Rules and Regulations. Notice with request for comments

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A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.

BILLING CODE P DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration [Docket No. DEA-1051P] Proposed Aggregate Production Quotas for Schedule I and II Controlled Substances and Assessment of Annual Needs for the List I Chemicals Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, and Phenylpropanolamine for 2023 AGENCY: Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. ACTION: Notice with request for comments. SUMMARY: The Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA)proposes to establish the 2023 aggregate production quotas for controlled substances in schedules I and II of the Controlled Substances Act

(CSA)and the assessment of annual needs for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. DATES: Interested persons may file written comments on this notice in accordance with 21 CFR 1303.11(c) and 1315.11(d). Electronic comments must be submitted, and written comments must be postmarked, on or before November 17, 2022. Commenters should be aware that the electronic Federal Docket Management System will not accept comments after 11:59 p.m. Eastern Time on the last day of the comment period. Based on comments received in response to this notice, the Administrator may hold a public hearing on one or more issues raised. In the event the Administrator decides in her sole discretion to hold such a hearing, the Administrator will publish a notice of any such hearing in the **Federal Register** . After consideration of any comments or objections, or after a hearing, if one is held, the Administrator will publish in the **Federal Register** a final order establishing the 2023 aggregate production quotas for schedule I and II controlled substances, and an assessment of annual needs for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. ADDRESSES: To ensure proper handling of comments, please reference “Docket No. DEA-1051P” on all correspondence, including any attachments. DEA encourages that all comments be submitted electronically through the Federal eRulemaking Portal, which provides the ability to type short comments directly into the comment field on the web page or attach a file for lengthier comments. Please go to *http://www.regulations.gov* and follow the online instructions at that site for submitting comments. Upon completion of your submission, you will receive a Comment Tracking Number for your comment. Please be aware that submitted comments are not instantaneously available for public view on *Regulations.gov.* If you have received a Comment Tracking Number, your comment has been successfully submitted, and there is no need to resubmit the same comment. Paper comments that duplicate electronic submissions are not necessary and are discouraged. Should you wish to mail a paper comment *in lieu* of an electronic comment, it should be sent via regular or express mail to: Drug Enforcement Administration, Attention: DEA **Federal Register** Representative/DPW, 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Scott A. Brinks, Regulatory Drafting and Policy Support Section, Diversion Control Division, Drug Enforcement Administration; Mailing Address: 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152, Telephone:

(571)776-3882. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Posting of Public Comments Please note that all comments received in response to this docket are considered part of the public record. They will, unless reasonable cause is given, be made available by the Drug Enforcement Administration

(DEA)for public inspection online at *http://www.regulations.gov.* Such information includes personal identifying information (such as your name, address, etc.) voluntarily submitted by the commenter. The Freedom of Information Act applies to all comments received. If you want to submit personal identifying information (such as your name, address, etc.) as part of your comment, but do not want it to be made publicly available, you must include the phrase “PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMATION” in the first paragraph of your comment. You must also place all the personal identifying information you do not want made publicly available in the first paragraph of your comment and identify what information you want redacted. If you want to submit confidential business information as part of your comment, but do not want it to be made publicly available, you must include the phrase “CONFIDENTIAL BUSINESS INFORMATION” in the first paragraph of your comment. You must also prominently identify confidential business information to be redacted within the comment. Comments containing personal identifying information or confidential business information identified and located as directed above will generally be made available in redacted form. If a comment contains so much confidential business information or personal identifying information that it cannot be effectively redacted, all or part of that comment may not be made publicly available. Comments posted to *http://www.regulations.gov* may include any personal identifying information (such as name, address, and phone number) included in the text of your electronic submission that is not identified as directed above as confidential. An electronic copy of this document is available at *http://www.regulations.gov* for easy reference. Legal Authority Section 306 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 826) requires the Attorney General to establish production quotas for each basic class of controlled substances listed in schedules I and II, and for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. The Attorney General has delegated this function to the Administrator of DEA pursuant to 28 CFR 0.100. Analysis for Proposed 2023 Aggregate Production Quotas and Assessment of Annual Needs The proposed 2023 aggregate production quotas

(APQ)and assessment of annual needs represent those quantities of schedule I and II controlled substances, and the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, to be manufactured in the United States (U.S.) in 2023 to provide for the estimated medical, scientific, research, and industrial needs of the United States, lawful export requirements, and the establishment and maintenance of reserve stocks. These quotas include imports of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, but do not include imports of controlled substances for use in industrial processes. Aggregate Production Quotas In determining the proposed 2023 aggregate production quotas, the Administrator has taken into account the criteria of 21 U.S.C. 826(a) and 21 CFR 1303.11, including the following seven factors:

(1)Total net disposal of the class by all manufacturers during the current and two preceding years;

