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Code · REGISTER · 2020-04-16 · Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior · Notices

Notices. Final rule

16,909 words·~77 min read·/register/2020/04/16/2020-06779·

A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.

BILLING CODE 4915-01-P 85 74 Thursday, April 16, 2020 Rules and Regulations Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Final Rule DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 [Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047; FXMB 12320900000//201//FF09M29000] RIN 1018-BC67 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Final rule. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), revise the List of Migratory Birds protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 67 species (75 added and 8 removed) will bring the total number of species protected by the MBTA to 1,093. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes. DATES: This rule is effective May 18, 2020. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Eric L. Kershner, Chief of the Branch of Conservation, Permits, and Regulations; Division of Migratory Bird Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; MS: MB; 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803;
(703)358-2376. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the MBTA (16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)*Canada:* Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended by Protocol between the Government of the United States and the Government of Canada Amending the 1916 Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America for the Protection of Migratory Birds, Sen. Treaty Doc. 104-28 (December 14, 1995);
(2)*Mexico:* Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended by Protocol with Mexico amending Convention for Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, Sen. Treaty Doc. 105-26 (May 5, 1997);
(3)*Japan:* Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4)*Russia:* Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073). What is the purpose of this rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for notifying the public of regulatory protections. Why is the amendment of the List of Migratory Birds necessary? The amendments we are adopting in this final rule are needed to:
(1)Add 16 species that qualify for protection under the MBTA;
(2)Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the alphabetized list;
(3)Correct the spelling of 3 species names on the taxonomic list;
(4)Add 30 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories since 2010;
(5)Add one species moved from a family that was not protected to a family protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes;
(6)Add 28 species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(7)Remove 8 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or U.S. territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(8)Change the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to accepted use; and
(9)Change the scientific names of 135 species to conform to accepted use. The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on November 1, 2013 (78 FR 65844). The amendments in this rule were necessitated by nine published supplements to the 7th
(1998)edition of the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU, now recognized as the American Ornithological Society (AOS)) Check-list of North American Birds (AOU 2011, AOU 2012, AOU 2013, AOU 2014, AOU 2015, AOU 2016, AOS 2017, AOS 2018, and AOS 2019) and the 2017 publication of the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements et al. 2017). What scientific authorities are used to amend the List of Migratory Birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the AOS's Checklist of North American birds (AOU 1998), as amended annually (AOU 1999 through 2016, AOS 2017 through 2019), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (Orders, Families, Subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU (now AOS) Checklist of North American Birds (Checklist), developed by the AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature, has been the recognized taxonomic authority for North American birds since publication of the first edition of the Checklist in 1886. The committee compiles the taxonomic foundation for ornithology in North America; evaluating and codifying the latest scientific developments in the systematics, classification, nomenclature, and distribution of North American birds. Thus, the AOS's Checklist represents the best information available for developing the North American component of this List of Migratory Birds. In keeping with the increasing numbers of study areas on which taxonomy relies, the committee incorporates expertise in phylogenetics, genomics, vocalizations, morphology, behavior, and geographical distribution, as well as general ornithological knowledge. The AOS Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. The committee also keeps and updates a list of species known to occur in the United States. For the species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the AOS Checklist, we relied primarily on the Clements Checklist of Birds of the World (Clements Checklist) (Clements et al. 2007), the Clements Checklist 2017 installment of updates and corrections (Clements et al. 2017), and other peer-reviewed literature where appropriate. The Clements Checklist is a list of all known bird species in the world and is maintained and updated annually by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology (CLO). The CLO relies on different regional ornithological authorities to compile the list, using the AOS for the western hemisphere. Taxonomy and nomenclature are the primary focus of the Clements Checklist, but range descriptions are maintained and updated based on the best available information and do not include records of vagrancy. Although the Service primarily relies on the above sources, when informed taxonomic opinion or documented natural distribution is inconsistent or controversial, the Service evaluates available published and unpublished information and comes to its own conclusions regarding the validity of taxa and records of distribution. What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA? A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following criteria:
(1)It occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes and is currently, or was previously listed as, a species or part of a family protected by one of the four international treaties or their amendments. Any species that occurs in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction does not qualify for the MBTA list, regardless of whether the family the species belongs to is listed in any of the treaties, unless: • It was native to the United States or its territories and extant in 1918; • It was extirpated after 1918 throughout its range in the United States and its territories; and • After such extirpation, it was reintroduced in the United States or its territories as part of a program carried out by a Federal agency.
(2)Revised taxonomy results in it being newly split from a species that was previously on the list, and the new species occurs in the United States or U.S. territories as the result of natural biological or ecological processes. If a newly recognized native species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS) or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature), that species will still be included if either of the following criteria apply: • The species resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by trade if the species is not included; or • Not including the species may create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions.
(3)New evidence exists for its natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories resulting from natural distributional changes and the species occurs in a protected family. Records must be documented, accepted, and published by the AOS committee. For the U.S. Pacific territories that fall outside the geographic scope of the AOS and for which there is no identified ornithological authority, new evidence of a species' natural occurrence will be based on the Clements Checklist and then published peer-reviewed literature, in that order. In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we only include migratory bird species that are native to the United States or U.S. territories. A native migratory bird species is one that is present as a result of natural biological or ecological processes. The list at 50 CFR 10.13 does not include nonnative species that occur in the United States or U.S. territories solely as a result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). Elsewhere in today's **Federal Register** , we publish a list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. How do the changes affect the List of Migratory Birds? Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOS since our 2013 publication of the list (78 FR 65844; November 1, 2013). These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Order Cathartiformes (New World vultures) was split from the Accipitriformes (diurnal birds of prey). Cathartiformes now includes the Family Cathartidae (vultures and California Condor, *Gymnogyps californianus* ). At the Family level, the Oceanitidae (southern storm-petrels) was split from the Hydrobatidae (northern storm-petrels), the Tityridae (becards and tityras) was split from the Tyrannidae (tyrant flycatchers), the Passerellidae (towhees, sparrows, and juncos) was split from the Emberizidae (buntings), and the Megaluridae ( *Locustella* warblers) was renamed to Locustellidae. The Ptilogonatidae (silky-flycatchers) was renamed to the Ptiliogonatidae. The Nesospingidae (Puerto Rican Tanager) and the Spindalidae ( *Spindalis* genus) were split from the Thraupidae (tanagers). The yellow-breasted chat was split from the Parulidae (wood-warblers) and placed into Icteriidae (chats). Within the Scolopacidae (sandpipers, phalaropes, and allies), new Subfamilies were created: The curlews were moved to Numeniinae; the godwits to Limosinae; and small sandpipers to Arenariinae and larger sandpipers to Tringinae, including phalaropes whose previous Subfamily Phalaropodinae was removed. Within the Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, and kites), new Subfamilies were created: The White-tailed Kite was move to Elaninae, Hook-billed and Swallow-tailed Kite were moved to Gypaetinae, and all other members of the family were moved to Accipitrinae. Within the Icteridae (blackbirds), new Subfamilies were created: Yellow-headed blackbird was moved to Xanthocephalinae; bobolink was moved to Dolichonychinae; meadowlarks were moved to Sturnellinae; orioles were moved to Icterinae; and blackbirds, cowbirds, and grackles were moved to Agelaiinae. In the Falconidae (caracaras and falcons), collared forest-falcon was moved into the new Subfamily Herpetotherinae, and the Subfamily Caracarinae was removed, with crested caracara moved to the Subfamily Falconinae. In the Fringillidae (finches and allies), the Hawaiian fringillids were moved from the Subfamily Drepanidinae to Carduelinae. The Old World flycatchers in the Turdidae (thrushes) were moved to the Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Bananaquit was moved from the Coerebidae (a family not protected by MBTA) to the Thraupidae (tanagers and allies), which is a family protected by the MBTA. All other tanagers were also moved from the Emberizidae (sparrows) to the Thraupidae. Within Thraupidae, the seedeaters were moved into the Subfamily Sporophilinae, and bananaquit, grassquits, and bullfinches were moved into the Subfamily Coerebinae. All species previously receiving protection under the MBTA that have been moved to newly created Families continue to be protected under the MBTA. The amendments affect a total of 252 species; 75 additions, 8 removals, and 178 name changes covering 169 species (9 species had both scientific and common name changes). The result is a net addition of 67 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the number of species on the list from 1,026 to 1,093. Of the 75 species that we add to the list, 28 were previously covered under the MBTA as members of the same species (conspecific) of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following nine categories:
(1)Add 16 species that qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. The addition of these species is the result of either accepting AOS taxonomic updates that were previously excluded or determinations of documented natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. The species and relevant publication(s) are: Pink-footed Goose, *Anser brachyrhynchus* (AOS 2019); Cackling Goose, *Branta hutchinsii* (AOU 2004); Long-tailed Koel, *Urodynamis taitensis* (Wiles 2005); White-tailed Nightjar, *Hydropsalis cayennensis* (AOU 1983); Vervain Hummingbird, *Mellisuga minima* (AOU 1983); Kentish Plover, *Charadrius alexandrinus* (Enbring and Owen 1981); Common Redshank, *Tringa totanus* (Wiles 2005); Nazca Booby, *Sula granti* (AOS 2019); Abbott's Booby, *Papasula abbotti* (Pratt et al. 2009); Rufous Night-Heron, *Nycticorax caledonicus* (Glass et al. 1990); Gray-faced Buzzard, *Butastur indicus* (Stinson et al. 1997); Eastern Marsh-Harrier, *Circus spilonotus* (Wiles et al. 2000); Amur Falcon, *Falco amurensis* (Stinson et al. 1991); Eurasian Jackdaw, *Corvus monedula* (AOU 1998); Redwing, *Turdus iliacus* (AOU 1998); Common Kingfisher, *Alcedo atthis* (Wiles et al. 1993).
(2)Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the alphabetized list: Eared Quetzel, *Euptilotis neoxenus,* becomes Eared Quetzal Red-footed falcon, *Flaco vespertinus,* becomes *Falco vespertinus* Piratic Flycatcher, *Legatus leucophalus* becomes *Legatus leucophaius*
(3)Correct the spelling of three common or scientific names on the taxonomic list: Eared Quetzel, *Euptilotis neoxenus,* becomes Eared Quetzal White-crested Eleania, *Elaenia albiceps* becomes White-crested Elaenia Piratic Flycatcher, *Legatus leucophalus* becomes *Legatus leucophaius*
(4)Add 30 species based on review and acceptance by the AOS (since 2010) or by other appropriate ornithological authorities of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories. These species belong to families covered by at least one of the four international conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication: Common Scoter, *Melanitta nigra* —California and Oregon (AOS 2017); Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem, *Lampornis amethystinus* —Texas (AOS 2018, AOS 2019); Rufous-necked Wood-Rail, *Aramides axillaris* —New Mexico (AOU 2016); Solitary Snipe, *Gallinago solitaria* —Alaska (AOU 2011); Chatham Albatross, *Thalassarche eremita* —California (AOS 2017); European Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates pelagicus* —North Carolina and Florida (AOS 2019); Providence Petrel, *Pterodroma solandri* —Alaska (AOU 2013); Fea's Petrel, *Pterodroma feae* —North Carolina, Georgia, Virginia (AOU 2013); Zino's Petrel, *Pterodroma madeira* —North Carolina, (AOU 2015); White-chinned Petrel, *Procellaria aequinoctialis* —Texas, California, Maine (AOU 2011); Bryan's Shearwater, *Puffinus bryani* —Hawaii (AOU 2012); Bare-throated Tiger-Heron, *Tigrisoma mexicanum* —Texas (AOU 2011); Double-toothed Kite, *Harpagus bidentatus* —Texas (AOU 2013); Great Black Hawk, *Buteogallus urubitinga* —Texas and Maine (AOS 2019); Amazon Kingfisher, *Chloroceryle amazona* —Texas (AOU 2011); Gray-collared Becard, *Pachyramphus major* —Arizona (AOU 2011); Pine Flycatcher, *Empidonax affinis* —Arizona (AOS 2018); Cuban Vireo, *Vireo gundlachii* —Florida (AOS 2018); Common Chiffchaff, *Phylloscopus collybita* —Alaska (AOU 2014); Thick-billed Warbler, *Arundinax aedon* —Alaska (AOS 2019); Blyth's Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus dumetorum* —Alaska (AOU 2017); River Warbler, *Locustella fluviatilis* —Alaska (AOS 2019); European Robin, *Erithacus rubecula* —Pennsylvania (AOS 2019); Common Redstart, *Phoenicurus phoenicurus* —Alaska (AOU 2015); Pied Wheatear, *Oenanthe pleschanka* —Alaska (AOS 2019); Brown-backed Solitaire, *Myadestes occidentalis* —Arizona (AOU 2011); Pallas's Rosefinch, *Carpodacus roseus* —Alaska (AOS 2019); Asian Rosy-Finch, *Leucosticte arctoa* —Alaska (AOU 2013); Black-backed Oriole, *Icterus abeillei* —Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Connecticut (AOS 2019); Red-legged Honeycreeper, *Cyanerpes cyaneus* —Texas (AOS 2017).
(5)Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a Family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Coerebidae) into a Family protected under the MBTA (Thraupidae). We reference the AOS publication supporting the change: Bananaquit, *Coereba flaveola* (AOU 2015).
