Chapter 4. To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States

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Chap. 4: To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States. Chapter 4 30 Stat. 96 1897-06-07 United States Government Publishing Office text/xml EN Pursuant to Title 17 Section 105 of the United States Code, this file is not subject to copyright protection and is in the public domain. Digitization Vendor 2025-11-03 55 1 30 public chap. 4.— An Act To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States.

June 7, 1897. Whereas the provisions of chapter eight hundred and two of the lawsNavigation.Vol. 26. p. 320.Vol. 28, pp. 82, 281.Vol. 29, p. 381. of eighteen hundred and ninety, and the amendments thereto, adopting regulations for preventing collisions at sea, apply to all waters of the United States connected with the high seas navigable by seagoing vessels, except so far as the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters is regulated by special rules duly made by local authority; and Whereas it is desirable that the regulations relating to the navigationInland waters. of all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the lied River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, shall be stated in one Act:

Therefore, *Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled*, That the following regulationsRegulations to prevent collisions. for preventing collision shall be followed by all vessels navigating all harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States, except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and are hereby declared special rules duly made by local authority:

Preliminary. In the following rules every steam-vessel which is under sail and notMeaning of terms.Sailing vessel.Steam vessel. under steam is to be considered a sailing-vessel, and every vessel under steam, whether under sail or not, is to be considered a steam vessel. The word “steam-vessel” shall include any vessel propelled by machinery. A vessel is “under way,” within the meaning of these rules, when“Under way.” she is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.

Rules Concerning Lights, and so forth. Rules concerning lights, etc. The word “visible” in these rules, when applied to lights, shall meanMeaning of “visible.” visible on a dark night with a clear atmosphere. Article 1. The rules concerning lights shall be complied with in allPeriod of compliance. weathers from sunset to sunrise, and during such time no other lights which may be mistaken for the prescribed lights shall be exhibited. Art. 2. A steam-vessel when under way shall carry—

(a)On or in front of the foremast, or, if a vessel without a foremast, then in the fore97FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. Ch. 4. 1897. part of the vessel, a bright white light so constructed as to show anStrain vessels under way, white light forward. unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of twenty points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light ten points on each side of the vessel, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least fiveVisibility. miles.

(b)On the starboard side a green light so constructed as to show anGreen light, starboard side. unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the starboard side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of at least two miles.

(c)On the port side a red light so constructed as to show an unbrokenRed light, port side. light over an arc of the horizon of ten points of the compass, so fixed as to throw the light from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on the port side, and of such a character as to be visible at a distance of atVisibility. least two miles.

(d)The said green and red side-lights shall be fitted with inboardInboard screens for green and red lights. screens projecting at least three feet forward from the light, so as to prevent these lights from being seen across the bow.

(e)A sea going steam-vessel when under way may carry an additionalAdditional white light. white light similar in construction to the light mentioned in subdivision (a). These two lights shall be so placed in line with the keel that onePosition, etc., of two white lights. shall be at least fifteen feet higher than the other, and in such a position with reference to each other that the lower light shall be forward of the upper one. The vertical distance between these lights shall be less than the horizontal distance,

(f)All steam-vessels (except sea-going vessels and ferry-boats), shall carry in addition to green and red lights required by article two (b), (c), and screens as required by article two (d), a central range of two white lights; the after light being carried atCentral range of two white lights. an elevation at least fifteen feet above the light at the head of the vessel. The head-light shall be so constructed as to show an unbroken light through twenty points of the compass, namely, from right ahead to two points abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, and the after-light so as to show all around the horizon. Art. 3. A steam-vessel when towing another vessel shall, in additionSteam vessel towing another vessel.Lights.When towing more than one.Additional light. to her side-lights, carry two bright white lights in a vertical line one over the other, not less than three feet apart, and when towing more than one vessel shall carry an additional bright white light three feet above or below such lights, if the length of the tow measuring from the stern of the towing vessel to the stern of the last vessel towed exceeds six hundred feet. Each of these lights shall be of the same constructionCharacter and position of lights. and character, and shall be carried in the same position as the white light mentioned in article two