(2)Trends in the national rate of net disposal of the class;

(3)Total actual (or estimated) inventories of the class and of all substances manufactured from the class, and trends in inventory accumulation;

(4)Projected demand for such class as indicated by procurement quotas requested pursuant to [21 CFR] 1303.12;

(5)The extent of any diversion of the controlled substance in the class;

(6)Relevant information obtained from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), including from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), and relevant information obtained from the states; and

(7)Other factors affecting medical, scientific, research, and industrial needs of the United States and lawful export requirements, as the Administrator finds relevant, including changes in the currently accepted medical use in treatment with the class or the substances manufactured from it, the economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in manufacturing and for inventory purposes, yield and stability problems, potential disruptions to production (including possible labor strikes), and recent unforeseen emergencies such as floods and fires. DEA formally solicited input from FDA and CDC in February of 2022 and from the states in April 2022, as required by 21 U.S.C. 826 and 21 CFR part 1303. DEA did not solicit input from CMS for reasons discussed in previous notices ( *see* 85 FR 54414; 85 FR 54407). DEA requested information on trends in the legitimate use of select schedule I and II controlled substances from FDA and rates of overdose deaths for covered controlled substances from CDC. DEA's request for information from the states was made directly to the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program

(PDMP)Administrators in each state as well as through the National Association of State Controlled Substances Authorities (NASCSA). Assessment of Annual Needs In similar fashion, in determining the proposed 2023 assessment of annual needs for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, the Administrator has taken into account the criteria of 21 U.S.C. 826(a) and 21 CFR 1315.11, including the five following factors:

(1)Total net disposal of the chemical by all manufacturers and importers during the current and two preceding years;

(2)Trends in the national rate of net disposal of each chemical;

(3)Total actual (or estimated) inventories of the chemical and of all substances manufactured from the chemical, and trends in inventory accumulation;

(4)Projected demand for each chemical as indicated by procurement and import quotas requested pursuant to [21 CFR] 1315.32; and