(6)Add 28 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as conspecific have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as conspecific with a listed species, these additions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOS or relevant publication supporting the change: Stejneger's Scoter, *Melanitta stejnegeri* —formerly considered conspecific with Velvet Scoter, *Melanitta fusca* (AOS 2019); Ridgway's Rail, *Rallus obsoletus* —formerly considered conspecific with Clapper Rail, *Rallus longirostris* (AOU 2014); Common Gallinule, *Gallinula galeata* —formerly considered conspecific with Common Moorhen, *Gallinula chloropus* (AOU 2011); Scripps's Murrelet, *Synthliboramphus scrippsi* —formerly considered conspecific with Xantus's Murrelet, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* (AOU 2012); Salvin's Albatross, *Thalassarche salvini* —formerly considered conspecific with Shy Albatross, *Thalassarche cauta* (AOU 2014); Gray-faced Petrel, *Pterodroma gouldi* —formerly considered conspecific with Great-winged Petrel, *Pterodroma macroptera* (AOS 2019); Trindade Petrel, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* —formerly considered conspecific with Herald Petrel, *Pterodroma heraldica* (AOU 2015); Newell's Shearwater, *Puffinus newelli* —formerly considered conspecific with Townsend's Shearwater, *Puffinus auricularis* (AOU 2015); Barolo Shearwater, *Puffinus baroli* —formerly considered conspecific with Little Shearwater, *Puffinus assimilis* (AOU 2013); Townsend's Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates socorroensis* —formerly considered conspecific with Leach's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma leucorhous* (AOU 2016, AOS 2019); Northern Boobook, *Ninox japonica* —formerly considered conspecific with Brown Hawk-Owl, *Ninox scutulata* (AOU 2014); Pacific Kingfisher, *Todiramphus sacer* —formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, *Todiramphus chloris* (Clements et al. 2015); Mariana Kingfisher, *Todiramphus albicilla* —formerly considered conspecific with Collared Kingfisher, *Todiramphus chloris* (Clements et al. 2015); Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay, *Aphelocoma woodhouseii* —formerly considered conspecific with Western Scrub-Jay, *Aphelocoma californica* (AOU 2016); Kamchatka Leaf Warbler, *Phylloscopus examinandus* —formerly considered conspecific with Arctic Warbler, *Phylloscopus borealis* (AOU 2014); Saipan Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus hiwae* —formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinius* (Clements et al. 2013); Aguiguan Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus nijoi* —formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinius* (Clements et al. 2013); Pagan Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus yamashinae* —formerly considered conspecific with Nightingale Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinius* (Clements et al. 2013); Laysan Honeycreeper, *Himatione fraithii* — formerly considered conspecific with Apapane, *Himatione sanguinea* (AOU 2015) Kauai Nukupu‘u, *Hemignathus hanapepe* —formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, *Hemignathus lucidus* (AOU 2015); Maui Nukupu‘u, *Hemignathus affins* —formerly considered conspecific with Nukupuu, *Hemignathus lucidus* (AOU 2015); Kauai ‘Akialoa, *Akialoa stejnegeri* —formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, *Hemignathus ellisianus* (AOU 2015); Maui Nui ‘Akialoa, *Akialoa lanaiensis* —formerly considered conspecific with Greater Akialoa, *Hemignathus ellisianus* (AOU 2015); O‘ahu ‘Akepa, *Loxops wolstenholmei* —formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, *Loxops coccineus* (AOU 2015); Maui ‘Akepa, *Loxops ochraceus* —formerly considered conspecific with Akepa, *Loxops coccineus* (AOU 2015); Cassia Crossbill, *Loxia sinesciuris* —formerly considered conspecific with Red Crossbill, *Loxia curvirostra* (AOS 2017); Sagebrush Sparrow, *Artemisiospiza nevadensis* —formerly considered conspecific with Sage Sparrow, *Amphispiza belli* (AOU 2013); Morelet's Seedeater, *Sporophila morelleti* —formerly considered conspecific with White-collared Seedeater, *Sporophila torqueola* (AOS 2018).
(7)Remove eight species based on revised taxonomic treatments, either because a species is taxonomically merged with another species, either on or off the list; a species previously on the list is taxonomically split into multiple species and the new species is not known to occur within the United States or U.S. territories; or the species is considered extinct (following the classification of the AOS or, for species not covered by the AOS, the Clements Checklist or peer-reviewed literature) unless any of the following criteria apply: It is protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (ESA; 16 U.S.C. 1531 *et seq.* ), or the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; 27 U.S.T. 1087); it resembles extant species included in the list that may be affected by its removal; or its removal would create difficulties implementing the MBTA and its underlying Conventions. In each case, we reference the publication supporting these changes: Thayer's Gull, *Larus thayeri,* now a subspecies of Iceland Gull, *Larus glaucoides* (AOS 2017); Great-winged Petrel, *Pterodroma macroptera* (AOS 2019); Townsend's Shearwater, *Puffinus auricularis* (AOU 2015); Little Shearwater, *Puffinus assimilis* (AOU 2015); Brown Hawk-Owl, *Ninox scutulata* (AOU 2014); Caribbean Coot, *Fulica caribaea* (AOU 2016); Collared Kingfisher, *Todiramphus chloris* (Clements et al. 2015); White-collared Seedeater, *Sporophila torqueola* (AOS 2018).
(8)Revise the common (English) names of 43 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). Hawaiian species names are modified to official Hawaiian spelling, following the Pukui-Elbert Hawaiian Dictionary, adding the diacritical marks to the common names where applicable. The Government Publishing Office Style Manual requires the words Hawaii and Kauai to be spelled without the diacritical mark. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below.
(9)Revise the scientific names of 135 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment as described in AOU publications 2011 through 2017, AOS 2018 and 2019 and Clements et al. (2017). These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, the update is described in the table, below. Table of name changes, as described in categories 8 and 9, above, follows. Table is organized following AOS
(2019)taxonomic order. The relevant AOS publication is provided. Hawaiian common name changes are indicated with a (—). Publication source and year Previous common name Current common name AOU 2004 Canada Goose (including *Branta hutchinsii* ), *Branta canadensis* Canada Goose, *Branta canadensis* . AOS 2019 Common Ground-Dove, *Columbina passerina* Common Ground Dove, *Columbina passerina* . AOS 2019 Ruddy Ground-Dove, *Columbina talpacoti* Ruddy Ground Dove, *Columbina talpacoti* . AOU 2016 Green Violetear, *Colibri thalassinus* Mexican Violetear, *Colibri thalassinus* . AOS 2017 Magnificent hummingbird, *Eugenes fulgens* Rivoli's Hummingbird, *Eugenes fulgens* . AOS 2019 Blue-throated Hummingbird, *Lampornis clemenciae* Blue-throated Mountain-gem, *Lampornis clemenciae* . AOU 2012 Xantus's Murrelet, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* Guadalupe Murrelet, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* . AOU 2014 Shy Albatross, *Thalassarche cauta* White-capped Albatross, *Thalassarche cauta* . AOU 2015 Herald Petrel, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* Trindade Petrel, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* . Clements et al. 2000 Pacific Reef-Egret, *Egretta sacra* Pacific Reef-Heron, *Egretta sacra* . AOU 2012 Gray Frog-Hawk, *Accipiter soloensis* Chinese Sparrowhawk, *Accipiter soloensis* . AOU 2014 Common Black-Hawk, *Buteogallus anthracinus* Common Black Hawk, *Buteogallus anthracinus* . AOS 2018 Gray Jay, *Perisoreus canadensis* Canada Jay, *Perisoreus canadensis* . AOU 2016 Western Scrub-Jay, *Aphelocoma californica* California Scrub-Jay, *Aphelocoma californica* . AOU 2016 Eurasian Sky Lark, *Alauda arvensis* Eurasian Skylark, *Alauda arvensis* . AOU 2014 Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, *Phylloscopus proregulus* Pallas's Leaf Warbler, *Phylloscopus proregulus* . — Kamao, *Myadestes myadestinus* Kāma'o, *Myadestes myadestinus* . — Olomao, *Myadestes lanaiensis* Oloma'o, *Myadestes lanaiensis* . — Omao, *Myadestes obscurus* 'Ōmar'o, *Myadestes obscurus* . AOS 2017 Le Conte's Thrasher, *Toxostoma lecontei* LeConte's Thrasher, *Toxostoma lecontei* . AOU 2015 Nukupuu, *Hemignathus lucidus* O'ahu Nukupu'u, *Hemignathus lucidus* . — Poo-uli, *Melamprosops phaeosoma* Po'ouli, *Melamprosops phaeosoma* . — Akikiki, *Oreomystis bairdi* 'Akikiki, *Oreomystis bairdi* . — Oahu Alauahio, *Paroreomyza maculata* O'ahu 'Alauahio, *Paroreomyza maculata* . — Kakawahie, *Paroreomyza flammea* Kākāwahie, *Paroreomyza flammea* . — Maui Alauahio, *Paroreomyza montana* Maui 'Alauahio, *Paroreomyza montana* . — Akohekohe, *Palmeria dolei* 'Akohekohe, *Palmeria dolei* . — Apapane, *Himatione sanguinea* 'Apapane, *Himatione sanguinea* . — Iiwi, *Drepanis coccinea* 'I'iwi, *Drepanis coccinea* . — Ou, *Psittirostra psittacea* 'Ō'ū, * Psittirostra psittacea* . — Anianiau, *Magumma parva* 'Anianiau, *Magumma parva* . — Akekee *, Loxops caeruleirostris* 'Akeke'e *, Loxops caeruleirostris* . AOU 2015 Akepa, *Loxops coccineus* Hawaii 'Akepa, *Loxops coccineus* . AOS 2017 Le Conte's Sparrow, *Ammodramus leconteii* LeConte's Sparrow, *Ammodramus leconteii* . AOS 2017 Emperor Goose, *Chen canagica* Emperor Goose, *Anser canagicus* . AOS 2017 Snow Goose, *Chen caerulescens* Snow Goose, *Anser caerulescens* . AOS 2017 Ross's Goose, *Chen rossii* Ross's Goose, *Anser rossii* . AOS 2017 Baikal Teal, *Anas formosa* Baikal Teal, *Sibirionetta formosa* . AOS 2017 Garganey, *Anas querquedula* Garganey, *Spatula querquedula* . AOS 2017 Blue-winged Teal, *Anas discors* Blue-winged Teal, *Spatula discors* . AOS 2017 Cinnamon Teal, *Anas cyanoptera* Cinnamon Teal, *Spatula cyanoptera* . AOS 2017 Northern Shoveler, *Anas clypeata* Northern Shoveler, *Spatula clypeata* . AOS 2017 Gadwall, *Anas strepera* Gadwall, *Mareca strepera* . AOS 2017 Falcated Duck, *Anas falcata* Falcated Duck, *Mareca falcata* . AOS 2017 Eurasian Wigeon, *Anas penelope* Eurasian Wigeon, *Mareca penelope* . AOS 2017 American Wigeon, *Anas americana* American Wigeon, *Mareca americana* . AOS 2019 White-winged Scoter, *Melanitta fusca* White-winged Scoter, *Melanitta deglandi* . Clements et al. 2017 White-throated Ground-Dove, *Gallicolumba xanthonura* White-throated Ground-Dove, *Alopecoenas xanthonurus* . Clements et al. 2010 Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, *Cuculus fugax* Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo, *Hierococcyx nisicolor* . AOU 2012 Chuck-will's-widow, *Caprimulgus carolinensis* Chuck-will's-widow, *Antrostomus carolinensis* . AOU 2012 Buff-collared Nightjar, *Caprimulgus ridgwayi* Buff-collared Nightjar, *Antrostomus ridgwayi* . AOU 2012 Eastern Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus vociferus* Eastern Whip-poor-will, *Antrostomus vociferus* . AOU 2012 Mexican Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus arizonae* Mexican Whip-poor-will, *Antrostomus arizonae* . AOU 2012 Puerto Rican Nightjar, *Caprimulgus noctitherus* Puerto Rican Nightjar, *Antrostomus noctitherus* . AOS 2018 Gray Nightjar, *Caprimulgus indicus* Gray Nightjar, *Caprimulgus jotaka* . AOS 2019 Bahama Woodstar, *Calliphlox evelynae* Bahama Woodstar, *Nesophlox evelynae* . AOU 2012 Calliope Hummingbird, *Stellula calliope* Calliope Hummingbird, *Selasphorus calliope* . AOU 2014 Clapper Rail, *Rallus longirostris* Clapper Rail, *Rallus crepitans* . AOU 2016 Yellow-breasted Crake, *Porzana flaviventer* Yellow-breasted Crake, *Hapalocrex flaviventer* . AOU 2012 Purple Gallinule, *Porphyrio martinica* Purple Gallinule, *Porphyrio martinicus* . AOU 2016 Sandhill Crane, *Grus