An oral agreement “in accordance with Section 1118” means an oral agreement that satisfies all of th…

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter: (a) No evidence of anything said or any admission made…

(a) Evidence otherwise admissible or subject to discovery outside of a mediation or a mediation cons…

Neither a mediator nor anyone else may submit to a court or other adjudicative body, and a court or …

(a) A communication or a writing, as defined in Section 250, that is made or prepared for the purpos…

A written settlement agreement prepared in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation, is not made i…

An oral agreement made in the course of, or pursuant to, a mediation is not made inadmissible, or pr…

(a) For purposes of confidentiality under this chapter, a mediation ends when any one of the followi…

Anything said, any admission made, or any writing that is inadmissible, protected from disclosure, a…

If a person subpoenas or otherwise seeks to compel a mediator to testify or produce a writing, as de…

Any reference to a mediation during any subsequent trial is an irregularity in the proceedings of th…

(a) Except in the case of a class or representative action, an attorney representing a client partic…

(a) Upon an inquiry as to the validity of a verdict, any otherwise admissible evidence may be receiv…

When, after the occurrence of an event, remedial or precautionary measures are taken, which, if take…

(a) Evidence that a person has, in compromise or from humanitarian motives, furnished or offered or …

Evidence of a plea of guilty, later withdrawn, or of an offer to plead guilty to the crime charged o…

Evidence of an offer for civil resolution of a criminal matter pursuant to the provisions of Section…

Evidence that a person has accepted or offered or promised to accept a sum of money or any other thi…

Evidence that a person was, at the time a harm was suffered by another, insured wholly or partially …

(a) In-hospital medical or medical-dental staff committees of a licensed hospital may engage in rese…

(a) A committee established in compliance with Sections 4070 and 5624 of the Welfare and Institution…

(a) Evidence that a person suffered or experienced excited delirium shall not be admitted in any civ…

(a) Neither the proceedings nor the records of organized committees of medical, medical-dental, podi…

Except in actions involving a claim of a provider of health care services for payment for such servi…

Neither the proceedings nor the records of a committee established in compliance with Sections 4070 …

The prohibition relating to discovery or testimony provided in Section 1157 shall be applicable to p…

(a) For purposes of this section, “medical provider” means physician and surgeon, dentist, registere…

(a) No evidence pertaining to live animal experimentation, including, but not limited to, injury, im…

(a) The portion of statements, writings, or benevolent gestures expressing sympathy or a general sen…

(a) Evidence that a victim of human trafficking, as defined in Section 236.1 of the Penal Code, has …

Evidence that a victim of, or a witness to, a serious felony as defined in subdivision (c) of Sectio…

(a) “Hearsay evidence” is evidence of a statement that was made other than by a witness while testif…

A statement within the scope of an exception to the hearsay rule is not inadmissible on the ground t…

Evidence of a statement or other conduct by a declarant that is inconsistent with a statement by suc…

(a) The declarant of a statement that is admitted as hearsay evidence may be called and examined by …

Section 1203 is not applicable if the hearsay statement is offered at a preliminary examination, as …

A statement that is otherwise admissible as hearsay evidence is inadmissible against the defendant i…

Nothing in this division shall be construed to repeal by implication any other statute relating to h…

Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered against the declar…

Evidence of a statement offered against a party is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the …

Evidence of a statement offered against a party is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if: (a)…

Evidence of a statement offered against a party is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if: (a)…

When the liability obligation, or duty of a party to a civil action is based in whole or in part upo…

When a right, title, or interest in any property or claim asserted by a party to a civil action requ…

Evidence of a statement by a minor child is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if offered aga…

Evidence of a statement by the deceased is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if offered agai…

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, for the purpose of establishing the elements of the crim…

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), neither the signature of any parent or legal guardian on …

Evidence of a statement by a declarant having sufficient knowledge of the subject is not made inadmi…

Evidence of a prior statement made by a declarant is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if th…

A statement is admissible pursuant to Section 1231 only if the proponent of the statement makes know…

A peace officer may administer and certify oaths for purposes of this article.

Any law enforcement officer testifying as to any hearsay statement pursuant to this article shall ei…

If evidence of a prior statement is introduced pursuant to this article, the jury may not be told th…

Evidence of a statement made by a witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statem…

Evidence of a statement previously made by a witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if…

(a) Evidence of a statement previously made by a witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rul…

Evidence of a statement previously made by a witness is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if…

Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement: (a) Purports …

Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement: (a) Is offere…

Evidence of a statement made by a dying person respecting the cause and circumstances of his death i…

(a) Subject to Section 1252, evidence of a statement of the declarant’s then existing state of mind,…

Subject to Section 1252, evidence of a statement of the declarant’s state of mind, emotion, or physi…

Evidence of a statement is inadmissible under this article if the statement was made under circumsta…

Subject to Section 1252, evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the…

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (b), evidence of any of the following statements made by a dec…

(a) Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered in an action u…

As used in this article, “a business” includes every kind of business, governmental activity, profes…

Evidence of a writing made as a record of an act, condition, or event is not made inadmissible by th…

Evidence of the absence from the records of a business of a record of an asserted act, condition, or…

Evidence of a writing made as a record of an act, condition, or event is not made inadmissible by th…

Evidence of a writing made as a record of a birth, fetal death, death, or marriage is not made inadm…

A written finding of presumed death made by an employee of the United States authorized to make such…

An official written report or record that a person is missing, missing in action, interned in a fore…

Evidence of a writing made by the public employee who is the official custodian of the records in a …

Within an official written report or record of a law enforcement officer regarding a sexual offense …

