Sec. 11. National Institute of Standards and Technology activities and quantum consortium

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Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act ( 15 U.S.C. 8831 ) is amended— in subsection (a)— in paragraph (1)— by striking basic and applied ; and by striking science and technology and inserting science, engineering, and technology ; in paragraph (2)— by inserting attract, educate, and before train ; and by striking science and technology and inserting science, engineering, and technology ; by amending paragraph

(3)to read as follows: shall carry out research to facilitate the development and standardization of quantum cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act ( 6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117–260 )), and practices to replace cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal disruption to current applications and systems; . by amending paragraph

(4)to read as follows: shall carry out research, development, and demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the development and standardization of quantum networking, communications, computing, metrology, sensing technologies and quantum applications, including quantum supporting technologies, such as artificial intelligence; . by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and

(7)as paragraphs (8), (9), and (11), respectively; by inserting the following after paragraph

(4)the following new paragraphs: shall carry out research to support the measurement of comparative performance and progress of quantum technologies, including, as practicable, technology readiness assessments of quantum technologies; shall promote United States participation in international standards organizations related to quantum information science, engineering, and technology; shall establish or expand partnerships with the public sector and private sector to— accelerate the development of domestic quantum supply chain and supply chain-supporting technologies; and reduce quantum supply chain vulnerabilities; ; in paragraph (8), as so redesignated, by striking infrastructure and inserting , communications, sensing, and computing ; in paragraph (9), as so redesignated— by inserting non-profit research organizations, after universities, ; and by striking and engineering; and and inserting , engineering, and technology and expanding the domestic STEM workforce; ; and by inserting after paragraph

(9)the following the following new paragraph: shall establish such infrastructure as is necessary to carry out title II; and ; in subsection (b)— in paragraph (1)— by striking future and inserting research ; and by striking science and technology and inserting science, engineering, and technology ; in paragraph (2)— by amending subparagraph

(A)to read as follows: to gather and assess information on the quantum industry to address the needs identified in paragraph (1); ; by striking subparagraphs

(B)and

(C)and inserting the following new subparagraphs: to provide recommendations regarding how the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet the needs identified in paragraph

(1)and accelerate real-world uses of quantum information science, engineering, and technology; to identify enabling technologies and the relevant supply chain essential to foster research and industrial competitiveness in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and communicate findings to Federal agencies and other domestic and international stakeholders; to assess and identify key areas for establishing, expanding, or developing international partnerships that will facilitate United States quantum-related business engagement; and to provide recommendations on how the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can incorporate small and medium-sized businesses and startups into Federal quantum activities and promote the success of small and medium-sized startups. ; in paragraph (3)— by striking Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the and inserting The ; and by inserting periodically, but not less than every five years, after shall ; and by adding at the end the following new paragraph: As appropriate, the consortium is encouraged to engage with Federal agencies that fund research, have a mission to transition or translate research results to practical quantum applications, or have a mission that could benefit from the development of quantum technologies, to inform and accelerate progress in such areas. ; and by striking subsection

(c)and inserting the following new subsections: The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall promote, establish, and support international quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, metrology research, and standardization, as appropriate, to enhance international cooperation, meet United States commitments, and support United States engagement in international standards for quantum information science, engineering, and technology. In carrying out this section, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information Science Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor strategies. None of the funds made available under this section may be obligated or expended to an institution of higher education that maintains a contract or agreement between such institution and a Confucius Institute or any successor of a Confucius Institute. None of the funds made available under this section may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance quantum research activities between a United States entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern, except such restriction shall not apply to participation by awardees in consensus-based international standardization activities. The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security, the heads of Sector Risk Management Agencies (as such term is defined in section 2200 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 ( 6 U.S.C. 650 )), and private sector entities, as appropriate, shall promote the voluntary development, adoption, and deployment of standards relating to post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act ( 6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117–260 )), including by— disseminating and making publicly available guidance and resources to help organizations adopt and deploy standards relating to post-quantum cryptography and minimize disruptions to current applications and systems caused by cryptographic updates; providing technical assistance, as practicable, to entities that are at high risk of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, such as entities determined to be critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of Public Law 107–56 ( 42 U.S.C. 5195c(e) )) or digital infrastructure providers; and conducting such other activities as determined necessary by the Director to promote the development, adoption, and deployment across the United States of standards relating to post-quantum cryptography. Subject to the availability of appropriations and after the date on which the Director of National Institute of Standards and Technology has issued standards relating to post-quantum cryptography, the Director may establish a program to identify and provide technical assistance through the award of grants to entities that are at high risk of quantum cryptoanalytic attacks, including by granting funds for the adoption of such standards and the remediation of quantum-related vulnerabilities. Grants awarded to entities under this paragraph may be used to cover reasonable costs, up to a specified amount established by the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for activities to adopt standards relating to post-quantum cryptographic and remediate quantum-related vulnerabilities. The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology may develop, and periodically update, guidance, including relating to eligibility, application disclosure requirements, grant amount and duration, and any additional requirements regarding the award of grants under this paragraph. If the program described in this paragraph is established, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall consult with the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency of the Department of Homeland Security, the heads of other Sector Risk Management Agencies, and appropriate representatives of private sector entities, including nonprofit organizations, to share information regarding the grant program under this paragraph and guidance developed and updated under subparagraph (C). Of the funds authorized to be appropriated for the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act ( Public Law 117–167 ) for scientific and technical research and services laboratory activities, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section up to $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2024 through 2027. .

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