canadensis* Sandhill Crane, *Antigone canadensis* . AOU 2011 Snowy Plover, *Charadrius alexandrinus* Snowy Plover, *Charadrius nivosus* . AOU 2013 Surfbird, *Aphriza virgata* Surfbird, *Calidris virgata* . AOU 2013 Ruff, *Philomachus pugnax* Ruff, *Calidris pugnax* . AOU 2013 Broad-billed Sandpiper, *Limicola falcinellus* Broad-billed Sandpiper, *Calidris falcinellus* . AOU 2013 Spoon-billed Sandpiper, *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus* Spoon-billed Sandpiper, *Calidris pygmea* . AOU 2013 Buff-breasted Sandpiper, *Tryngites subruficollis* Buff-breasted Sandpiper, *Calidris subruficollis* . AOS 2017 Blue-gray Noddy, *Procelsterna cerulea* Blue-gray Noddy, *Anous ceruleus* . AOU 2003 Whiskered Tern, *Chlidonias hybridus* Whiskered Tern, *Chlidonias hybrida* . AOS 2019 Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma furcata* Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates furcatus* . AOS 2019 Ringed Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma hornbyi* Ringed Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates hornbyi* . AOS 2019 Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma monorhis* Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates monorhis* . AOS 2019 Leach's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* Leach's Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates leucorhous* . AOS 2019 Townsend's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma socorroensis* Townsend's Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates socorroensis* . AOS 2019 Ashy Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma homochroa* Ashy Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates homochroa* . AOS 2019 Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma castro* Band-rumped Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates castro* . AOS 2019 Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma tethys* Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates tethys* . AOS 2019 Black Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma melania* Black Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates melania* . AOS 2019 Tristram's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma tristrami* Tristram's Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates tristrami* . AOS 2019 Least Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma microsoma* Least Storm-Petrel, *Hydrobates microsoma* . AOS 2018 Tahiti Petrel, *Pterodroma rostrata* Tahiti Petrel, *Pseudobulweria rostrata* . AOU 2016 Wedge-tailed Shearwater, *Puffinus pacificus* Wedge-tailed Shearwater, *Ardenna pacifica* . AOU 2016 Buller's Shearwater, *Puffinus bulleri* Buller's Shearwater, *Ardenna bulleri* . AOU 2016 Short-tailed Shearwater, *Puffinus tenuirostris* Short-tailed Shearwater, *Ardenna tenuirostris* . AOU 2016 Sooty Shearwater, *Puffinus griseus* Sooty Shearwater, *Ardenna grisea* . AOU 2016 Great Shearwater, *Puffinus gravis* Great Shearwater, *Ardenna gravis* . AOU 2016 Pink-footed Shearwater, *Puffinus creatopus* Pink-footed Shearwater, *Ardenna creatopus* . AOU 2016 Flesh-footed Shearwater, *Puffinus carneipes* Flesh-footed Shearwater, *Ardenna carneipes* . AOS 2017 Intermediate Egret, *Mesophoyx intermedia* Intermediate Egret, *Ardea intermedia* . AOS 2017 Northern Harrier, *Circus cyaneus* Northern Harrier, *Circus hudsonius* . AOU 2015 Roadside Hawk, *Buteo magnirostris* Roadside Hawk, *Rupornis magnirostris* . AOU 2015 White-tailed Hawk, *Buteo albicaudatus* White-tailed Hawk, *Geranoaetus albicaudatus* . AOS 2018 Downy Woodpecker, *Picoides pubescens* Downy Woodpecker, *Dryobates pubescens* . AOS 2018 Nuttall's Woodpecker, *Picoides nuttallii* Nuttall's Woodpecker, *Dryobates nuttallii* . AOS 2018 Ladder-backed Woodpecker, *Picoides scalaris* Ladder-backed Woodpecker, *Dryobates scalaris* . AOS 2018 Red-cockaded Woodpecker, *Picoides borealis* Red-cockaded Woodpecker, *Dryobates borealis* . AOS 2018 Hairy Woodpecker, *Picoides villosus* Hairy Woodpecker, *Dryobates villosus* . AOS 2018 White-headed Woodpecker, *Picoides albolarvatus* White-headed Woodpecker, *Dryobates albolarvatus* . AOS 2018 Arizona Woodpecker, *Picoides arizonae* Arizona Woodpecker, *Dryobates arizonae* . AOU 2013 Flammulated Owl, *Otus flammeolus* Flammulated Owl, *Psiloscops flammeolus* . AOS 2017 Northern Shrike, *Lanius excubitor* Northern Shrike, *Lanius borealis* . AOU 2011 Mexican Jay, *Aphelocoma ultramarina* Mexican Jay, *Aphelocoma wollweberi* . AOU 2012 Sinaloa Wren, *Thryothorus sinaloa* Sinaloa Wren, *Thryophilus sinaloa* . AOS 2018 Siberian Blue Robin, *Luscinia cyane* Siberian Blue Robin, *Larvivora cyane* . AOS 2018 Rufous-tailed Robin, *Luscinia sibilans* Rufous-tailed Robin, *Larvivora sibilans* . AOS 2018 Bluethroat, *Luscinia svecica* Bluethroat, *Cyanecula svecica* . AOS 2018 Siberian Rubythroat, *Luscinia calliope* Siberian Rubythroat, *Calliope calliope* . Clements et al. 2015 Chestnut-cheeked Starling, *Sturnus phillippensis* Chestnut-cheeked Starling, *Agropsar philippensis* . Clements et al. 2015 White-cheeked Starling, *Sturnus cineraceus* White-cheeked Starling, *Spodiopsar cineraceus* . AOU 2013 Gray Silky-flycatcher, *Ptilogonys cinereus* Gray Silky-flycatcher *, Ptiliogonys cinereus* . AOU 2012 House Finch, *Carpodacus mexicanus* House Finch, *Haemorhous mexicanus* . AOU 2012 Purple Finch, *Carpodacus purpureus* Purple Finch, *Haemorhous purpureus* . AOU 2012 Cassin's Finch, *Carpodacus cassinii* Cassin's Finch, *Haemorhous cassinii* . AOU 2015 American Tree Sparrow, *Spizella arborea* American Tree Sparrow, *Spizelloides arborea* . AOS 2018 LeConte's Sparrow, *Ammodramus leconteii* LeConte's Sparrow, *Ammospiza leconteii* . AOS 2018 Seaside Sparrow, *Ammodramus maritima* Seaside Sparrow, *Ammospiza maritima* . AOS 2018 Nelson's Sparrow, *Ammodramus nelsoni* Nelson's Sparrow, *Ammospiza nelsoni* . AOS 2018 Saltmarsh Sparrow, *Ammodramus caudacuta* Saltmarsh Sparrow, *Ammospiza caudacuta* . AOS 2018 Baird's Sparrow, *Ammodramus bairdii* Baird's Sparrow, *Centronyx bairdii* . AOS 2018 Henslow's Sparrow, *Ammodramus henslowii* Henslow's Sparrow, *Centronyx henslowii* . AOS 2019 Tennessee Warbler, *Oreothlypis peregrina* Tennessee Warbler, *Leiothlypis peregrina* . AOS 2019 Orange-crowned Warbler, *Oreothlypis celata* Orange-crowned Warbler, *Leiothlypis celata* . AOS 2019 Colima Warbler, *Oreothlypis crissalis* Colima Warbler, *Leiothlypis crissalis* . AOS 2019 Lucy's Warbler, *Oreothlypis luciae* Lucy's Warbler, *Leiothlypis luciae* . AOS 2019 Nashville Warbler, *Oreothlypis ruficapilla* Nashville Warbler, *Leiothlypis ruficapilla* . AOS 2019 Virginia's Warbler, *Oreothlypis virginiae* Virginia's Warbler, *Leiothlypis virginiae* . AOU 2011 MacGillivray's Warbler, *Oporornis tolmiei* MacGillivray's Warbler, *Geothlypis tolmiei* . AOU 2011 Mourning Warbler, *Oporornis philadelphia* Mourning Warbler, *Geothlypis philadelphia* . AOU 2011 Kentucky Warbler, *Oporornis formosus* Kentucky Warbler, *Geothlypis formosa* . AOU 2011 Elfin-woods Warbler, *Dendroica angelae* Elfin-woods Warbler, *Setophaga angelae* . AOU 2011 Hooded Warbler, *Wilsonia citrina* Hooded Warbler, *Setophaga citrina* . AOU 2011 Kirtland's Warbler, *Dendroica kirtlandii* Kirtland's Warbler, *Setophaga kirtlandii* . AOU 2011 Cape May Warbler, *Dendroica tigrina* Cape May Warbler, *Setophaga tigrina* . AOU 2011 Cerulean Warbler, *Dendroica cerulea* Cerulean Warbler, *Setophaga cerulea* . AOU 2011 Northern Parula, *Parula americana* Northern Parula, *Setophaga americana* . AOU 2011 Tropical Parula, *Parula pitiayumi* Tropical Parula, *Setophaga pitiayumi* . AOU 2011 Magnolia Warbler, *Dendroica magnolia* Magnolia Warbler, *Setophaga magnolia* . AOU 2011 Bay-breasted Warbler, *Dendroica castanea* Bay-breasted Warbler, *Setophaga castanea* . AOU 2011 Blackburnian Warbler, *Dendroica fusca* Blackburnian Warbler, *Setophaga fusca* . AOU 2011 Yellow Warbler, *Dendroica petechia* Yellow Warbler, *Setophaga petechia* . AOU 2011 Chestnut-sided Warbler, *Dendroica pensylvanica* Chestnut-sided Warbler, *Setophaga pensylvanica* . AOU 2011 Blackpoll Warbler, *Dendroica striata* Blackpoll Warbler, *Setophaga striata* . AOU 2011 Black-throated Blue Warbler, *Dendroica caerulescens* Black-throated Blue Warbler, *Setophaga caerulescens* . AOU 2011 Palm Warbler, *Dendroica palmarum* Palm Warbler, *Setophaga palmarum* . AOU 2011 Pine Warbler, *Dendroica pinus* Pine Warbler, *Setophaga pinus* . AOU 2011 Yellow-rumped Warbler, *Dendroica coronata* Yellow-rumped Warbler, *Setophaga coronata* . AOU 2011 Yellow-throated Warbler, *Dendroica dominica* Yellow-throated Warbler, *Setophaga dominica* . AOU 2011 Prairie Warbler, *Dendroica discolor* Prairie Warbler, *Setophaga discolor* . AOU 2011 Adelaide's Warbler, *Dendroica adelaidae* Adelaide's Warbler, *Setophaga adelaidae* . AOU 2011 Grace's Warbler, *Dendroica graciae* Grace's Warbler, *Setophaga graciae* . AOU 2011 Black-throated Gray Warbler, *Dendroica nigrescens* Black-throated Gray Warbler, *Setophaga nigrescens* . AOU 2011 Townsend's Warbler, *Dendroica townsendi* Townsend's Warbler, *Setophaga townsendi* . AOU 2011 Hermit Warbler, *Dendroica occidentalis* Hermit Warbler, *Setophaga occidentalis* . AOU 2011 Golden-cheeked Warbler, *Dendroica chrysoparia* Golden-cheeked Warbler, *Setophaga chrysoparia* . AOU 2011 Black-throated Green Warbler, *Dendroica virens* Black-throated Green Warbler, *Setophaga virens* . AOU 2011 Fan-tailed Warbler, *Euthlypis lachrymosa* Fan-tailed Warbler, *Basileuterus lachrymosus* . AOU 2011 Canada Warbler, *Wilsonia canadensis* Canada Warbler, *Cardellina canadensis* . AOU 2011 Wilson's Warbler, *Wilsonia pusilla* Wilson's Warbler *, Cardellina pusilla* . AOS 2019 Black-faced Grassquit, *Tiaris bicolor* Black-faced Grassquit, *Melanospiza bicolor* . AOS 2018 Puerto Rican Bullfinch, *Loxigilla portoricensis* Puerto Rican Bullfinch, *Melopyrrha portoricensis* . Clements et al. 2017 Friendly Ground-Dove, *Gallicolumba stairi* Shy Ground-Dove, *Alopecoenas stairi* . Clements et al. 2006 Micronesian Kingfisher, *Todirhamphus cinnamominus* Guam Kingfisher, *Todiramphus cinnamominus* . Clements et al. 2006, 2017 Nightingale Reed-Warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinia* Nightingale Reed Warbler, *Acrocephalus luscinius* . AOU 2015 Akiapolaau, *Hemignathus munroi* 'Akiapola'au, *Hemignathus wilsoni* . AOU 2015 Greater Akialoa, *Hemignathus ellisianus* O'ahu 'Akialoa, *Akialoa ellisiana* . AOU 2015 Hawaii Amakihi, *Hemignathus virens* Hawaii 'Amakihi, *Chlorodrepanis virens* . AOU 2015 Oahu Amakihi, *Hemignathus flavus* O'ahu 'Amakihi, *Chlorodrepanis flava* . AOU 2015 Kauai Amakihi, *Hemignathus kauaiensis* Kauai 'Amakihi, *Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri* . AOU 2012, 2013 Sage Sparrow, *Amphispiza belli* Bell's Sparrow, *Artemisiospiza belli* . How do the changes adopted in this rule differ from those described in the proposed rule? On November 28, 2018, we published in the **Federal Register** (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the **Federal Register** (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. Taken together, our publications, the November 28, 2018, proposed rule, as revised by the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, include all the changes adopted in this rule with one exception: On the taxonomic list, we are correcting the scientific name of the Puerto Rican bullfinch from *Loxigilla portoricensis* to *Melopyrrha portoricensis.* How is the List of Migratory Birds organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: Alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOS (1998, 2019) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The MBTA does not apply to:
(1)Nonnative species introduced into the United States or U.S. territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions. Elsewhere in today's **Federal Register** , we publish the revised list of nonnative bird species that are not protected under the MBTA. Note, though, that native species introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or U.S. territories ( *e.g.,* cattle egrets in Hawaii).