(5)Other factors affecting medical, scientific, research, and industrial needs in the United States, lawful export requirements, and the establishment and maintenance of reserve stocks, as the Administrator finds relevant, including changes in the currently accepted medical use in treatment with the chemicals or the substances manufactured from them, the economic and physical availability of raw materials for use in manufacturing and for inventory purposes, yield and stability problems, potential disruptions to production (including possible labor strikes), and recent unforeseen emergencies such as floods and fires. 21 CFR 1315.11(b). In determining the proposed 2023 assessment of annual needs, DEA used the calculation methodology previously described in the 2010 and 2011 assessments of annual needs (74 FR 60294, Nov. 20, 2009, and 75 FR 79407, Dec. 20, 2010, respectively). Estimates of Medical Need for Schedule II Opioids and Stimulants In accordance with 21 CFR part 1303, 21 U.S.C. 826, and 42 U.S.C. 242, HHS continues to provide DEA with estimates of the quantities of select schedule I and II controlled substances and three list I chemicals that will be required to meet the legitimate medical needs of the United States for a given calendar year. The responsibility to provide these estimates of legitimate domestic medical needs resides with FDA. FDA provides DEA with predicted estimates of domestic medical usage for selected controlled substances based on information available to them at a specific point in time in order to meet statutory requirements. FDA predicts that levels of medical need for schedule II opioids in the United States in calendar year 2023 will decline on average 5.3 percent from calendar year 2022 levels. These declines are expected to occur across a variety of schedule II opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. DEA considered the potential for diversion of schedule II opioids, as required by 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(5), as well as a potential increase in demand for certain opioids identified as being necessary to treat ventilated patients with COVID-19, pursuant to 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(7), in the proposed 2023 aggregate production quotas. FDA predicted less than a 0.1 percent decline in domestic medical use of the schedule II stimulants amphetamine, methylphenidate (including dexmethylphenidate), and lisdexamfetamine, which are widely used to treat patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). FDA also raised concerns over drug shortage notifications it received from patients for specific ADHD medications containing methylphenidate and amphetamine. DEA considered FDA's concerns when calculating the aggregate production quota for these substances. DEA has grown increasingly concerned over the forces that may be impacting the misuse of prescription stimulants among young adults, which coincides with an increase in demand for illicit methamphetamine and cocaine. These medications are all placed in schedule II because of their high abuse liability and associated risk of addiction. Due to the expansion of diagnostic criteria and treatment of ADHD, the domestic demand for these products (in terms of prescriptions written) has increased over the past two decades and so have the number of FDA approved drug products used to treat the condition. For example, Concerta (long-acting methylphenidate) was introduced in 2000, Ritalin LA (methylphenidate) in 2002, Adderall (dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate, dextroamphetamine sulfate, and amphetamine sulfate) in 2002, and Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) in 2007. Patients respond in different ways to different medications; therefore, a variety of products to treat ADHD are available now, but domestic demand is no longer increasing as it was in the past. Stimulants prescribed to treat ADHD are some of the most diverted drugs among those adolescents that are at risk of substance abuse and dependence. 1 The diversion of ADHD medications for the purposes of recreational use or performance enhancement is common, 2 with approximately 5-10 percent of high school students and 5-35 percent of college students, depending on the study, misusing and diverting stimulants prescribed for ADHD. 3 As a consequence, DEA continues to consult with federal partners at HHS and is closely monitoring trends in licit and illicit stimulant use and corresponding diversion and misuse. 1 Epstein-Ngo QM, et al., Diversion of ADHD Stimulants and Victimization Among Adolescents, 41 J Ped Psychol 788-798 (2015). 2 Wilens TE, et al., Misuse and Diversion of Stimulants Prescribed for ADHD: A Systematic Review of the Literature, 47 J Amer Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 21-31 (2008). 3 Epstein-Ngo QM, et al., Diversion of ADHD Stimulants and Victimization Among Adolescents, 41 J Ped Psychol 788-798 (2015). DEA Estimated Projected Trends for Certain Schedule I Controlled Substances There has been a significant increase in the use of schedule I hallucinogenic controlled substances for research and clinical trial purposes. DEA has received and subsequently approved new registration applications for schedule I researchers and new applications for registration from manufacturers to grow, synthesize, extract, and prepare dosage forms containing specific schedule I hallucinogenic substances for clinical trial purposes. DEA supports regulated research with schedule I controlled substances, as evidenced by increases proposed for 2023 as compared with aggregate production quotas for these substances in 2022. Further, DEA published the final rule, “Controls to Enhance the Cultivation of Marihuana for Research in the United States” in December 2020, and the agency continues to review and approve applications for schedule I manufacturers of marihuana that conform to the federal requirements contained in the CSA. *See* 21 CFR part 1318. DEA has proposed increases in 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Marijuana, Mescaline, Psilocyn, and All Other Tetrahydrocannabinols to support manufacturing activities related to the increased level of research and clinical trials with these schedule I controlled substances. Information Received for Consideration of the Remaining Factors For the factors listed in 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(3) and (4), DEA registered manufacturers of controlled substances in schedules I and II provided information by submitting their individual data to DEA database systems used for reporting inventory, and for distribution, manufacturing, and estimated quota requirements to meet sales forecasts, for each class of controlled substance. *See* 21 CFR 1303.12, 1303.22, and part 1304. The regulation at 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(5) requires DEA to consider the extent of diversion of controlled substances. 4 Diversion is defined as all distribution, dispensing, or other use of controlled substances for other than legitimate medical purposes. In order to consider the extent of diversion, DEA analyzed reports of diversion of controlled substances from 2021 submitted to its Theft Loss Report database. This database is comprised of DEA registrant reports documenting diversion from the legitimate distribution chain, including employee thefts, break-ins, armed robberies, and material lost in transit. The data was categorized by basic drug class, and the amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient

(API)in the dosage form was delineated with an appropriate metric for use in proposing aggregate production quota values ( *i.e.,* weight). 4 The estimates of diversion for five “covered controlled substances” as required by 21 U.S.C. 826(i) are discussed later in the document. In this proposed 2023 aggregate production quota, DEA also considered the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, pursuant to 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(7), relative to the continued increase in demand for opioids necessary to treat ventilated patients. Estimates of Diversion of Covered Controlled Substances DEA is required: In establishing any quota . . ., or any procurement quota established by [DEA] by regulation, for fentanyl, oxycodone, hydrocodone, oxymorphone, or hydromorphone (in this subsection referred to as a “covered controlled substance”), [to] estimate the amount of diversion of the covered controlled substance that occurs in the United States. 21 U.S.C. 826(i)(1)(A). In estimating diversion under that provision, DEA:

(i)shall consider information, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, [it] determines reliable on rates of overdose deaths and abuse and overall public health impact related to the covered controlled substance in the United States; and