(a)or the after range light mentioned in article two (f). Such steam-vessel may carry a small white light abaft the funnel orSmall white light abaft.Visibility restricted. aftermast for the vessel towed to steer by, but such light shall not be visible forward of the beam. Art. 5. A sailing-vessel under way or being towed shall carry theSailing vessel under any or being towed.Lights. same lights as are prescribed by article two for a steam-vessel under way, with the exception of the white lights mentioned therein, which they shall never carry. Art. 6. Whenever, as in the case of vessels of less than ten grossSmall vessels under way in bad weather.Exhibition of portable lights. tons under way during bad weather, the green and red side-lights can not be fixed, these lights shall be kept at hand, lighted and ready for use; and shall, on the approach of or to other vessels, be exhibited on their respective sides in sufficient time to prevent collision, in such manner as to make them most visible, and so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side, nor, if practicable, more than two points abaft the beam on their respective sides. To make the use of these portable lights more certain and easy the lanterns containing them shall each be painted outside with the color of the light they respectively contain, and shall be provided with proper screens. 98 Art. 7. Rowing boats, whether under oars or sail, shall have readyRowing boats.Lantern. at hand a lantern showing a white light which shall be temporarily exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision. Art. 8. Pilot-vessels when engaged on their station on pilotage dutyPilot-vessels on pilotage duty. shall not show the lights required for other vessels, but shall carry a white light at the masthead, visible all around the horizon, and shall also exhibit a flare-up light or flare-up lights at short intervals, which shall never exceed fifteen minutes. On the near approach of or to other vessels they shall have theirApproach of or to other vessels. side-lights lighted, ready for use, and shall flash or show them at short intervals, to indicate the direction in which they are heading, but the green light shall not be shown on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side. A pilot-vessel of such a class as to be obliged to go alongside of aSuch as go along side of a vessel, etc. vessel to put a pilot on board may show the white light instead of carrying it at the masthead, and may, instead of the colored lights above mentioned, have at hand, ready for use, a lantern with a green glass on the one side and a red glass on the other, to be used as prescribed above. Pilot vessels, when not engaged on their station on pilotage duty,Pilot vessels not on pilotage duty. shall carry lights similar to those of other vessels of their tonnage. Art. 9.

(a)Fishing vessels of less than ten gross tons, when underFishing vessels of less than ten gross tons, under way. etc., lantern. way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall not be obliged to carry the colored side-lights; but every such vessel shall, in lieu thereof, have ready at hand a lantern with a green glass on one side and a red glass on the other side, and on approaching to or being approached by another vessel such lantern shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision, so that the green light shall not be seen on the port side nor the red light on the starboard side.

(b)All fishing-vessels and fishing-boats of ten gross tons or upward,Of ten gross tons or upward. when under way and when not having their nets, trawls, dredges, or lines in the water, shall carry and show the same lights as other vessels under way.

(c)All vessels, when trawling, dredging, or fishing with any kind ofVessel when trawling, etc. drag-nets or lines, shall exhibit, from some part of the vessel where they can be best seen, two lights. One of these lights shall be red and the other shall be white. The red light shall be above the white light, and shall be at a vertical distance from it of not less than six feet and not more than twelve feet; and the horizontal distance between them, if any, shall not be more than ten feet. These two lights shall be of such a character and contained in lanterns of such construction as to be visible all round the horizon, the white light a distance of not less than three miles and the red light of not less than two miles.