(2)Species native or nonnative to the United States or U.S. territories that either belong to families or groups not referred to in the Canada, Mexico, and Russia Conventions or are not included by species name in the Japan Convention. This includes the Tinamidae (tinamous), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Cracidae (chachalacas), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Pteroclidae (sandgrouse), Heliornithidae (finfoots), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Todidae (todies), Psittacidae (parrots), Psittaculidae (Old World parrots), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Dicruridae (drongos), Monarchidae (monarchs), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Scotocercidae (bush warblers and allies), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings, except as listed in Japanese treaty), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and Passeridae (Old World sparrows, including house or English sparrow), as well as numerous other families not represented in the United States or U.S. territories. Summary of Comments and Responses On November 28, 2018, we published in the **Federal Register** (83 FR 61288) a proposed rule to revise the list of migratory birds at 50 CFR 10.13; we accepted public comments on the proposed rule for 60 days, ending January 28, 2019. We received eight comments in response to the proposed rule; seven were from private individuals, one was from an organization. Subsequently, on November 12, 2019, we published in the **Federal Register** (84 FR 60998) a revised proposed rule, and we accepted comments on our proposed revisions for 30 days, ending December 12, 2019. We received two comments in response to the revised proposed rule; one was from a private individual, one was from an organization. The following text discusses the substantive comments we received and provides our responses. *Comment (1):* One individual requested that the list be available in a more user-friendly format. *Response:* As noted above, in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the list is provided in two formats for different needs. One format is ordered alphabetically by group (English) name and the other is in taxonomic order. For informational purposes only, we also provide a downloadable list online at *https://www.fws.gov/birds/management/managed-species/migratory-bird-treaty-act-protected-species.php,* in a spreadsheet format that includes multiple fields to allow for easy sorting and searching for users comfortable working with this format. *Comment (2):* One individual requested that we clarify why we are adding to the List the 16 species that we say qualify for protection by the MBTA but have not been added previously. *Response:* For this update, the Service reviewed previously excluded AOS taxonomic updates using contemporary scientific literature to make its determinations. For species that we are adding based on evidence of natural distribution in the United States or U.S. territories, the Service reviewed historical scientific literature prompted by recommendations made by Service staff with ornithological expertise and knowledge of species' natural distribution. *Comment (3):* One individual commented on the importance of updating the List of Migratory Birds for the public to be informed of what species are protected and to provide clarification about the taxonomy of species. *Response:* The Service agrees that it is important to maintain a current List of Migratory Birds that reflects the best available science and can inform the American public of the species that are protected by the MBTA. *Comment (4):* One commenter made the following comments: The proposed action of the Service implicates the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment; as a result, the action is not in compliance with Executive Order 12630 as it has significant takings implications. The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment due to incorrect citations. The Service has provided the public with no meaningful opportunity to comment because the correct citations are conclusory summations without details relating to the factual determinations. The Service has unlawfully delegated its decision-making authority to a private organization. The Service is unlawfully applying the MBTA by misinterpreting the plain language meaning of the term “occurring.” *Response:* Regarding the first bullet, there are no takings implications stemming from this rulemaking. Under 50 CFR 21.2, migratory birds that are lawfully acquired prior to the effective date of Federal protection under the MBTA (in this case, their addition to the List of Migratory Birds at 50 CFR 10.13) may continue to be possessed or transported without a permit. However, 50 CFR 21.2 prohibits import, export, purchase, sale, barter, or offer for purchase, sale, or barter of those species. The Supreme Court held in *Andrus* v. *Allard,* 444 U.S. 51, 65-68 (1979), that the prohibitions in 50 CFR 21.2 do not amount to a regulatory taking that requires compensation under the Just Compensation Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Regarding the second bullet, we apologize for the incorrect citations in the November 28, 2018, proposed rule; they were corrected and described individually in the November 12, 2019, revised proposed rule, for which we accepted public comment for 30 days, and they are correct in this final rule. Regarding the third and fourth bullets, which we combine because they are interrelated with regard to the process the Service follows for determining species protected by the MBTA, the Service must rely on accepted scientific authorities and best available science when feasible. The Service has determined that the checklist published by the AOS is the best available science and a primary resource from which to reference updates in taxonomy and natural distribution for the reasons outlined above under What Scientific Authorities Are Used to Amend the List of Migratory Birds? The Service reviews and makes its own determinations for inclusion and updates to the list of protected migratory bird species, as evidenced by the Service not recognizing ackling Gogose, *Branta hutchinsii,* as a distinct species for protection until this update when the AOU made this determination in its 2004 supplement (see our response to comments in 78 FR 65844, November 1, 2013, at p. 78 FR 65849). Copies of the AOS checklist and supplements are publicly available, and these publications cite published resources used in the committee deliberations that are also considered by the Service for this rulemaking. Persons wishing to obtain more information about deliberations and evidence used by the AOS in their determinations should contact AOS directly. The Service also solicits public comments through a proposed rule when we make revisions to the list of protected species to obtain any additional information the public wishes to provide to aid us in our decision-making. Regarding the fifth bullet, the use of the word “occurring” is ambiguous in the legislative history, and there is no evidence that Congress was concerned with the number of records documenting a species' natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories. There is also no established or accepted scientific process to determine a species is occurring in the United States or U.S. Territories based on an undefined threshold number of documented records. A single documented, reviewed, and accepted record of natural occurrence in the United States or U.S. Territories is thus the threshold to qualify a species for protection by the MBTA. Required Determinations Regulatory Planning and Review Executive Order (E.O.) 12866 provides that the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
(OIRA)in the Office of Management and Budget will review all significant rules. OIRA has determined that this rule is not significant. E.O. 13563 reaffirms the principles of E.O. 12866, while calling for improvements in the nation's regulatory system to promote predictability, to reduce uncertainty, and to use the best, most innovative, and least burdensome tools for achieving regulatory ends. E.O. 13563 directs agencies to consider regulatory approaches that reduce burdens and maintain flexibility and freedom of choice for the public where these approaches are relevant, feasible, and consistent with regulatory objectives. E.O. 13563 emphasizes further that regulations must be based on the best available science and that the rulemaking process must allow for public participation and an open exchange of ideas. We have developed this rule in a manner consistent with these requirements. Executive Order 13771—Reducing Regulation and Controlling Regulatory Costs This rule is not an Executive Order (E.O.) 13771 (82 FR 9339, February 3, 2017) regulatory action because this rule is not significant under E.O. 12866. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.* ) Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.,* as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (5 U.S.C. 804(2)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities ( *i.e.,* small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that this rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities; therefore, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. This rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It will not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. a. This rule will not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. b. This rule will not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions. c. This rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 *et seq.* ), we have determined the following: a. This rule will not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. This rule is an administrative action to update the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions; it will not affect small government activities in any significant way. b. This rule will not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; *i.e.,* it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Takings Under Executive Order 12630, this rule does not have significant takings implications. While certain activities that were previously unregulated will now be regulated, possession and transport of migratory bird species acquired prior to being added to the List of Migratory Birds in this rulemaking will remain unregulated under Federal law. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required. Federalism This rule does not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a federalism summary impact statement under Executive Order 13132. It does not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species. Civil Justice Reform In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that this rule does not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. Paperwork Reduction Act This rule does not contain information collection requirements, and a submission to the Office of Management and Budget
(OMB)under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 *et seq.* ) is not required. We may not conduct or sponsor and you are not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(i)). Endangered Species Act
(ESA)Of the species on the List of Migratory Birds, 102 species, subspecies, or distinct population segments are also listed as endangered or threatened under section 4 of the ESA of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 *et seq.* ). No legal complications arise from the dual listing as the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because this rule is strictly administrative in nature, it has no effect on endangered or threatened species. Thus, it does not require consultation under section 7 of the ESA. Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on federally recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this rule are purely administrative in nature and do not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands. Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211) On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, or use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule will only affect the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. References Cited A complete list of all references cited is available on *http://www.regulations.gov* under Docket No. FWS-HQ-MB-2018-0047, and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT , above). List of Subjects in Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10—GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 16 U.S.C. 668a-d, 703-712, 742a-j-l, 1361-1384, 1401-1407, 1531-1543, 3371-3378; 18 U.S.C. 42; 19 U.S.C. 1202. 2. Amend § 10.13 by revising paragraph