(ii)may take into consideration whatever other sources of information [it] determines reliable. 21 U.S.C. 826(i)(1)(B). The statute further mandates that DEA “make appropriate quota reductions, as determined by [DEA], from the quota [it] would have otherwise established had such diversion not been considered.” 5 5 21 U.S.C. 826(i)(1)(C). In estimating the amount of diversion of each covered controlled substance that occurs in the United States, DEA considered information from state PDMP Administrators and from legitimate distribution chain participants. Consideration of Information From Certain State PDMPs and From National Sales Data Pursuant to 21 CFR 1303.11(b)(6), DEA requested state PDMP data for the purpose of establishing its aggregate production quotas. DEA believes state PDMPs to be an essential, reliable source of information for use in effectively estimating diversion of the five covered controlled substances. In April 2022, DEA sent a letter to NASCSA requesting its assistance in obtaining aggregated PDMP data for the five covered controlled substances from each state covering the years 2019-2021. The letter indicated that DEA was specifically interested in an analysis of prescription data from each state's PDMP that would assist DEA in estimating diversion and setting appropriate quotas in compliance with 21 U.S.C. 826(i). In its request, DEA provided specific questions, discussed in detail below, based on common indicia of potential diversion known as “red flags” by physicians, pharmacists, manufacturers, distributors, and federal and state regulatory and law enforcement agencies. 6 6 National Association of Boards of Pharmacy

(NABP)coalition consensus document “Stakeholders Challenges and Red Flags and Warning Signs Related to Prescribing and Dispensing Controlled Substances” (2015). www.nabp.pharmacy/resources/reports. For example, DEA investigators and administrative prosecutors rely on Agency case law in which these red flags of diversion have been upheld as indicia of potential diversion. *See, e.g.,* The Medicine Shoppe, 79 FR 59504, 59507, 59512-13 (2014); Holiday CVS, L.L.C., d/b/a CVS Pharmacy Nos. 219 and 5195, 77 FR 62316 (2012). Certain state regulations also now include red flag circumstances as potential indicators of illegitimate prescriptions, and thus of potential abuse and diversion of controlled substances. *See* The Pharmacy Place Order, 86 FR 21008, at 21012

(2021)(citing 22 Tex. Admin. Code 291.29(c)(4), specifying the geographical distance between the practitioner and the patient or between the pharmacy and the patient). This rule discusses only the use of red flags by DEA as an analytical tool to estimate diversion, not for any other purpose. DEA requested responses from state PDMP Administrators by June 1, 2022. NASCSA disseminated DEA's request to its PDMP Administrators and provided them with a report tool to ensure that responses to DEA's questions were extracted consistently across all responsive states. Twenty-seven states and three territories provided DEA with summarized PDMP data between April 12 and June 27, 2022, utilizing the standardized report developed by NASCSA. 7 See Table 1a below. 7 NASCSA formatted DEA's request into an analytics model developed by one of its associates, Appriss Inc. Table 1a—States/Territories That Responded to DEA's Data Request State/territory 1. Alabama. 2. Alaska. 3. Arizona. 4. Arkansas. 5. Delaware. 6. District of Columbia. 7. Guam. 8. Hawaii. 9. Indiana. 10. Iowa. 11. Kansas. 12. Kentucky. 13. Louisiana. 14. Maryland. 15. Michigan. 16. Mississippi. 17. Montana. 18. Nevada. 19. New Jersey. 20. New Mexico. 21. North Carolina. 22. North Dakota. 23. Oregon. 24. Puerto Rico. 25. Rhode Island. 26. South Carolina. 27. South Dakota. 28. Texas. 29. Utah. 30. Virginia. Pharmacies are required by state law to enter controlled substance dispensing data into the state's PDMP database, including the prescriber's name, registered address and DEA number; prescription information (such as drug name); dispensing date; dosage dispensed; pharmacy registered address; and patient name and address. DEA considers PDMP data to be an accurate representation of dispensing activities in states. DEA received data for the following red-flag metrics: • The total number of patients who saw three or more prescribers in a 90-day period and were dispensed an opioid following each visit. For this metric, DEA requested and was provided the number of prescriptions for the five covered controlled substances dispensed to these patients, as a percentage of the total prescriptions dispensed for that particular covered controlled substance, as well as the corresponding quantity of the covered controlled substance dispensed. This metric (patients being prescribed covered controlled substances from three or more prescribers in a 90-day period) is used to identify potential doctor shopping, a common technique to obtain a high number of controlled substances, which may lead to abuse or diversion of controlled substances. DEA has long considered doctor shopping to be an indicator of potential diversion. 8 8 Frank's Corner Pharmacy, 60 FR 17574 (1995); Holiday CVS, L.L.C., d/b/a CVS Pharmacy Nos. 219 and 5195, 77 FR 62316 (2012). • The number of patients that were dispensed prescriptions for each of the five covered controlled substances that exceeded 240 morphine milligram equivalents