(d)Rafts, or other water craft not herein provided for, navigating byRafts or other craft, etc. hand power, horse power, or by the current of the river, shall carry one or more good white lights, which shall be placed in such manner as shall be prescribed by the Board of Supervising Inspectors of Steam Vessels. Art. 10. A vessel which is being overtaken by another, except aVessels being overtaken by another. steam-vessel with an after Huge-light showing all around the horizon, shall show from her stern to such last-mentioned vessel a white light or a flare-up light. Art. 11. A vessel under one hundred and fifty feet in length whenVessels under one hundred and fifty feet in length, at anchor. at anchor shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding twenty feet above the hull, a white light, in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all around the horizon at a distance of at least one mile. A vessel of one hundred and fifty feet or upwards in length when atOne hundred and fifty feet or upward in length. anchor shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than twenty and not exceeding forty feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than fifteen feet lower than the forward light, another such light. 99 The length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing inLength governed by registry; her certificate of registry. Art. 12. Every vessel may, if necessary, in order to attract attention,Additional lights, etc., when necessary. in addition to the lights which she is by these rules required to carry, show a flare-up light or use any detonating signal that can not be mistaken for a distress signal. Art. 13. Nothing in these rules shall interfere with the operation ofShips of war and convoys.Special rules respecting additional lights, etc., not interfered with, etc. any special rules made by the Government of any nation with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships of war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhibition of recognition signals adopted by shipowners, which have been authorized by their respective Governments, and duly registered and published. Art. 14. A steam-vessel proceeding under sail only, but having herSteam vessel under sail only.Day signal. funnel up, may carry in daytime, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape two feet in diameter. Sound Signals for Fog, and so forth. Sound signals for fog, etc. Art. 15. All signals prescribed by this article for vessels under way shall be given: 1. By “steam-vessels” on the whistle or siren.“Steam vessels.” 2. By “sailing-vessels” and “vessels towed” on the fog horn.“Sailing vessels,” etc. The words “prolonged blast” used in this article shall mean a blastMeaning of “pro-longed blast.” of from four to six seconds duration. A steam vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren,Sound instruments to be provided steam vessels. sounded by steam or by some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient foghorn; also with an efficient bell. A sailing vessel of twenty tons gross tonnage or upward shall be provided with a similar fog horn and bell. In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rainstorms, whether by day orSignals in fog, mist, etc. night, the signals described in this article shall be used as follows, namely:

(a)A steam-vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not moreSteam vessel under way. than one minute, a prolonged blast.

(c)A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not moreSailing vessel under way. than one minute, when on the starboard tack, one blast; when on the port tack, two blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam, three blasts in succession.

(d)A vessel when at anchor shall, at intervals, of not more thanTeasel at anchor. one minute, ring the bell rapidly for about five seconds.

(e)A steam-vessel when towing, shall, instead of the signals prescribedSteam vessel towing. in subdivision

(a)of this article, at intervals of not more than one minute, sound three blasts in succession, namely, one prolonged blast followed by two short blasts. A vessel towed may give thisVessel towed. signal and she shall not give any other.

(f)All rafts or other water craft, not herein provided for, navigatingRafts or other water craft. by hand power, horse power, or by the current of the river, shall sound a blast of the fog-horn, or equivalent signal, at intervals of not more than one minute. Speed of Ships to be Moderate in Fog, and so forth. Speed of ships in fog, etc. Art. 16. Every vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavyTo be moderate. rainstorms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the existing circumstances and conditions. A steam-vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog-signalStoppage of engines on certain conditions, etc. of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over. 100 Steering and Sailing Rules. Steering and sailing rules. preliminary-risk of collision. Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained byAscertainment of risk of collision. carefully watching the compass bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist. Art. 17. When two sailing-vessels are approaching one another, soTwo sailing vessels approaching one an-other; rules of avoidance of collision. as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, namely:

(a)A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled.

(b)A vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is closed-hauled on the starboard tack.

(c)When both are running free, with the wind 011 different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other.

(d)When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to the windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to the leeward.