(c)to read as follows: § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(c)*What species are protected as migratory birds?* Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU, now recognized as American Ornithological Society (AOS)) *Check-list of North American birds* (1998, as amended through 2019). For species not treated by the AOS *Check-list,* we generally follow *Clements Checklist of Birds of the World* (Clements et al. 2017).
(1)*Alphabetical listing.* Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. ACCENTOR, Siberian, *Prunella montanella* 'AKEKE'E, *Loxops caeruleirostris* 'AKEPA, Hawaii, *Loxops coccineus* Maui, *Loxops ochraceus* O'ahu, *Loxops wolstenholmei* 'AKIALOA, Kauai, *Akialoa stejnegeri* Maui Nui, *Akialoa lanaiensis* O'ahu, *Akialoa ellisiana* 'AKIAPOLA'AU, *Hemignathus wilsoni* 'AKIKIKI, *Oreomystis bairdi* 'AKOHEKOHE, *Palmeria dolei* 'ALAUAHIO, Maui, *Paroreomyza montana* O'ahu, *Paroreomyza maculata* ALBATROSS, Black-browed, *Thalassarche melanophris* Black-footed, *Phoebastria nigripes* Chatham, *Thalassarche eremita* Laysan, *Phoebastria immutabilis* Light-mantled, *Phoebetria palpebrata* Salvin's, *Thalassarche salvini* Short-tailed, *Phoebastria albatrus* Wandering, *Diomedea exulans* White-capped, *Thalassarche cauta* Yellow-nosed, *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* 'AMAKIHI, Hawaii, *Chlorodrepanis virens* Kauai, *Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri* O'ahu, *Chlorodrepanis flava* ANHINGA, *Anhinga anhinga* ANI, Groove-billed, *Crotophaga sulcirostris* Smooth-billed, *Crotophaga ani* 'ANIANIAU, *Magumma parva* 'APAPANE, *Himatione sanguinea* AUKLET, Cassin's, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* Crested, *Aethia cristatella* Least, *Aethia pusilla* Parakeet, *Aethia psittacula* Rhinoceros, *Cerorhinca monocerata* Whiskered, *Aethia pygmaea* AVOCET, American, *Recurvirostra americana* BANANAQUIT, *Coereba flaveola* BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, *Anser fabalis* Tundra, *Anser serrirostris* BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, *Camptostoma imberbe* BECARD, Gray-collared, *Pachyramphus major* Rose-throated, *Pachyramphus aglaiae* BITTERN, American, *Botaurus lentiginosus* Black, *Ixobrychus flavicollis* Least, *Ixobrychus exilis* Schrenck's, *Ixobrychus eurhythmus* Yellow, *Ixobrychus sinensis* BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, *Euphagus cyanocephalus* Red-winged, *Agelaius phoeniceus* Rusty, *Euphagus carolinus* Tawny-shouldered, *Agelaius humeralis* Tricolored, *Agelaius tricolor* Yellow-headed, *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus* Yellow-shouldered, *Agelaius xanthomus* BLUEBIRD, Eastern, *Sialia sialis* Mountain, *Sialia currucoides* Western, *Sialia mexicana* BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, *Tarsiger cyanurus* BLUETHROAT, *Cyanecula svecica* BOBOLINK, *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* BOOBOOK, Northern, *Ninox japonica* BOOBY, Abbott's, *Papasula abbotti* Blue-footed, *Sula nebouxii* Brown, *Sula leucogaster* Masked, *Sula dactylatra* Nazca, *Sula granti* Red-footed, *Sula sula* BRAMBLING, *Fringilla montifringilla* BRANT, *Branta bernicla* BUFFLEHEAD, *Bucephala albeola* BULLFINCH, Eurasian, *Pyrrhula pyrrhula* Puerto Rican, *Melopyrrha portoricensis* BUNTING, Blue, *Cyanocompsa parellina* Gray, *Emberiza variabilis* Indigo, *Passerina cyanea* Lark, *Calamospiza melanocorys* Lazuli, *Passerina amoena* Little, *Emberiza pusilla* McKay's, *Plectrophenax hyperboreus* Painted, *Passerina ciris* Pallas's, *Emberiza pallasi* Pine, *Emberiza leucocephalos* Reed, *Emberiza schoeniclus* Rustic, *Emberiza rustica* Snow, *Plectrophenax nivalis* Varied, *Passerina versicolor* Yellow-breasted, *Emberiza aureola* Yellow-browed, *Emberiza chrysophrys* Yellow-throated, *Emberiza elegans* BUSHTIT, *Psaltriparus minimus* BUZZARD, Gray-faced, *Butastur indicus* CANVASBACK, *Aythya valisineria* CARACARA, Crested, *Caracara cheriway* CARDINAL, Northern, *Cardinalis cardinalis* CARIB, Green-throated, *Eulampis holosericeus* Purple-throated, *Eulampis jugularis* CATBIRD, Black, *Melanoptila glabrirostris* Gray, *Dumetella carolinensis* CHAFFINCH, Common, *Fringilla coelebs* CHAT, Yellow-breasted, *Icteria virens* CHICKADEE, Black-capped, *Poecile atricapillus* Boreal, *Poecile hudsonicus* Carolina, *Poecile carolinensis* Chestnut-backed, *Poecile rufescens* Gray-headed, *Poecile cinctus* Mexican, *Poecile sclateri* Mountain, *Poecile gambeli* CHIFFCHAFF, Common, *Phylloscopus collybita* CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, *Antrostomus carolinensis* CONDOR, California, *Gymnogyps californianus* COOT, American, *Fulica americana* Eurasian, *Fulica atra* Hawaiian, *Fulica alai* CORMORANT, Brandt's, *Phalacrocorax penicillatus* Double-crested, *Phalacrocorax auritus* Great, *Phalacrocorax carbo* Little Pied, *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos* Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus* Pelagic, *Phalacrocorax pelagicus* Red-faced, *Phalacrocorax urile* COWBIRD, Bronzed, *Molothrus aeneus* Brown-headed, *Molothrus ater* Shiny, *Molothrus bonariensis* CRAKE, Corn, *Crex crex* Paint-billed, *Neocrex erythrops* Spotless, *Porzana tabuensis* Yellow-breasted, *Hapalocrex flaviventer* CRANE, Common, *Grus grus* Sandhill, *Antigone canadensis* Whooping, *Grus americana* CREEPER, Brown, *Certhia americana* Hawaii, *Loxops mana* CROSSBILL, Cassia, *Loxia sinesciuris* Red, *Loxia curvirostra* White-winged, *Loxia leucoptera* CROW, American, *Corvus brachyrhynchos* Fish, *Corvus ossifragus* Hawaiian, *Corvus hawaiiensis* Mariana, *Corvus kubaryi* Northwestern, *Corvus caurinus* Tamaulipas, *Corvus imparatus* White-necked, *Corvus leucognaphalus* CUCKOO, Black-billed, *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* Common, *Cuculus canorus* Mangrove, *Coccyzus minor* Oriental, *Cuculus optatus* Yellow-billed, *Coccyzus americanus* CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, *Numenius tahitiensis* Eskimo, *Numenius borealis* Eurasian, *Numenius arquata* Far Eastern, *Numenius madagascariensis* Little, *Numenius minutus* Long-billed, *Numenius americanus* DICKCISSEL, *Spiza americana* DIPPER, American, *Cinclus mexicanus* DOTTEREL, Eurasian, *Charadrius morinellus* DOVE, Common Ground, *Columbina passerina* Inca, *Columbina inca* Mourning, *Zenaida macroura* Ruddy Ground, *Columbina talpacoti* White-tipped, *Leptotila verreauxi* White-winged, *Zenaida asiatica* Zenaida, *Zenaida aurita* DOVEKIE, *Alle alle* DOWITCHER, Long-billed, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* Short-billed, *Limnodromus griseus* DUCK, American Black, *Anas rubripes* Eastern Spot-billed, *Anas zonorhyncha* Falcated, *Mareca falcata* Harlequin, *Histrionicus histrionicus* Hawaiian, *Anas wyvilliana* Laysan, *Anas laysanensis* Long-tailed, *Clangula hyemalis* Masked, *Nomonyx dominicus* Mottled, *Anas fulvigula* Muscovy, *Cairina moschata* Pacific Black, *Anas superciliosa* Ring-necked, *Aythya collaris* Ruddy, *Oxyura jamaicensis* Tufted, *Aythya fuligula* Wood, *Aix sponsa* DUNLIN, *Calidris alpina* EAGLE, Bald, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* Golden, *Aquila chrysaetos* White-tailed, *Haliaeetus albicilla* EGRET, Cattle, *Bubulcus ibis* Chinese, *Egretta eulophotes* Great, *Ardea alba* Intermediate, *Ardea intermedia* Little, *Egretta garzetta* Reddish, *Egretta rufescens* Snowy, *Egretta thula* EIDER, Common, *Somateria mollissima* King, *Somateria spectabilis* Spectacled, *Somateria fischeri* Steller's, *Polysticta stelleri* ELAENIA, Caribbean, *Elaenia martinica* Greenish, *Myiopagis viridicata* White-crested, *Elaenia albiceps* EMERALD, Puerto Rican, *Chlorostilbon maugaeus* EUPHONIA, Antillean, *Euphonia musica* FALCON, Amur, *Falco amurensis* Aplomado, *Falco femoralis* Peregrine, *Falco peregrinus* Prairie, *Falco mexicanus* Red-footed, *Falco vespertinus* FIELDFARE, *Turdus pilaris* FINCH, Cassin's, *Haemorhous cassinii* House, *Haemorhous mexicanus* Laysan, *Telespiza cantans* Nihoa, *Telespiza ultima* Purple, *Haemorhous purpureus* FLAMINGO, American, *Phoenicopterus ruber* FLICKER, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides* Northern, *Colaptes auratus* FLYCATCHER, Acadian, *Empidonax virescens* Alder, *Empidonax alnorum* Ash-throated, *Myiarchus cinerascens* Asian Brown, *Muscicapa dauurica* Brown-crested, *Myiarchus tyrannulus* Buff-breasted, *Empidonax fulvifrons* Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis* Crowned Slaty, *Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus* Dark-sided, *Muscicapa sibirica* Dusky, *Empidonax oberholseri* Dusky-capped, *Myiarchus tuberculifer* Fork-tailed, *Tyrannus savana* Gray, *Empidonax wrightii* Gray-streaked, *Muscicapa griseisticta* Great Crested, *Myiarchus crinitus* Hammond's, *Empidonax hammondii* La Sagra's, *Myiarchus sagrae* Least, *Empidonax minimus* Mugimaki, *Ficedula mugimaki* Narcissus, *Ficedula narcissina* Nutting's, *Myiarchus nuttingi* Olive-sided, *Contopus cooperi* Pacific-slope, *Empidonax difficilis* Pine, *Empidonax affinis* Piratic, *Legatus leucophaius* Puerto Rican, *Myiarchus antillarum* Scissor-tailed, *Tyrannus forficatus* Social, *Myiozetetes similis* Spotted, *Muscicapa striata* Sulphur-bellied, *Myiodynastes luteiventris* Taiga, *Ficedula albicilla* Tufted, *Mitrephanes phaeocercus* Variegated, *Empidonomus varius* Vermilion, *Pyrocephalus rubinus* Willow, *Empidonax traillii* Yellow-bellied, *Empidonax flaviventris* FOREST-FALCON, Collared, *Micrastur semitorquatus* FRIGATEBIRD, Great, *Fregata minor* Lesser, *Fregata ariel* Magnificent, *Fregata magnificens* FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus* Many-colored, *Ptilinopus perousii* Mariana, *Ptilinopus roseicapilla* FULMAR, Northern, *Fulmarus glacialis* GADWALL, *Mareca strepera* GALLINULE, Azure, *Porphyrio flavirostris* Common, *Gallinula galeata* Purple, *Porphyrio martinicus* GANNET, Northern, *Morus bassanus* GARGANEY, *Spatula querquedula* GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, *Polioptila nigriceps* Black-tailed, *Polioptila melanura* Blue-Gray, *Polioptila caerulea* California, *Polioptila californica* GODWIT, Bar-tailed, *Limosa lapponica* Black-tailed, *Limosa limosa* Hudsonian, *Limosa haemastica* Marbled, *Limosa fedoa* GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, *Bucephala islandica* Common, *Bucephala clangula* GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, *Pluvialis dominica* European, *Pluvialis apricaria* Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva* GOLDFINCH, American, *Spinus tristis* Lawrence's, *Spinus lawrencei* Lesser, *Spinus psaltria* GOOSE, Barnacle, *Branta leucopsis* Cackling, *Branta hutchinsii* Canada, *Branta canadensis* Emperor, *Anser canagicus* Greater White-fronted, *Anser albifrons* Hawaiian, *Branta sandvicensis* Lesser White-fronted, *Anser erythropus* Pink-footed, *Anser brachyrhynchus* Ross's, *Anser rossii* Snow, *Anser caerulescens* GOSHAWK, Northern, *Accipiter gentilis* GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, *Quiscalus major* Common, *Quiscalus quiscula* Greater Antillean, *Quiscalus niger* Great-tailed, *Quiscalus mexicanus* GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, *Locustella ochotensis* GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, *Melanospiza bicolor* Yellow-faced, *Tiaris olivaceus* GREBE, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii* Eared, *Podiceps nigricollis* Horned, *Podiceps auritus* Least, *Tachybaptus dominicus* Pied-billed, *Podilymbus podiceps* Red-necked, *Podiceps grisegena* Western, *Aechmophorus occidentalis* GREENFINCH, Oriental, * Chloris sinica* GREENSHANK, Common, *Tringa nebularia* Nordmann's, *Tringa guttifer* GROSBEAK, Black-headed, *Pheucticus melanocephalus* Blue, *Passerina caerulea* Crimson-collared, *Rhodothraupis celaeno* Evening, *Coccothraustes vespertinus* Pine, *Pinicola enucleator* Rose-breasted, *Pheucticus ludovicianus* Yellow, *Pheucticus chrysopeplus* GROUND-DOVE, Shy, *Alopecoenas stairi* White-throated, *Alopecoenas xanthonurus* GUILLEMOT, Black, *Cepphus grylle* Pigeon, *Cepphus columba* GULL, Belcher's, *Larus belcheri* Black-headed, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus* Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris* Bonaparte's, *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* California, *Larus californicus* Franklin's, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* Glaucous, *Larus hyperboreus* Glaucous-winged, *Larus glaucescens* Gray-hooded, *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus* Great Black-backed, *Larus marinus* Heermann's, *Larus heermanni* Herring, *Larus argentatus* Iceland, *Larus glaucoides* Ivory, *Pagophila eburnea* Kelp, *Larus dominicanus* Laughing, *Leucophaeus atricilla* Lesser Black-backed, *Larus fuscus* Little, *Hydrocoloeus minutus* Mew, *Larus canus* Ring-billed, *Larus