(MME)daily. States provided the raw number of such prescriptions dispensed, the number of prescriptions as a percentage of the total covered controlled substance prescriptions dispensed, and the corresponding quantity of the covered controlled substance dispensed. The CDC has advised prescribers to avoid increasing dosages of opioids beyond 90 MME for patients with chronic pain. 9 DEA believes that accounting for quantities in excess of 240 MME daily allows for consideration of oncology patients with legitimate medical needs for covered controlled substance prescriptions in excess of 90 MME daily. Higher dosages place individuals at higher risk of overdose and death. Prescriptions involving dosages exceeding 240 MME daily may indicate diversion, such as illegal distribution of controlled substances or prescribing outside the usual course of professional practice. 9 *www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/prescribing/Guidelines_factsheet-a.pdf* . • The number of patients that paid cash for covered controlled substance prescriptions, without submitting for insurance reimbursement. 10 States also provided the number of prescriptions paid entirely with cash as a percentage of the total prescriptions for the five covered controlled substances dispensed, as well as the corresponding quantity of the covered controlled substances dispensed. When investigating potential diversion, cash payments are one element considered in identifying prescriptions filled for nonmedical purposes. Unusually high percentages of cash payments made to a prescriber or pharmacy for controlled substances may indicate diversion. 11 10 This total does not include insurance co-payments made with cash. 11 Suntree Pharmacy and Suntree Medical Equipment, LLC, 85 FR 73753

(2018)(finding that the pharmacy filled prescriptions despite the presence of multiple unresolved red flags, including cash payments); Pharmacy Doctors Enterprises d/b/a Zion Clinic Pharmacy, 83 FR 10876

(2018)(revoking pharmacy's registration for filling prescriptions that raised the red flag of customers paying cash for their prescriptions, among other red flags). DEA received PDMP data from the states in a standardized format that allowed DEA to aggregate the data. The PDMP data sample represents a population of approximately 125.9 million people, which is approximately 38 percent of the U.S. population. DEA believes this sample is sufficient to derive a reasonable nationwide estimate. While PDMP data is useful in estimating diversion, it is not conclusive. Further investigation would be required before concluding that any of the subject prescriptions were actually diverted. DEA continues to evaluate its methodologies in estimating diversion in an effort to adjust quotas more efficiently. State participation is crucial to accurate data analysis, and DEA anticipates working closely with states, as well as other federal and state entities, in future quota determinations. To calculate a national diversion estimate for each of the covered controlled substances from the responses received from state PDMP Administrators, DEA relied upon the number of individuals who received a prescription for a covered controlled substance that met any of the three diversion metrics for each of calendar years 2019-2021. Using the population of the states responding to DEA's request, DEA then calculated the percentage of the population issued a prescription with a red flag. Using this estimated percentage for 2019-2021, DEA analyzed trends in the data to predict the estimated percentage of patients who would be expected to meet these diversion metrics for 2023. DEA also reviewed aggregate sales data for each of the covered controlled substances, which it extracted from IQVIA's National Sales Perspective. 12 IQVIA sales data was selected to help quantify diversion at the national level because it reflects the best national estimate for all prescriptions written and filled, including the total quantity available for diversion or misuse. DEA analyzed trends in IQVIA sales data from January 2019-May 2022, in order to predict the estimated national sales for 2023. 12 DEA has purchased this data from IQVIA for decades and routinely uses this information to administer several regulatory functions, including the administration of DEA's quota program. To estimate diversion for each of the covered controlled substances, DEA multiplied the forecasted percentage of patients likely to receive a prescription for a covered controlled substance that meet any of the three diversion-related metrics in 2023 by the forecasted sales data from IQVIA for 2023. The resulting estimate of diversion from data submitted by state PDMP Administrators is summarized below in Table 1b. This data contributed to the final diversion estimate set forth in Table 3. Table 1 b —Diversion Estimates Based on State PDMP Data for Covered Controlled Substances Controlled substance

(g)Fentanyl 58 Hydrocodone 112,346 Hydromorphone 355 Oxycodone 146,201 Oxymorphone 0 Consideration of Registrant Reported Diversion in the Legitimate Distribution Chain DEA extracted data from its Theft Loss Report database and categorized it by each basic drug class. DEA calculated the estimated amount of diversion by multiplying the quantity of API in each finished dosage form by the total amount of units reported stolen or lost to estimate the metric weight in grams of the controlled substance being diverted. This estimate of diversion from the legitimate supply chain for each of the covered controlled substances is displayed in Table 2. This data contributed to the final diversion estimates set forth in Table 3. Table 2—Diversion Estimates Based on Supply Chain Diversion Data for Covered Controlled Substances Controlled substance

(g)Fentanyl 6 Hydrocodone 4,048 Hydromorphone 227 Oxycodone 16,750 Oxymorphone 109 In accordance with 21 U.S.C. 826(i), DEA's estimate of diversion for the five controlled substances was calculated by combining the values in Tables 1b and 2. DEA reduced the aggregate production quotas for each covered controlled substance by the quantities listed in Table 3. Table 3—Total Estimates of Diversion for Covered Controlled Substances Total diversion estimates applied to the 2023 APQ