As used in this article, “former testimony” means testimony given under oath in: (a) Another action …

(a) Evidence of former testimony is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the declarant is un…

(a) Evidence of former testimony is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if: (1) The declarant …

(a) Evidence of former testimony made at a preliminary examination by a minor child who was the comp…

(a) The following evidence of prior inconsistent statements of a witness properly admitted in a cond…

Evidence of a final judgment adjudging a person guilty of a crime punishable as a felony is not made…

Evidence of a final judgment is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule when offered by the judgme…

When the liability, obligation, or duty of a third person is in issue in a civil action, evidence of…

(a) Subject to subdivision (b), evidence of a statement by a declarant who is unavailable as a witne…

(a) Subject to subdivision (b), evidence of a statement concerning the birth, marriage, divorce, dea…

Evidence of entries in family Bibles or other family books or charts, engravings on rings, family po…

Evidence of reputation among members of a family is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the…

Evidence of reputation in a community concerning the date or fact of birth, marriage, divorce, or de…

Evidence of a statement concerning a person’s birth, marriage, divorce, death, parent and child rela…

Evidence of a statement concerning a person’s birth, marriage, divorce, death, parent and child rela…

Evidence of reputation in a community is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the reputation…

Evidence of reputation in a community is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the reputation…

Evidence of reputation in a community is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the reputation…

Evidence of a statement concerning the boundary of land is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule…

Evidence of a person’s general reputation with reference to his character or a trait of his characte…

Evidence of a statement contained in a deed of conveyance or a will or other writing purporting to a…

Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is contained i…

Evidence of a statement, other than an opinion, contained in a tabulation, list, directory, register…

Historical works, books of science or art, and published maps or charts, made by persons indifferent…

(a) In a criminal proceeding charging a serious felony, evidence of a statement made by a declarant …

(a) In a criminal prosecution where the victim is a minor, a statement made by the victim when under…

(a) Evidence of a statement by a declarant is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if all of th…

(a) In a criminal proceeding charging a violation, or attempted violation, of Section 368 of the Pen…

(a) Evidence of a statement is not made inadmissible by the hearsay rule if the statement is offered…

Authentication of a writing means (a) the introduction of evidence sufficient to sustain a finding t…

(a) Authentication of a writing is required before it may be received in evidence. (b) Authenticatio…

The party producing a writing as genuine which has been altered, or appears to have been altered, af…

Nothing in this article shall be construed to limit the means by which a writing may be authenticate…

(a) For purposes of this chapter, a writing shall include any graffiti consisting of written words, …

Except as provided by statute, the testimony of a subscribing witness is not required to authenticat…

If the testimony of a subscribing witness is required by statute to authenticate a writing and the s…

A writing may be authenticated by anyone who saw the writing made or executed, including a subscribi…

A writing may be authenticated by evidence that: (a) The party against whom it is offered has at any…

A writing may be authenticated by evidence of the genuineness of the handwriting of the maker.

A witness who is not otherwise qualified to testify as an expert may state his opinion whether a wri…

The genuineness of handwriting, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by the trier…

The genuineness of writing, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by an expert wit…

Where a writing whose genuineness is sought to be proved is more than 30 years old, the comparison u…

A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing was received in response to a communicat…

A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing refers to or states matters that are unl…

The presumptions established by this article are presumptions affecting the burden of producing evid…

A certificate of the acknowledgment of a writing other than a will, or a certificate of the proof of…

A seal is presumed to be genuine and its use authorized if it purports to be the seal of: (a) The Un…

A signature is presumed to be genuine and authorized if it purports to be the signature, affixed in …

A signature is presumed to be genuine and authorized if it purports to be the signature, affixed in …

The content of a writing may be proved by an otherwise admissible original.

(a) The content of a writing may be proved by otherwise admissible secondary evidence. The court sha…

(a) In addition to the grounds for exclusion authorized by Section 1521, in a criminal action the co…

(a) Except as otherwise provided by statute, oral testimony is not admissible to prove the content o…

(a) A purported copy of a writing in the custody of a public entity, or of an entry in such a writin…

For the purpose of evidence, whenever a copy of a writing is attested or certified, the attestation …

(a) The official record of a writing is prima facie evidence of the existence and content of the ori…

(a) If made and preserved as a part of the records of a business, as defined in Section 1270, in the…

Reproductions of files, records, writings, photographs, fingerprints or other instruments in the off…

A print, whether enlarged or not, from a photographic film (including a photographic plate, micropho…

(a) A printed representation of computer information or a computer program is presumed to be an accu…

(a) A printed representation of images stored on a video or digital medium is presumed to be an accu…

(a) As used in this article: (1) “Business” includes every kind of business described in Section 127…

(a) The records shall be accompanied by the affidavit of the custodian or other qualified witness, s…

If the original records would be admissible in evidence if the custodian or other qualified witness …

(a) This article does not require tender or payment of more than one witness fee and one mileage fee…

The personal attendance of the custodian or other qualified witness and the production of the origin…

If more than one subpoena duces tecum is served upon the custodian of records or other qualified wit…

This article applies in any proceeding in which testimony can be compelled.

A completed form described in Section 3664 of the Family Code for income and benefit information pro…

(a) The record of an instrument or other document purporting to establish or affect an interest in p…

(a) Subject to subdivisions (b) and (c), when in any action it is desired to prove the contents of t…

A deed of conveyance of real property, purporting to have been executed by a proper officer in pursu…

A certificate of purchase, or of location, of any lands in this state, issued or made in pursuance o…

Duplicate copies and authenticated translations of original Spanish title papers relating to land cl…