delawarensis* Ross's, *Rhodostethia rosea* Sabine's, *Xema sabini* Slaty-backed, *Larus schistisagus* Swallow-tailed, *Creagrus furcatus* Western, *Larus occidentalis* Yellow-footed, *Larus livens* Yellow-legged, *Larus michahellis* GYRFALCON, *Falco rusticolus* HARRIER, Northern, *Circus hudsonius* HAWFINCH, *Coccothraustes coccothraustes* HAWK, Broad-winged, *Buteo platypterus* Common Black, *Buteogallus anthracinus* Cooper's, *Accipiter cooperii* Crane, *Geranospiza caerulescens* Ferruginous, *Buteo regalis* Gray, *Buteo plagiatus* Great Black, *Buteogallus urubitinga* Harris's, *Parabuteo unicinctus* Hawaiian, *Buteo solitarius* Red-shouldered, *Buteo lineatus* Red-tailed, *Buteo jamaicensis* Roadside, *Rupornis magnirostris* Rough-legged, *Buteo lagopus* Sharp-shinned, *Accipiter striatus* Short-tailed, *Buteo brachyurus* Swainson's, *Buteo swainsoni* White-tailed, *Geranoaetus albicaudatus* Zone-tailed, *Buteo albonotatus* HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, *Hierococcyx nisicolor* HERON, Gray, *Ardea cinerea* Great Blue, *Ardea herodias* Green, *Butorides virescens* Little Blue, *Egretta caerulea* Tricolored, *Egretta tricolor* HOBBY, Eurasian, *Falco subbuteo* HONEYCREEPER, Laysan, *Himatione fraithii* Red-legged, *Cyanerpes cyaneus* HOOPOE, Eurasian, *Upupa epops* HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, *Delichon urbicum* HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, *Selasphorus sasin* Anna's, *Calypte anna* Antillean Crested, *Orthorhyncus cristatus* Berylline, *Amazilia beryllina* Black-chinned, *Archilochus alexandri* Broad-billed, *Cynanthus latirostris* Broad-tailed, *Selasphorus platycercus* Buff-bellied, *Amazilia yucatanensis* Bumblebee, *Atthis heloisa* Calliope, *Selasphorus calliope* Cinnamon, *Amazilia rutila* Costa's, *Calypte costae* Lucifer, *Calothorax lucifer* Rivoli's, *Eugenes fulgens* Ruby-throated, *Archilochus colubris* Rufous, *Selasphorus rufus* Vervain, *Mellisuga minima* Violet-crowned, *Amazilia violiceps* White-eared, *Hylocharis leucotis* Xantus's, *Hylocharis xantusii* IBIS, Glossy, *Plegadis falcinellus* Scarlet, *Eudocimus ruber* White, *Eudocimus albus* White-faced, *Plegadis chihi* 'I'IWI, *Drepanis coccinea* IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, *Ducula pacifica* JABIRU, *Jabiru mycteria* JACANA, Northern, *Jacana spinosa* JACKDAW, Eurasian, *Corvus monedula* JAEGER, Long-tailed, *Stercorarius longicaudus* Parasitic, *Stercorarius parasiticus* Pomarine, *Stercorarius pomarinus* JAY, Blue, *Cyanocitta cristata* Brown, *Psilorhinus morio* Canada, *Perisoreus canadensis* Green, *Cyanocorax yncas* Mexican, *Aphelocoma wollweberi* Pinyon, *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus* Steller's, *Cyanocitta stelleri* JUNCO, Dark-eyed, *Junco hyemalis* Yellow-eyed, *Junco phaeonotus* KĀKĀWAHIE, *Paroreomyza flammea* KĀMA`O, *Myadestes myadestinus* KESTREL, American, *Falco sparverius* Eurasian, *Falco tinnunculus* KILLDEER, *Charadrius vociferus* KINGBIRD, Cassin's, *Tyrannus vociferans* Couch's, *Tyrannus couchii* Eastern, *Tyrannus tyrannus* Gray, *Tyrannus dominicensis* Loggerhead, *Tyrannus caudifasciatus* Thick-billed, *Tyrannus crassirostris* Tropical, *Tyrannus melancholicus* Western, *Tyrannus verticalis* KINGFISHER, Amazon, *Chloroceryle amazona* Belted, *Megaceryle alcyon* Common, *Alcedo atthis* Green, *Chloroceryle americana* Guam, *Todiramphus cinnamominus* Mariana, *Todiramphus albicilla* Pacific, *Todiramphus sacer* Ringed, *Megaceryle torquata* KINGLET, Golden-crowned, *Regulus satrapa* Ruby-crowned, *Regulus calendula* KISKADEE, Great, *Pitangus sulphuratus* KITE, Black, *Milvus migrans* Double-toothed, *Harpagus bidentatus* Hook-billed, *Chondrohierax uncinatus* Mississippi, *Ictinia mississippiensis* Snail, *Rostrhamus sociabilis* Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus* White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus* KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, *Rissa tridactyla* Red-legged, *Rissa brevirostris* KNOT, Great, *Calidris tenuirostris* Red, *Calidris canutus* KOEL, Long-tailed, *Urodynamis taitensis* LAPWING, Northern, *Vanellus vanellus* LARK, Horned, *Eremophila alpestris* LIMPKIN, *Aramus guarauna* LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, *Coccyzus vieilloti* LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, *Calcarius ornatus* Lapland, *Calcarius lapponicus* McCown's, *Rhynchophanes mccownii* Smith's, *Calcarius pictus* LOON, Arctic, *Gavia arctica* Common, *Gavia immer* Pacific, *Gavia pacifica* Red-throated, *Gavia stellata* Yellow-billed, *Gavia adamsii* MAGPIE, Black-billed, *Pica hudsonia* Yellow-billed, *Pica nuttalli* MALLARD, *Anas platyrhynchos* MANGO, Antillean, *Anthracothorax dominicus* Green, *Anthracothorax viridis* Green-breasted, *Anthracothorax prevostii* MARSH-HARRIER, Eastern, *Circus spilonotus* MARTIN, Brown-chested, *Progne tapera* Caribbean, *Progne dominicensis* Cuban, *Progne cryptoleuca* Gray-breasted, *Progne chalybea* Purple, *Progne subis* Southern, *Progne elegans* MEADOWLARK, Eastern, *Sturnella magna* Western, *Sturnella neglecta* MERGANSER, Common, *Mergus merganser* Hooded, *Lophodytes cucullatus* Red-breasted, *Mergus serrator* MERLIN, *Falco columbarius* MILLERBIRD, *Acrocephalus familiaris* MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, *Mimus gundlachii* Blue, *Melanotis caerulescens* Northern, *Mimus polyglottos* MOORHEN, Common, *Gallinula chloropus* MOUNTAIN-GEM, Amethyst-throated, *Lampornis amethystinus* Blue-throated, *Lampornis clemenciae* MURRE, Common, *Uria aalge* Thick-billed, *Uria lomvia* MURRELET, Ancient, *Synthliboramphus antiquus* Craveri's, *Synthliboramphus craveri* Guadalupe, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* Kittlitz's, *Brachyramphus brevirostris* Long-billed, *Brachyramphus perdix* Marbled, *Brachyramphus marmoratus* Scripps's, *Synthliboramphus scrippsi* NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, *Hirundapus caudacutus* NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, *Chordeiles gundlachii* Common, *Chordeiles minor* Lesser, *Chordeiles acutipennis* NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, *Nycticorax nycticorax* Japanese, *Gorsachius goisagi* Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus* Rufous, *Nycticorax caledonicus* Yellow-crowned, *Nyctanassa violacea* NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, *Catharus mexicanus* Orange-billed, *Catharus aurantiirostris* NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, *Antrostomus ridgwayi* Gray, *Caprimulgus jotaka* Puerto Rican, *Antrostomus noctitherus* White-tailed, *Hydropsalis cayennensis* NODDY, Black, *Anous minutus* Blue-gray, *Anous ceruleus* Brown, *Anous stolidus* NUKUPU'U, Kauai, *Hemignathus hanapepe* Maui, *Hemignathus affinis* O'ahu, *Hemignathus lucidus* NUTCRACKER, Clark's, *Nucifraga columbiana* NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, *Sitta pusilla* Pygmy, *Sitta pygmaea* Red-breasted, *Sitta canadensis* White-breasted, *Sitta carolinensis* OLOMA'O, *Myadestes lanaiensis* 'ŌMA'O, *Myadestes obscurus* ORIOLE, Altamira, *Icterus gularis* Audubon's, *Icterus graduacauda* Baltimore, *Icterus galbula* Black-backed, *Icterus abeillei* Black-vented, *Icterus wagleri* Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii* Hooded, *Icterus cucullatus* Orchard, *Icterus spurius* Puerto Rican, *Icterus portoricensis* Scott's, *Icterus parisorum* Streak-backed, *Icterus pustulatus* OSPREY, *Pandion haliaetus* 'Ō'Ū, *Psittirostra psittacea* OVENBIRD, *Seiurus aurocapilla* OWL, Barn, *Tyto alba* Barred, *Strix varia* Boreal, *Aegolius funereus* Burrowing, *Athene cunicularia* Elf, *Micrathene whitneyi* Flammulated, *Psiloscops flammeolus* Great Gray, *Strix nebulosa* Great Horned, *Bubo virginianus* Long-eared, *Asio otus* Mottled, *Ciccaba virgata* Northern Hawk, *Surnia ulula* Northern Saw-whet, *Aegolius acadicus* Short-eared, *Asio flammeus* Snowy, *Bubo scandiacus* Spotted, *Strix occidentalis* Stygian, *Asio stygius* OYSTERCATCHER, American, *Haematopus palliatus* Black, *Haematopus bachmani* Eurasian, *Haematopus ostralegus* PALILA, *Loxioides bailleui* PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, *Tachornis phoenicobia* PARROTBILL, Maui, *Pseudonestor xanthophrys* PARULA, Northern, *Setophaga americana* Tropical, *Setophaga pitiayumi* PAURAQUE, Common, *Nyctidromus albicollis* PELICAN, American White, *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* Brown, *Pelecanus occidentalis* PETREL, Bermuda, *Pterodroma cahow* Black-capped, *Pterodroma hasitata* Black-winged, *Pterodroma nigripennis* Bonin, *Pterodroma hypoleuca* Bulwer's, *Bulweria bulwerii* Cook's, *Pterodroma cookii* Fea's, *Pterodroma feae* Gould's, *Pterodroma leucoptera* Gray-faced, *Pterodroma gouldi* Hawaiian, *Pterodroma sandwichensis* Herald, *Pterodroma heraldica* Jouanin's, *Bulweria fallax* Juan Fernandez, *Pterodroma externa* Kermadec, *Pterodroma neglecta* Mottled, *Pterodroma inexpectata* Murphy's, *Pterodroma ultima* Parkinson's, *Procellaria parkinsoni* Phoenix, *Pterodroma alba* Providence, *Pterodroma solandri* Stejneger's, *Pterodroma longirostris* Tahiti, *Pseudobulweria rostrata* Trindade, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* White-chinned, *Procellaria aequinoctialis* White-necked, *Pterodroma cervicalis* Zino's, *Pterodroma madeira* PEWEE, Cuban, *Contopus caribaeus* Greater, *Contopus pertinax* Hispaniolan, *Contopus hispaniolensis* Lesser Antillean, *Contopus latirostris* PHAINOPEPLA, *Phainopepla nitens* PHALAROPE, Red, *Phalaropus fulicarius* Red-necked, *Phalaropus lobatus* Wilson's, *Phalaropus tricolor* PHOEBE, Black, *Sayornis nigricans* Eastern, *Sayornis phoebe* Say's, *Sayornis saya* PIGEON, Band-tailed, *Patagioenas fasciata* Plain, *Patagioenas inornata* Red-billed, *Patagioenas flavirostris* Scaly-naped, *Patagioenas squamosa* White-crowned, *Patagioenas leucocephala* PINTAIL, Northern, *Anas acuta* White-cheeked, *Anas bahamensis* PIPIT, American, *Anthus rubescens* Olive-backed, *Anthus hodgsoni* Pechora, *Anthus gustavi* Red-throated, *Anthus cervinus* Sprague's, *Anthus spragueii* Tree, *Anthus trivialis* PLOVER, Black-bellied, *Pluvialis squatarola* Collared, *Charadrius collaris* Common Ringed, *Charadrius hiaticula* Kentish, *Charadrius alexandrinus* Little Ringed, *Charadrius dubius* Mountain, *Charadrius montanus* Piping, *Charadrius melodus* Semipalmated, *Charadrius semipalmatus* Snowy, *Charadrius nivosus* Wilson's, *Charadrius wilsonia* POCHARD, Baer's, *Aythya baeri* Common, *Aythya ferina* POND-HERON, Chinese, *Ardeola bacchus* POORWILL, Common, *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* PO'OULI, *Melamprosops phaeosoma* PUAIOHI, *Myadestes palmeri* PUFFIN, Atlantic, *Fratercula arctica* Horned, *Fratercula corniculata* Tufted, *Fratercula cirrhata* PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, *Glaucidium brasilianum* Northern, *Glaucidium gnoma* PYRRHULOXIA, *Cardinalis sinuatus* QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, *Geotrygon mystacea* Key West, *Geotrygon chrysia* Ruddy, *Geotrygon montana* QUETZAL, Eared, *Euptilotis neoxenus* RAIL, Black, *Laterallus jamaicensis* Buff-banded, *Gallirallus philippensis* Clapper, *Rallus crepitans* Guam, *Gallirallus owstoni* King, *Rallus elegans* Ridgway's, *Rallus obsoletus* Spotted, *Pardirallus maculatus* Virginia, *Rallus limicola* Yellow, *Coturnicops noveboracensis* RAVEN, Chihuahuan, *Corvus cryptoleucus* Common, *Corvus corax* RAZORBILL, *Alca torda* REDHEAD, *Aythya americana* REDPOLL, Common, *Acanthis flammea* Hoary, *Acanthis hornemanni* REDSHANK, Common, *Tringa totanus* Spotted, *Tringa erythropus* REDSTART, American, *Setophaga ruticilla* Common, *Phoenicurus phoenicurus* Painted, *Myioborus pictus* Slate-throated, *Myioborus miniatus* REDWING, *Turdus iliacus* REEF-HERON, Pacific, *Egretta sacra* Western, *Egretta gularis* ROADRUNNER, Greater, *Geococcyx californianus* ROBIN, American, *Turdus migratorius* European, *Erithacus rubecula* Rufous-backed, *Turdus rufopalliatus* Rufous-tailed, *Larvivora sibilans* Siberian Blue, *Larvivora cyane* ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, *Monticola solitarius* ROSEFINCH, Common, *Carpodacus erythrinus* Pallas's, *Carpodacus roseus* ROSY-FINCH, Asian, *Leucosticte arctoa* Black, *Leucosticte atrata* Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis* Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, *Calliope calliope* RUFF, *Calidris pugnax* SANDERLING, *Calidris alba* SANDPIPER, Baird's, *Calidris bairdii* Broad-billed, *Calidris falcinellus* Buff-breasted, *Calidris subruficollis* Common, *Actitis hypoleucos* Curlew, *Calidris ferruginea* Green, *Tringa ochropus* Least, *Calidris minutilla* Marsh, *Tringa stagnatilis* Pectoral, *Calidris melanotos* Purple, *Calidris