(e)A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel. Art. 18. Rule I. When steam-vessels are approaching each otherSteam vessels approaching each other end on. head and head, that is, end on, or nearly so, it shall be the duty of each to pass on the port side of the other; and either vessel shall give, as a signal of her intention, one short and distinct blast of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by a similar blast of her whistle, and thereupon such vessels shall pass on the port side of each other. But if the courses of such vessels are so far on the starboard of each other as not to be considered as meeting head and head, either vessel shall immediately give two short and distinct blasts of her whistle, which the other vessel shall answer promptly by two similar blasts on her whistle, and they shall pass 011 the starboard side of each other. The foregoing only applies to eases where vessels are meeting endApplicable cases. on or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own, and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the sidelights of the other. It does not apply by day to cases in which a vessel sees anotherInapplicable cases. ahead crossing her own course, or by night to eases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. Rule III. If, when steam-vessels are approaching each other, eitherFailing to understand the course, etc., of the other. vessel fails to understand the course or intention of the other, from any cause, the vessel so in doubt shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts, not less than four, of the steam whistle. Rule V. Whenever a steam-vessel is nearing a short bend or curveSteam vessel nearing shorthand or curve in the channel, etc. in the channel, where, from the height of the banks or other cause, a steam-vessel approaching from the opposite direction can not be seen for a distance of half a mile, such steam-vessel, when she shall have arrived within half a mile of such curve or bend, shall give a signal by one long blast of the steam-whistle, which signal shall be answered by a similar blast, given by any approaching steam-vessel that may be within hearing. Should such signal be so answered by a steam-vessel upon the farther side of such bend, then the usual signals for meeting and passing shall immediately be given and answered; but, if the first101 alarm signal of such vessel be not answered, she is to consider the channel clear and govern herself accordingly. When steam-vessels are moved from their docks or berths, and otherSteam vessels moved from their docks, etc. boats are liable to pass from any direction toward them, they shall give the same signal as in the case of vessels meeting at a bend, but immediately after clearing the berths so as to be fully in sight they shall be governed by the steering and sailing rules. Rule VIII. When at earn-vessels are running in the same direction,One steam vessel desiring to pass another going in the same direction. and the vessel which is astern shall desire to pass on the right or starboard hand of the vessel ahead, she shall give one short blast of the steam-whistle, as a. signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with one blast, she shall put her helm to port; or if she shall desire to pass on the left or port side of the vessel ahead, she shall give two short blasts of the steam-whistle as a signal of such desire, and if the vessel ahead answers with two blasts, shall put her helm to starboard ; or if the vessel ahead does not think it safe for the vessel astern to attempt, to pass at that point, she shall immediately signify the same by giving several short and rapid blasts of the steam-whistle, not less than four, and under no circumstances shall the vessel astern attempt to pass the vessel ahead until such time as they have reached a point where it can be safely done, when said vessel ahead shall signify her willingness by blowing the proper signals. The vessel ahead shall in no case attempt to cross the bow or crowd upon the course of the passing vessel. Rule IX. The whistle signals provided in the rules under this article,Whistle signals only for steamers in sight of each other; otherwise fog signals. for steam-vessels meeting, passing, or overtaking, are never to be used except when steamers are in sight of each other, and the course and position of each can be determined in the daytime by a sight of the vessel itself, or by night by seeing its signal lights. In fog, mist, falling snow or heavy rainstorms, when vessels can not so see each other, fog-signals only must be given. Art. 19. When two steam-vessels are crossing, so as to involve riskTwo steam vessels crossing. of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other. Art. 20. When a steam-vessel and a sailing-vessel are proceeding inWhere risk of collision, steam to avoid sailing vessels. such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam-vessel shall keep out of the way of, the sailing-vessel. Art. 21. Where, by any of these rules, one of the two vessels is toWhat vessel shall keep her course, etc. keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed. Art. 22. Every vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out ofCrossing ahead. the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other. Art. 23. Every steam-vessel which is directed by these rules to keepCertain vessels to slacken speed, etc. out of the way of another vessel shall, on approaching her, if necessary, slacken her speed or stop or reverse. Art. 24. Notwithstanding anything contained in these rules everyVessel overtaking another vessel, etc. vessel, overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel. Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction moreDefinition of “overtaking vessel.” than two points abaft her beam, that is, in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel’s side-lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear. As by day the overtaking vessel can not always know with certaintyBy day. whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way. Art. 25. In narrow channels every steam-vessel shall, when it is safeSteam vessel in narrow channel. and practicable, keep to that side of the fair-way or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel. 102 Art. 26. Sailing-vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing-vesselsSailing vessels under way to avoid vessels fishing, etc. or boats fishing with nets, or lines, or trawls. This rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fair-way used by vessels other than fishing-vessels or boats. Art. 27. In obeying and construing these rules due regard shall beDepartment from rules because of exigency. had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger. Sound Signals for Vessels in Sight of one Another. Sound signals for vessels in sight of one another. Art. 28. When vessels are in sight of one another a steam-vessel under way whose engines are going at full speed astern shall indicate that fact by three short blasts on the whistle. No Vessel Under any Circumstances to Neglect Proper Precautions. No vessel under any circumstances to neglect proper precautions. Art. 29. Nothing in these rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner or master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the ease. Art. 30. The exhibition of any light on board of a vessel of war ofLights on war or revenue vessels, temporary discontinuance of. the United States or a revenue cutter may be suspended whenever, in the opinion of the Secretary of the Navy, the commander in chief of a squadron, or the commander of a vessel acting singly, the special character of the service may require it. Distress Signals. Distress signals. Art. 31. When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, namely: in the daytime. In the daytime. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus, or firing a gun. at night. At night. First. Flames on the vessel as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, and so forth. Second. A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus, or firing a gun. Sec. 2. That the supervising inspectors of. steam-vessels and theRules to be established as to lights, etc. Supervising Inspector-General shall establish such rules to be observed by steam vessels in passing each other and as to the lights to be carried by ferry-boats and by barges and canal-boats when in tow of steam vessels, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as they from time to time may deem necessary for safety, which rules when approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, are hereby declared special rulesDeclared special rules, etc.Vol. 26, p. 328. duly made by local authority, as provided for in article thirty of chapter eight hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety. Two printed copies of such rules shall be furnished to such ferry boatsPrinted copies for ferry boats, etc. and steam-vessels, which rules shall be kept posted up in conspicuous places in such vessels. Sec. 3. That every pilot, engineer, mate, or master of any steamPenalty for pilots, etc. vessel, and every master or mate of any barge or canal-boat, who neglects or refuses to observe the provisions of this Act, or the regulations established in pursuance of the preceding section, shall be liable to a penalty of fifty dollars, and for all damages sustained by any103FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. Ch. 4–5. 1897. passenger in his person or baggage by such neglect or refusal: *Provided*,*Proviso*.Liability of vessel, owner, etc., unchanged. That nothing herein shall relieve any vessel, owner or corporation from any liability incurred by reason of such neglect or refusal. Sec. 4. That every vessel that shall be navigated without complyingPenalty for vessels. with the provisions of this Act shall be liable to a penalty of two hundred dollars, one-half to go to the informer, for which sum the vessel so navigated shall be liable and may be seized and proceeded against by action in any district court of the United States having jurisdiction of the offense. Sec. 5. That sections forty-two hundred and thirty-three and forty-fourRepeal of rules and regulations.R. S., secs. 4233, 4412, pp. 815, 854. hundred and twelve (with the regulations made in pursuance thereof, except the rules and regulations for the government of pilots of steamers navigating the lied River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico and their tributaries, and except the rules for the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal), and forty four hundred and thirteen of the RevisedR. S. sec. 4413. p. 854.Vol. 27, p. 557. Statutes of the United States, and chapter two hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-three, and sections one and three of chapter one hundred and two of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-five, and sections five, twelve, and thirteen of the Act approved March third, eighteen hundredVol. 28, p. 672. and ninety-seven, entitled “An Act to amend the laws relating to navigation,” and all amendmentsVol. 29, pp. 689, 690. thereto, are hereby repealed so far as the harbors, rivers, and inland waters aforesaid (except the Great Lakes and their connecting and tributary waters as far east as Montreal and the Red River of the North and rivers emptying into the Gulf of Mexico, and them tributaries) are concerned. Sec. 6. That this Act shall take effect four months from the date ofWhen to take effect. its approval. Approved, June 7, 1897.

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To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States
Chapter 4

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Chapter 4

To adopt regulations for preventing collisions upon certain harbors, rivers, and inland waters of the United States

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