(g)Fentanyl 64 Hydrocodone 116,394 Hydromorphone 582 Oxycodone 162,951 Oxymorphone 109 The Administrator, therefore, proposes to establish the 2023 aggregate production quotas for certain schedule I and II controlled substances and assessment of annual needs for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, expressed in grams of anhydrous acid or base, as follows: Basic class Proposed 2023 quotas

(g)Schedule I -[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]pyrrolidine 20 1-(1-Phenylcyclohexyl)pyrrolidine 30 1-(2-Phenylethyl)-4-phenyl-4-acetoxypiperidine 10 1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (AM2201) 30 1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole (AM694) 30 1-[1-(2-Thienyl)cyclohexyl]piperidine 15 2′-fluoro 2-fluorofentanyl 30 1-Benzylpiperazine 25 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine 10 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E) 30 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D) 30 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl)ethanamine (2C-N) 30 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-n-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P) 30 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H) 100 2-(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25B-NBOMe; 2C-B-NBOMe; 25B; Cimbi-36) 30 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C) 30 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25C-NBOMe; 2C-C-NBOMe; 25C; Cimbi-82) 25 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-I) 30 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)ethanamine (25I-NBOMe; 2C-I-NBOMe; 25I; Cimbi-5) 30 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine

(DOET)25 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine 25 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine 25 2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2) 30 2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-4) 30 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine 30 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine

(MDA)200 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA)8,200 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine

(MDEA)40 3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (methylone) 40 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone

(MDPV)35 3-FMC; 3-Fluoro-N-methylcathinone 25 3-Methylfentanyl 30 3-Methylthiofentanyl 30 4,4′-Dimethylaminorex 30 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine

(DOB)30 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2-CB) 25 4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (4-chloro-alpha-PVP) 25 4-CN-Cumyl-Butinaca 25 4-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl 30 4F-MDMB-BINACA 30 4-FMC; Flephedrone 25 4-MEC; 4-Methyl-N-ethylcathinone 25 4-Methoxyamphetamine 150 4-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine

(DOM)25 4-Methylaminorex 25 4-Methyl-N-methylcathinone (mephedrone) 45 4-Methyl-alpha-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP) 25 4-Methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinohexiophenone

(MPHP)25 4′-Methyl acetyl fentanyl 30 4-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP) 25 5-(1,1-Dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol 50 5-(1,1-Dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol or CP-47,497 C8-homolog) 40 5F-AB-PINACA; (1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide 25 5F-ADB; 5F-MDMB-PINACA (methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate) 25 5F-CUMYL-P7AICA; 1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3carboximide 25 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 25 5F-EDMB-PINACA 25 5F-MDMB-PICA 25 5F-AMB (methyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate) 25 5F-APINACA; 5F-AKB48 (N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 25 5-Fluoro-PB-22; 5F-PB-22 25 5-Fluoro-UR144, XLR11 ([1-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-1Hindol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone 25 5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 25 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine 25 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine 6,000 AB-CHMINACA 30 AB-FUBINACA 50 AB-PINACA 30 ADB-FUBINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 30 Acetorphine 25 Acetyl Fentanyl 100 Acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl 30 Acetyldihydrocodeine 30 Acetylmethadol 25 Acryl Fentanyl 25 ADB-PINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 50 AH-7921 30 All other tetrahydrocannabinol 15,000 Allylprodine 25 Alphacetylmethadol 25 alpha-Ethyltryptamine 25 Alphameprodine 25 Alphamethadol 25 alpha-Methylfentanyl 30 alpha-Methylthiofentanyl 30 alpha-Methyltryptamine