maritima* Rock, *Calidris ptilocnemis* Semipalmated, *Calidris pusilla* Sharp-tailed, *Calidris acuminata* Solitary, *Tringa solitaria* Spoon-billed, *Calidris pygmea* Spotted, *Actitis macularius* Stilt, *Calidris himantopus* Terek, *Xenus cinereus* Upland, *Bartramia longicauda* Western, *Calidris mauri* White-rumped, *Calidris fuscicollis* Wood, *Tringa glareola* SAND-PLOVER, Greater, *Charadrius leschenaultii* Lesser, *Charadrius mongolus* SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, *Sphyrapicus ruber* Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* Williamson's, *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* Yellow-bellied, *Sphyrapicus varius* SCAUP, Greater, *Aythya marila* Lesser, *Aythya affinis* SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, *Otus sunia* SCOTER, Black, *Melanitta americana* Common, *Melanitta nigra* Stejneger's, *Melanitta stejnegeri* Surf, *Melanitta perspicillata* White-winged, *Melanitta deglandi* SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, *Megascops asio* Puerto Rican, *Megascops nudipes* Western, *Megascops kennicottii* Whiskered, *Megascops trichopsis* SCRUB-JAY, California, *Aphelocoma californica* Florida, *Aphelocoma coerulescens* Island, *Aphelocoma insularis* Woodhouse's, *Aphelocoma woodhouseii* SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, *Haliaeetus pelagicus* SEEDEATER, Morelet's, *Sporophila morelleti* SHEARWATER, Audubon's, *Puffinus lherminieri* Barolo, *Puffinus baroli* Black-vented, *Puffinus opisthomelas* Bryan's, *Puffinus bryani* Buller's, *Ardenna bulleri* Cape Verde, *Calonectris edwardsii* Christmas, *Puffinus nativitatis* Cory's, *Calonectris diomedea* Flesh-footed, *Ardenna carneipes* Great, *Ardenna gravis* Manx, *Puffinus puffinus* Newell's, *Puffinus newelli* Pink-footed, *Ardenna creatopus* Short-tailed, *Ardenna tenuirostris* Sooty, *Ardenna grisea* Streaked, *Calonectris leucomelas* Wedge-tailed, *Ardenna pacifica* SHOVELER, Northern, *Spatula clypeata* SHRIKE, Brown, *Lanius cristatus* Loggerhead, *Lanius ludovicianus* Northern, *Lanius borealis* SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, *Ptiliogonys cinereus* SISKIN, Eurasian, *Spinus spinus* Pine, *Spinus pinus* SKIMMER, Black, *Rynchops niger* SKUA, Great, *Stercorarius skua* South Polar, *Stercorarius maccormicki* SKYLARK, Eurasian, *Alauda arvensis* SMEW, *Mergellus albellus* SNIPE, Common, *Gallinago gallinago* Jack, *Lymnocryptes minimus* Pin-tailed, *Gallinago stenura* Solitary, *Gallinago solitaria* Swinhoe's, *Gallinago megala* Wilson's, *Gallinago delicata* SOLITAIRE, Brown-backed, *Myadestes occidentalis* Townsend's, *Myadestes townsendi* SORA, *Porzana carolina* SPARROW, American Tree, *Spizelloides arborea* Bachman's, *Peucaea aestivalis* Baird's, *Centronyx bairdii* Bell's, *Artemisiospiza belli* Black-chinned, *Spizella atrogularis* Black-throated, *Amphispiza bilineata* Botteri's, *Peucaea botterii* Brewer's, *Spizella breweri* Cassin's, *Peucaea cassinii* Chipping, *Spizella passerina* Clay-colored, *Spizella pallida* Field, *Spizella pusilla* Five-striped, *Amphispiza quinquestriata* Fox, *Passerella iliaca* Golden-crowned, *Zonotrichia atricapilla* Grasshopper, *Ammodramus savannarum* Harris's, *Zonotrichia querula* Henslow's, *Centronyx henslowii* Lark, *Chondestes grammacus* LeConte's, *Ammospiza leconteii* Lincoln's, *Melospiza lincolnii* Nelson's, *Ammospiza nelsoni* Olive, *Arremonops rufivirgatus* Rufous-crowned, *Aimophila ruficeps* Rufous-winged, *Peucaea carpalis* Sagebrush, *Artemisiospiza nevadensis* Saltmarsh, *Ammospiza caudacuta* Savannah, *Passerculus sandwichensis* Seaside, *Ammospiza maritima* Song, *Melospiza melodia* Swamp, *Melospiza georgiana* Vesper, *Pooecetes gramineus* White-crowned, *Zonotrichia leucophrys* White-throated, *Zonotrichia albicollis* Worthen's, *Spizella wortheni* SPARROWHAWK, Chinese, *Accipiter soloensis* Japanese, *Accipiter gularis* SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis* Western, *Spindalis zena* SPOONBILL, Roseate, *Platalea ajaja* STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, *Agropsar philippensis* White-cheeked, *Spodiopsar cineraceus* STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, *Heliomaster constantii* STILT, Black-necked, *Himantopus mexicanus* Black-winged, *Himantopus himantopus* STINT, Little, *Calidris minuta* Long-toed, *Calidris subminuta* Red-necked, *Calidris ruficollis* Temminck's, *Calidris temminckii* STONECHAT, *Saxicola torquatus* STORK, Wood, *Mycteria americana* STORM-PETREL, Ashy, *Hydrobates homochroa* Band-rumped, *Hydrobates castro* Black, *Hydrobates melania* Black-bellied, *Fregetta tropica* European, *Hydrobates pelagicus* Fork-tailed, *Hydrobates furcatus* Leach's, *Hydrobates leucorhous* Least, *Hydrobates microsoma* Matsudaira's, *Oceanodroma matsudairae* Polynesian, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa* Ringed, *Hydrobates hornbyi* Swinhoe's, *Hydrobates monorhis* Townsend's, *Hydrobates socorroensis* Tristram's, *Hydrobates tristrami* Wedge-rumped, *Hydrobates tethys* White-bellied, *Fregetta grallaria* White-faced, *Pelagodroma marina* Wilson's, *Oceanites oceanicus* SURFBIRD, *Calidris virgata* SWALLOW, Bahama, *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis* Bank, *Riparia riparia* Barn, *Hirundo rustica* Cave, *Petrochelidon fulva* Cliff, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* Mangrove, *Tachycineta albilinea* Northern Rough-winged, *Stelgidopteryx serripennis* Tree, *Tachycineta bicolor* Violet-green, *Tachycineta thalassina* SWAMPHEN, Purple, *Porphyrio porphyrio* SWAN, Trumpeter, *Cygnus buccinator* Tundra, *Cygnus columbianus* Whooper, *Cygnus cygnus* SWIFT, Alpine, *Apus melba* Black, *Cypseloides niger* Chimney, *Chaetura pelagica* Common, *Apus apus* Fork-tailed, *Apus pacificus* Short-tailed, *Chaetura brachyura* Vaux's, *Chaetura vauxi* White-collared, *Streptoprocne zonaris* White-throated, *Aeronautes saxatalis* SWIFTLET, Mariana, *Aerodramus bartschi* White-rumped, *Aerodramus spodiopygius* TANAGER, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata* Hepatic, *Piranga flava* Puerto Rican, *Nesospingus speculiferus* Scarlet, *Piranga olivacea* Summer, *Piranga rubra* Western, *Piranga ludoviciana* TATTLER, Gray-tailed, *Tringa brevipes* Wandering, *Tringa incana* TEAL, Baikal, *Sibirionetta formosa* Blue-winged, *Spatula discors* Cinnamon, *Spatula cyanoptera* Green-winged, *Anas crecca* TERN, Aleutian, *Onychoprion aleuticus* Arctic, *Sterna paradisaea* Black, *Chlidonias niger* Black-naped, *Sterna sumatrana* Bridled, *Onychoprion anaethetus* Caspian, *Hydroprogne caspia* Common, *Sterna hirundo* Elegant, *Thalasseus elegans* Forster's, *Sterna forsteri* Gray-backed, *Onychoprion lunatus* Great Crested, *Thalasseus bergii* Gull-billed, *Gelochelidon nilotica* Large-billed, *Phaetusa simplex* Least, *Sternula antillarum* Little, *Sternula albifrons* Roseate, *Sterna dougallii* Royal, *Thalasseus maximus* Sandwich, *Thalasseus sandvicensis* Sooty, *Onychoprion fuscatus* Whiskered, *Chlidonias hybrida* White, *Gygis alba* White-winged, *Chlidonias leucopterus* THRASHER, Bendire's, *Toxostoma bendirei* Brown, *Toxostoma rufum* California, *Toxostoma redivivum* Crissal, *Toxostoma crissale* Curve-billed, *Toxostoma curvirostre* LeConte's, *Toxostoma lecontei* Long-billed, *Toxostoma longirostre* Pearly-eyed, *Margarops fuscatus* Sage, *Oreoscoptes montanus* THRUSH, Aztec, *Ridgwayia pinicola* Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli* Clay-colored, *Turdus grayi* Dusky, *Turdus naumanni* Eyebrowed, *Turdus obscurus* Gray-cheeked, *Catharus minimus* Hermit, *Catharus guttatus* Red-legged, *Turdus plumbeus* Swainson's, *Catharus ustulatus* Varied, *Ixoreus naevius* White-throated, *Turdus assimilis* Wood, *Hylocichla mustelina* TIGER-HERON, Bare-throated, *Tigrisoma mexicanum* TITMOUSE, Black-crested, *Baeolophus atricristatus* Bridled, *Baeolophus wollweberi* Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi* Oak, *Baeolophus inornatus* Tufted, *Baeolophus bicolor* TITYRA, Masked, *Tityra semifasciata* TOWHEE, Abert's, *Melozone aberti* California, *Melozone crissalis* Canyon, *Melozone fusca* Eastern, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Green-tailed, *Pipilo chlorurus* Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus* TROGON, Elegant, *Trogon elegans* TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, *Phaethon aethereus* Red-tailed, *Phaethon rubricauda* White-tailed, *Phaethon lepturus* TURNSTONE, Black, *Arenaria melanocephala* Ruddy, *Arenaria interpres* TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, *Streptopelia orientalis* VEERY, *Catharus fuscescens* VERDIN, *Auriparus flaviceps* VIOLETEAR, Mexican, *Colibri thalassinus* VIREO, Bell's, *Vireo bellii* Black-capped, *Vireo atricapilla* Black-whiskered, *Vireo altiloquus* Blue-headed, *Vireo solitarius* Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii* Cuban, *Vireo gundlachii* Gray, *Vireo vicinior* Hutton's, *Vireo huttoni* Philadelphia, *Vireo philadelphicus* Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus* Puerto Rican, *Vireo latimeri* Red-eyed, *Vireo olivaceus* Thick-billed, *Vireo crassirostris* Warbling, *Vireo gilvus* White-eyed, *Vireo griseus* Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis* Yellow-throated, *Vireo flavifrons* Yucatan, *Vireo magister* VULTURE, Black, *Coragyps atratus* Turkey, *Cathartes aura* WAGTAIL, Citrine, *Motacilla citreola* Eastern Yellow, *Motacilla tschutschensis* Gray, *Motacilla cinerea* White, *Motacilla alba* WARBLER, Adelaide's, *Setophaga adelaidae* Aguiguan Reed, *Acrocephalus nijoi* Arctic, *Phylloscopus borealis* Bachman's, *Vermivora bachmanii* Bay-breasted, *Setophaga castanea* Black-and-white, *Mniotilta varia* Blackburnian, *Setophaga fusca* Blackpoll, *Setophaga striata* Black-throated Blue, *Setophaga caerulescens* Black-throated Gray, *Setophaga nigrescens* Black-throated Green, *Setophaga virens* Blue-winged, *Vermivora cyanoptera* Blyth's Reed, *Acrocephalus dumetorum* Canada, *Cardellina canadensis* Cape May, *Setophaga tigrina* Cerulean, *Setophaga cerulea* Chestnut-sided, *Setophaga pensylvanica* Colima, *Leiothlypis crissalis* Connecticut, *Oporornis agilis* Crescent-chested, *Oreothlypis superciliosa* Dusky, *Phylloscopus fuscatus* Elfin-woods, *Setophaga angelae* Fan-tailed, *Basileuterus lachrymosus* Golden-cheeked, *Setophaga chrysoparia* Golden-crowned, *Basileuterus culicivorus* Golden-winged, *Vermivora chrysoptera* Grace's, *Setophaga graciae* Hermit, *Setophaga occidentalis* Hooded, *Setophaga citrina* Kamchatka Leaf, *Phylloscopus examinandus* Kentucky, *Geothlypis formosa* Kirtland's, *Setophaga kirtlandii* Lanceolated, *Locustella lanceolata* Lucy's, *Leiothlypis luciae* MacGillivray's, *Geothlypis tolmiei* Magnolia, *Setophaga magnolia* Mourning, *Geothlypis philadelphia* Nashville, *Leiothlypis ruficapilla* Nightingale Reed, *Acrocephalus luscinius* Olive, *Peucedramus taeniatus* Orange-crowned, *Leiothlypis celata* Pagan Reed, *Acrocephalus yamashinae* Pallas's Leaf, *Phylloscopus proregulus* Palm, *Setophaga palmarum* Pine, *Setophaga pinus* Prairie, *Setophaga discolor* Prothonotary, *Protonotaria citrea* Red-faced, *Cardellina rubrifrons* River *, Locustella fluviatilis* Rufous-capped, *Basileuterus rufifrons* Saipan Reed, *Acrocephalus hiwae* Sedge, *Acrocephalus schoenobaenus* Swainson's, *Limnothlypis swainsonii* Tennessee, *Leiothlypis peregrina* Thick-billed *, Arundinax aedon* Townsend's, *Setophaga townsendi* Virginia's, *Leiothlypis virginiae* Willow, *Phylloscopus trochilus* Wilson's, *Cardellina pusilla* Wood, *Phylloscopus sibilatrix* Worm-eating, *Helmitheros vermivorum* Yellow, *Setophaga petechia* Yellow-browed, *Phylloscopus inornatus* Yellow-rumped, *Setophaga coronata* Yellow-throated, *Setophaga dominica* WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, *Parkesia motacilla* Northern, *Parkesia noveboracensis* WAXWING, Bohemian, *Bombycilla garrulus* Cedar, *Bombycilla cedrorum* WHEATEAR, Northern, *Oenanthe oenanthe* Pied, *Oenanthe pleschanka* WHIMBREL, *Numenius phaeopus* WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, *Antrostomus vociferus* Mexican, *Antrostomus arizonae* WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, *Dendrocygna autumnalis* Fulvous, *Dendrocygna bicolor* West Indian, *Dendrocygna arborea* WHITETHROAT, Lesser, *Sylvia curruca* WIGEON, American, *Mareca americana* Eurasian, *Mareca penelope* WILLET, *Tringa semipalmata* WOODCOCK, American, *Scolopax minor* Eurasian, *Scolopax rusticola* WOODPECKER, Acorn, *Melanerpes formicivorus* American Three-toed, *Picoides dorsalis* Arizona, *Dryobates arizonae* Black-backed, *Picoides arcticus* Downy, *Dryobates pubescens* Gila, *Melanerpes uropygialis* Golden-fronted, *Melanerpes aurifrons* Great Spotted, *Dendrocopos major* Hairy, *Dryobates villosus* Ivory-billed, *Campephilus principalis* Ladder-backed, *Dryobates scalaris* Lewis's, *Melanerpes lewis* Nuttall's, *Dryobates nuttallii* Pileated, *Dryocopus pileatus* Puerto Rican, *Melanerpes portoricensis* Red-bellied, *Melanerpes carolinus* Red-cockaded, *Dryobates borealis* Red-headed, *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* White-headed, *Dryobates albolarvatus* WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, *Contopus virens* Western, *Contopus sordidulus* WOOD-RAIL, Rufous-necked, *Aramides axillaris* WOODSTAR, Bahama, *Nesophlox evelynae* WREN, Bewick's, *Thryomanes bewickii* Cactus, *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus* Canyon, *Catherpes mexicanus* Carolina, *Thryothorus ludovicianus* House, *Troglodytes aedon* Marsh, *Cistothorus palustris* Pacific, *Troglodytes pacificus* Rock, *Salpinctes obsoletus* Sedge, *Cistothorus platensis* Sinaloa, *Thryophilus sinaloa* Winter, *Troglodytes hiemalis* WRENTIT, *Chamaea fasciata* WRYNECK, Eurasian, *Jynx torquilla* YELLOWLEGS, Greater, *Tringa melanoleuca* Lesser, *Tringa flavipes* YELLOWTHROAT, Common, *Geothlypis trichas* Gray-crowned, *Geothlypis poliocephala*
