Sec. 48. liability of controlling persons; preventing compliance with title
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## Sec. 48 liability of controlling persons; preventing compliance with title **[**80a–47**]** ###
(a)It shall be unlawful for any person, directly or indirectly, to cause to be done any act or thing through or by means of any other person which it would be unlawful for such person to do under the provisions of this title or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder. ###
(b)For purposes of any action brought by the Commission under subsection
(d)or
(e)of section 42, any person that knowingly or recklessly provides substantial assistance to another person in violation of a provision of this Act, or of any rule or regulation issued under this Act, shall be deemed to be in violation of such provision to the same extent as the person to whom such assistance is provided. ###
(c)It shall be unlawful for any person without just cause to hinder, delay, or obstruct the making, filing, or keeping of any information, document, report, record, or account required to be made, filed, or kept under any provision of this title or any rule, regulation, or order thereunder.