(AMT)25 alpha-Pyrrolidinobutiophenone (α-PBP) 25 alpha-pyrrolidinoheptaphenone

(PV8)25 alpha-pyrrolidinohexabophenone (alpha-PHP) 25 alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) 25 Aminorex 25 Anileridine 20 APINCA, AKB48 (N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 25 Benzethidine 25 Benzylmorphine 30 Betacetylmethadol 25 beta-Hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl 30 beta-Hydroxyfentanyl 30 beta-Hydroxythiofentanyl 30 beta-Methyl fentanyl 30 beta′-Phenyl fentanyl 30 Betameprodine 25 Betamethadol 4 Betaprodine 25 Brorphine 30 Bufotenine 15 Butonitazene 30 Butylone 25 Butyryl fentanyl 30 Cathinone 40 Clonitazene 25 Codeine methylbromide 30 Codeine-N-oxide 192 Crotonyl Fentanyl 25 Cyclopentyl Fentanyl 30 Cyclopropyl Fentanyl 20 Cyprenorphine 25 d-9-THC 384,460 Desomorphine 25 Dextromoramide 25 Diapromide 20 Diethylthiambutene 20 Diethyltryptamine 25 Difenoxin 9,300 Dihydromorphine 653,548 Dimenoxadol 25 Dimepheptanol 25 Dimethylthiambutene 20 Dimethyltryptamine 3,000 Dioxyaphetyl butyrate 25 Dipipanone 25 Drotebanol 25 Ethylmethylthiambutene 25 Ethylone 25 Etodesnitazene 30 Etonitazene 25 Etorphine 30 Etoxeridine 25 Fenethylline 30 Fentanyl carbamate 30 Fentanyl related substances 600 Flunitazene 30 FUB-144 25 FUB-AKB48 25 Fub-AMB, MMB-Fubinaca, AMB-Fubinaca 25 Furanyl fentanyl 30 Furethidine 25 gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid 29,417,000 Heroin 150 Hydromorphinol 40 Hydroxypethidine 25 Ibogaine 30 Isobutyryl Fentanyl 25 Isotonitazine 25 JWH-018 and AM678 (1-Pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) 35 JWH-019 (1-Hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) 45 JWH-073 (1-Butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) 45 JWH-081 (1-Pentyl-3-[1-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)]indole) 30 JWH-122 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole) 30 JWH-200 (1-[2-(4-Morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) 35 JWH-203 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole) 30 JWH-250 (1-Pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole) 30 JWH-398 (1-Pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole) 30 Ketobemidone 30 Levomoramide 25 Levophenyacylmorphan 25 Lysergic acid diethylamide

(LSD)1,200 MAB-CHMINACA; ADB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) 30 MDMB-CHMICA; MMB-CHMINACA(methyl 2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate) 30 MDMB-FUBINACA (methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate) 30 MMB-CHMICA-(AMB-CHIMCA); Methyl-2-(1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3-methylbutanoate 25 Metodesnitazene 30 Metonitazene 30 Marijuana 6,675,000 Marijuana extract 1,000,000 Mecloqualone 30 Mescaline 1,200 Methaqualone 60 Methcathinone 25 Methoxetamine 30 Methoxyacetyl fentanyl 30 Methyldesorphine 5 Methyldihydromorphine 25 Morpheridine 25 Morphine methylbromide 5 Morphine methylsulfonate 5 Morphine-N-oxide 150 MT-45 30 Myrophine 25 NM2201: Naphthalen-1-yl 1-(5-fluorpentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylate 25 N,N-Dimethylamphetamine 25 Naphyrone 25 N-Ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine 25 N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate 10 N-Ethylamphetamine 24 N-Ethylhexedrone 25 N-Ethylpentylone, ephylone 30 N-Hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine 24 Nicocodeine 25 Nicomorphine 25 N-methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate 30 N-Pyrrolidino Etonitazene 30 Noracymethadol 25 Norlevorphanol 2,550 Normethadone 25 Normorphine 40 Norpipanone 25 Ocfentanil 25 ortho-Fluoroacryl fentanyl 30 ortho-Fluorobutyryl fentanyl 30 Ortho-Fluorofentanyl,2-Fluorofentanyl 30 ortho-Fluoroisobutyryl fentanyl 30 ortho-Methyl acetylfentanyl 30 ortho-Methyl methoxyacetyl fentanyl 30 Para-Chlorisobutyrl fentanyl 30 Para-flourobutyryl fentanyl 25 Para-fluorofentanyl 25 para-Fluoro furanyl fentanyl 30 Para-Methoxybutyrl fentanyl 30 Para-methoxymethamphetamine 30 para-Methylfentanyl 30 Parahexyl 5 PB-22; QUPIC 20 Pentedrone 25 Pentylone 25 Phenadoxone 25 Phenampromide 25 Phenomorphan 25 Phenoperidine 25 Phenyl fentanyl 30 Pholcodine 5 Piritramide 25 Proheptazine 25 Properidine 25 Propiram 25 Protonitazene 30 Psilocybin 8,000 Psilocyn 8,000 Racemoramide 25 SR-18 and RCS-8 (1-Cyclohexylethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole) 45 SR-19 and RCS-4 (1-Pentyl-3-[(4-methoxy)-benzoyl]indole) 30 Tetrahydrofuranyl fentanyl 15 Thebacon 25 Thiafentanil 25 Thiofentanyl 25 Thiofuranyl fentanyl 30 THJ-2201 ( [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazol-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone) 30 Tilidine 25 Trimeperidine 25 UR-144 (1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)(2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone 25 U-47700 30 Valeryl fentanyl 25 Schedule II 1-Phenylcyclohexylamine 15 1-Piperidinocyclohexanecarbonitrile 25 4-Anilino-N-phenethyl-4-piperidine

