Sec. 2. FINDINGS
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## SEC. 2 FINDINGS **[**[19 U.S.C. 2434 note](/us/usc/t19/s2434)**]** Congress finds the following: ####
(1)The United States is a founding member of the World Trade Organization
(WTO)and is committed to ensuring that the WTO remains an effective forum for peaceful economic engagement. ####
(2)Ukraine is a sovereign nation-state that is entitled to enter into agreements with other sovereign states and to full respect of its territorial integrity. ####
(3)The United States will be unwavering in its support for a secure, democratic, and sovereign Ukraine, free to choose its own leaders and future. ####
(4)Ukraine acceded to the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO Agreement) and has been a WTO member since 2008. ####
(5)Ukraine’s participation in the WTO Agreement creates both rights and obligations vis-à-vis other WTO members. ####
(6)The Russian Federation acceded to the WTO on August 22, 2012, becoming the 156th WTO member, and the Republic of Belarus has applied to accede to the WTO. ####
(7)From the date of its accession, the Russian Federation committed to apply fully all provisions of the WTO. ####
(8)The United States Congress authorized permanent normal trade relations for the Russian Federation through the Russia and Moldova Jackson-Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (Public Law 112-208). ####
(9)Ukraine communicated to the WTO General Council on March 2, 2022, urging that all WTO members take action against the Russian Federation and “consider further steps with the view to suspending the Russian Federation’s participation in the WTO for its violation of the purpose and principles of this Organization”. ####
(10)Vladimir Putin, a ruthless dictator, has led the Russian Federation into a war of aggression against Ukraine, which— #####
(A)denies Ukraine and its people their collective rights to independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity; #####
(B)constitutes an emergency in international relations, because it is a situation of armed conflict that threatens the peace and security of all countries, including the United States; and #####
(C)denies Ukraine its rightful ability to participate in international organizations, including the WTO. ####
(11)The Republic of Belarus, also led by a ruthless dictator, Aleksander Lukashenka, is providing important material support to the Russian Federation’s aggression. ####
(12)The Russian Federation’s exportation of goods in the energy sector is central to its ability to wage its war of aggression on Ukraine. ####
(13)The United States, along with its allies and partners, has responded to recent aggression by the Russian Federation in Ukraine by imposing sweeping financial sanctions and stringent export controls. ####
(14)The United States cannot allow the consequences of the Russian Federation’s actions to go unaddressed, and must lead fellow countries, in all fora, including the WTO, to impose appropriate consequences for the Russian Federation’s aggression.
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- Pub. L. 112-208
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