(ANPP)886,415 Alfentanil 5,000 Alphaprodine 25 Amobarbital 20,100 Bezitramide 25 Carfentanil 20 Cocaine 60,492 Codeine (for conversion) 1,085,024 Codeine (for sale) 21,003,397 D-amphetamine (for sale) 21,200,000 D,L-amphetamine 21,200,000 D-amphetamine (for conversion) 20,000,000 Dexmethylphenidate (for sale) 6,200,000 Dexmethylphenidate (for conversion) 4,200,000 Dextropropoxyphene 35 Dihydrocodeine 132,658 Dihydroetorphine 25 Diphenoxylate (for conversion) 14,100 Diphenoxylate (for sale) 770,800 Ecgonine 60,492 Ethylmorphine 30 Etorphine hydrochloride 32 Fentanyl 691,447 Glutethimide 25 Hydrocodone (for conversion) 1,250 Hydrocodone (for sale) 27,239,822 Hydromorphone 1,994,117 Isomethadone 30 L-amphetamine 30 Levo-alphacetylmethadol

(LAAM)25 Levomethorphan 30 Levorphanol 23,010 Lisdexamfetamine 26,500,000 Meperidine 681,289 Meperidine Intermediate-A 30 Meperidine Intermediate-B 30 Meperidine Intermediate-C 30 Metazocine 15 Methadone (for sale) 25,619,700 Methadone Intermediate 27,673,600 Methamphetamine 150 d-methamphetamine (for conversion) 485,020 d-methamphetamine (for sale) 40,000 l-methamphetamine 587,229 Methylphenidate (for sale) 41,800,000 Methylphenidate (for conversion) 15,300,000 Metopon 25 Moramide-intermediate 25 Morphine (for conversion) 2,458,460 Morphine (for sale) 21,747,625 Nabilone 62,000 Norfentanyl 25 Noroxymorphone (for conversion) 22,044,741 Noroxymorphone (for sale) 1,000 Oliceridine 25,100 Opium (powder) 250,000 Opium (tincture) 530,837 Oripavine 33,010,750 Oxycodone (for conversion) 437,827 Oxycodone (for sale) 53,840,608 Oxymorphone (for conversion) 28,204,371 Oxymorphone (for sale) 516,351 Pentobarbital 33,843,337 Phenazocine 25 Phencyclidine 35 Phenmetrazine 25 Phenylacetone 100 Piminodine 25 Racemethorphan 5 Racemorphan 5 Remifentanil 3,000 Secobarbital 172,100 Sufentanil 4,000 Tapentadol 11,941,416 Thebaine 57,137,944 List I Chemicals Ephedrine (for conversion) 100 Ephedrine (for sale) 4,136,000 Phenylpropanolamine (for conversion) 14,878,320 Phenylpropanolamine (for sale) 7,990,000 Pseudoephedrine (for conversion) 1,000 Pseudoephedrine (for sale) 174,246,000 The Administrator further proposes that aggregate production quotas for all other schedule I and II controlled substances included in 21 CFR 1308.11 and 1308.12 remain at zero. These proposed 2023 quotas reflect the quantities that DEA believes are necessary to meet the estimated medical, scientific, research, and industrial needs of the United States, including any increase in demand for certain controlled substances used to treat patients with COVID-19; lawful export requirements; and the establishment and maintenance of reserve stocks. DEA remains committed to conducting continuous surveillance on the supply of schedule II controlled substances and list I chemicals necessary to treat patients with COVID-19, and, pursuant to her authority, the Administrator will move swiftly and decisively to increase any 2023 aggregate production quota that she determines is necessary to address an unforeseen increase in demand, should that occur. In accordance with 21 CFR 1303.13 and 1315.13, upon consideration of the relevant factors, the Administrator may adjust the 2023 aggregate production quotas and assessment of annual needs as needed. These assessments are subject to reevaluation pursuant to 21 U.S.C. 826 and 21 CFR 1303.13(a)-(b). Conclusion After consideration of any comments or objections, or after a hearing, if one is held, the Administrator will issue and publish in the **Federal Register** a final order establishing the 2023 aggregate production quotas for controlled substances in schedule I and II and establishing an assessment of annual needs for the list I chemicals ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine, as directed by 21 CFR 1303.11(c) and 1315.11(f). Signing Authority This document of the Drug Enforcement Administration was signed on October 13, 2022, by Administrator Anne Milgram. That document with the original signature and date is maintained by DEA. For administrative purposes only, and in compliance with requirements of the Office of the Federal Register, the undersigned DEA Federal Register Liaison Officer has been authorized to sign and submit the document in electronic format for publication, as an official document of DEA. This administrative process in no way alters the legal effect of this document upon publication in the **Federal Register** . Heather Achbach, Federal Register Liaison Officer, Drug Enforcement Administration. [FR Doc. 2022-22638 Filed 10-14-22; 8:45 am]

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