(2)*Taxonomic listing.* Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE *Dendrocygna autumnalis,* Black-bellied Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna arborea,* West Indian Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna bicolor,* Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily ANSERINAE *Anser canagicus,* Emperor Goose *Anser caerulescens,* Snow Goose *Anser rossii,* Ross's Goose *Anser albifrons,* Greater White-fronted Goose *Anser erythropus,* Lesser White-fronted Goose *Anser fabalis,* Taiga Bean-Goose *Anser serrirostris,* Tundra Bean-Goose *Anser brachyrhynchus,* Pink-footed Goose *Branta bernicla,* Brant *Branta leucopsis,* Barnacle Goose *Branta hutchinsii,* Cackling Goose *Branta canadensis,* Canada Goose *Branta sandvicensis,* Hawaiian Goose *Cygnus buccinator,* Trumpeter Swan *Cygnus columbianus,* Tundra Swan *Cygnus cygnus,* Whooper Swan Subfamily ANATINAE *Cairina moschata,* Muscovy Duck *Aix sponsa,* Wood Duck *Sibirionetta formosa,* Baikal Teal *Spatula querquedula,* Garganey *Spatula discors,* Blue-winged Teal *Spatula cyanoptera,* Cinnamon Teal *Spatula clypeata,* Northern Shoveler *Mareca strepera,* Gadwall *Mareca falcata,* Falcated Duck *Mareca penelope,* Eurasian Wigeon *Mareca americana,* American Wigeon *Anas laysanensis,* Laysan Duck *Anas wyvilliana,* Hawaiian Duck *Anas zonorhyncha,* Eastern Spot-billed Duck *Anas platyrhynchos,* Mallard *Anas rubripes,* American Black Duck *Anas fulvigula,* Mottled Duck *Anas superciliosa,* Pacific Black Duck *Anas bahamensis,* White-cheeked Pintail *Anas acuta,* Northern Pintail *Anas crecca,* Green-winged Teal *Aythya valisineria,* Canvasback *Aythya americana,* Redhead *Aythya ferina,* Common Pochard *Aythya baeri,* Baer's Pochard *Aythya collaris,* Ring-necked Duck *Aythya fuligula,* Tufted Duck *Aythya marila,* Greater Scaup *Aythya affinis,* Lesser Scaup *Polysticta stelleri,* Steller's Eider *Somateria fischeri,* Spectacled Eider *Somateria spectabilis,* King Eider *Somateria mollissima,* Common Eider *Histrionicus histrionicus,* Harlequin Duck *Melanitta perspicillata,* Surf Scoter *Melanitta deglandi,* White-winged Scoter *Melanitta stejnegeri,* Stejneger's Scoter *Melanitta nigra,* Common Scoter *Melanitta americana,* Black Scoter *Clangula hyemalis,* Long-tailed Duck *Bucephala albeola,* Bufflehead *Bucephala clangula,* Common Goldeneye *Bucephala islandica,* Barrow's Goldeneye *Mergellus albellus,* Smew *Lophodytes cucullatus,* Hooded Merganser *Mergus merganser,* Common Merganser *Mergus serrator,* Red-breasted Merganser *Nomonyx dominicus,* Masked Duck *Oxyura jamaicensis,* Ruddy Duck Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE *Phoenicopterus ruber,* American Flamingo Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE *Tachybaptus dominicus,* Least Grebe *Podilymbus podiceps,* Pied-billed Grebe *Podiceps auritus,* Horned Grebe *Podiceps grisegena,* Red-necked Grebe *Podiceps nigricollis,* Eared Grebe *Aechmophorus occidentalis,* Western Grebe *Aechmophorus clarkii,* Clark's Grebe Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE *Patagioenas squamosa,* Scaly-naped Pigeon *Patagioenas leucocephala,* White-crowned Pigeon *Patagioenas flavirostris,* Red-billed Pigeon *Patagioenas inornata,* Plain Pigeon *Patagioenas fasciata,* Band-tailed Pigeon *Streptopelia orientalis,* Oriental Turtle-Dove *Alopecoenas xanthonurus,* White-throated Ground-Dove *Alopecoenas stairi,* Shy Ground-Dove *Columbina inca,* Inca Dove *Columbina passerina,* Common Ground Dove *Columbina talpacoti,* Ruddy Ground Dove *Geotrygon montana,* Ruddy Quail-Dove *Geotrygon chrysia,* Key West Quail-Dove *Geotrygon mystacea,* Bridled Quail-Dove *Leptotila verreauxi,* White-tipped Dove *Zenaida asiatica,* White-winged Dove *Zenaida aurita,* Zenaida Dove *Zenaida macroura,* Mourning Dove *Ptilinopus perousii,* Many-colored Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus porphyraceus,* Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus roseicapilla,* Mariana Fruit-Dove *Ducula pacifica,* Pacific Imperial-Pigeon Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE *Crotophaga ani,* Smooth-billed Ani *Crotophaga sulcirostris,* Groove-billed Ani Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE *Geococcyx californianus,* Greater Roadrunner Subfamily CUCULINAE *Urodynamis taitensis,* Long-tailed Koel *Hierococcyx nisicolor,* Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo *Cuculus canorus,* Common Cuckoo *Cuculus optatus,* Oriental Cuckoo *Coccyzus americanus,* Yellow-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus minor,* Mangrove Cuckoo *Coccyzus erythropthalmus,* Black-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus vieilloti,* Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily CHORDEILINAE *Chordeiles acutipennis,* Lesser Nighthawk *Chordeiles minor,* Common Nighthawk *Chordeiles gundlachii,* Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE *Nyctidromus albicollis,* Common Pauraque *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii,* Common Poorwill *Antrostomus carolinensis,* Chuck-will's-widow *Antrostomus ridgwayi,* Buff-collared Nightjar *Antrostomus vociferus,* Eastern Whip-poor-will *Antrostomus arizonae,* Mexican Whip-poor-will *Antrostomus noctitherus,* Puerto Rican Nightjar *Hydropsalis cayennensis,* White-tailed Nightjar *Caprimulgus jotaka,* Gray Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE *Cypseloides niger,* Black Swift *Streptoprocne zonaris,* White-collared Swift Subfamily CHAETURINAE *Chaetura pelagica,* Chimney Swift *Chaetura vauxi,* Vaux's Swift *Chaetura brachyura,* Short-tailed Swift *Hirundapus caudacutus,* White-throated Needletail *Aerodramus spodiopygius,* White-rumped Swiftlet *Aerodramus bartschi,* Mariana Swiftlet Subfamily APODINAE *Apus apus,* Common Swift *Apus pacificus,* Fork-tailed Swift *Apus melba,* Alpine Swift *Aeronautes saxatalis,* White-throated Swift *Tachornis phoenicobia,* Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE *Colibri thalassinus,* Mexican Violetear *Anthracothorax prevostii,* Green-breasted Mango *Anthracothorax dominicus,* Antillean Mango *Anthracothorax viridis,* Green Mango *Eulampis jugularis,* Purple-throated Carib *Eulampis holosericeus,* Green-throated Carib *Eugenes fulgens,* Rivoli's Hummingbird *Heliomaster constantii,* Plain-capped Starthroat *Lampornis amethystinus,* Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem *Lampornis clemenciae,* Blue-throated Mountain-gem *Calothorax lucifer,* Lucifer Hummingbird *Archilochus colubris,* Ruby-throated Hummingbird *Archilochus alexandri,* Black-chinned Hummingbird *Mellisuga minima,* Vervain Hummingbird *Nesophlox evelynae,* Bahama Woodstar *Calypte anna,* Anna's Hummingbird *Calypte costae,* Costa's Hummingbird *Atthis heloisa,* Bumblebee Hummingbird *Selasphorus platycercus,* Broad-tailed Hummingbird *Selasphorus rufus,* Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus sasin,* Allen's Hummingbird *Selasphorus calliope,* Calliope Hummingbird *Chlorostilbon maugaeus,* Puerto Rican Emerald *Cynanthus latirostris,* Broad-billed Hummingbird *Orthorhyncus cristatus,* Antillean Crested Hummingbird *Amazilia beryllina,* Berylline Hummingbird *Amazilia yucatanensis,* Buff-bellied Hummingbird *Amazilia rutila,* Cinnamon Hummingbird *Amazilia violiceps,* Violet-crowned Hummingbird *Hylocharis leucotis,* White-eared Hummingbird *Hylocharis xantusii,* Xantus's Hummingbird Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE *Coturnicops noveboracensis,* Yellow Rail *Laterallus jamaicensis,* Black Rail *Gallirallus philippensis,* Buff-banded Rail *Gallirallus owstoni,* Guam Rail *Crex crex,* Corn Crake *Rallus obsoletus,* Ridgway's Rail *Rallus crepitans,* Clapper Rail *Rallus elegans,* King Rail *Rallus limicola,* Virginia Rail *Aramides axillaris,* Rufous-necked Wood-Rail *Porzana carolina,* Sora *Porzana tabuensis,* Spotless Crake *Hapalocrex flaviventer,* Yellow-breasted Crake *Neocrex erythrops,* Paint-billed Crake *Pardirallus maculatus,* Spotted Rail *Porphyrio martinicus,* Purple Gallinule *Porphyrio flavirostris,* Azure Gallinule *Porphyrio porphyrio,* Purple Swamphen *Gallinula galeata,* Common Gallinule *Gallinula chloropus,* Common Moorhen *Fulica atra,* Eurasian Coot *Fulica alai,* Hawaiian Coot *Fulica americana,* American Coot Family ARAMIDAE *Aramus guarauna,* Limpkin Family GRUIDAE Subfamily GRUINAE *Antigone canadensis,* Sandhill Crane *Grus grus,* Common Crane *Grus americana,* Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE *Himantopus himantopus,* Black-winged Stilt *Himantopus mexicanus,* Black-necked Stilt *Recurvirostra americana,* American Avocet Family HAEMATOPODIDAE *Haematopus ostralegus,* Eurasian Oystercatcher *Haematopus palliatus,* American Oystercatcher *Haematopus bachmani,* Black Oystercatcher Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily VANELLINAE *Vanellus vanellus,* Northern Lapwing Subfamily CHARADRIINAE *Pluvialis squatarola,* Black-bellied Plover *Pluvialis apricaria,* European Golden-Plover *Pluvialis dominica,* American Golden-Plover *Pluvialis fulva,* Pacific Golden-Plover *Charadrius morinellus,* Eurasian Dotterel *Charadrius vociferus,* Killdeer *Charadrius hiaticula,* Common Ringed Plover *Charadrius semipalmatus,* Semipalmated Plover *Charadrius melodus,* Piping Plover *Charadrius dubius,* Little Ringed Plover *Charadrius mongolus,* Lesser Sand-Plover *Charadrius leschenaultii,* Greater Sand-Plover *Charadrius wilsonia,* Wilson's Plover *Charadrius collaris,* Collared Plover *Charadrius montanus,* Mountain Plover *Charadrius alexandrinus,* Kentish Plover *Charadrius nivosus,* Snowy Plover Family JACANIDAE *Jacana spinosa,* Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily NUMENIINAE *Bartramia longicauda,* Upland Sandpiper *Numenius tahitiensis,* Bristle-thighed Curlew *Numenius phaeopus,* Whimbrel *Numenius minutus,* Little Curlew *Numenius borealis,* Eskimo Curlew *Numenius americanus,* Long-billed Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis,* Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius arquata,* Eurasian Curlew Subfamily LIMOSINAE *Limosa lapponica,* Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa limosa,* Black-tailed Godwit *Limosa haemastica,* Hudsonian Godwit *Limosa fedoa,* Marbled Godwit Subfamily ARENARIINAE *Arenaria interpres,* Ruddy Turnstone *Arenaria melanocephala,* Black Turnstone *Calidris tenuirostris,* Great Knot *Calidris canutus,* Red Knot *Calidris virgata,* Surfbird *Calidris pugnax,* Ruff *Calidris falcinellus,* Broad-billed Sandpiper *Calidris acuminata,* Sharp-tailed Sandpiper *Calidris himantopus,* Stilt Sandpiper *Calidris ferruginea,* Curlew Sandpiper *Calidris temminckii,* Temminck's Stint *Calidris subminuta,* Long-toed Stint *Calidris pygmea,* Spoon-billed Sandpiper *Calidris ruficollis,* Red-necked Stint *Calidris alba,* Sanderling *Calidris alpina,* Dunlin *Calidris ptilocnemis,* Rock Sandpiper *Calidris maritima,* Purple Sandpiper *Calidris bairdii,* Baird's Sandpiper *Calidris minuta,* Little Stint *Calidris minutilla,* Least Sandpiper *Calidris fuscicollis,* White-rumped Sandpiper *Calidris subruficollis,* Buff-breasted Sandpiper *Calidris melanotos,* Pectoral Sandpiper *Calidris pusilla,* Semipalmated Sandpiper *Calidris mauri,* Western Sandpiper Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE *Limnodromus griseus,* Short-billed Dowitcher *Limnodromus scolopaceus,* Long-billed Dowitcher *Lymnocryptes minimus,* Jack Snipe *Scolopax rusticola,* Eurasian Woodcock *Scolopax minor,* American Woodcock *Gallinago solitaria,* Solitary Snipe *Gallinago stenura,* Pin-tailed Snipe *Gallinago megala,* Swinhoe's Snipe *Gallinago gallinago,* Common Snipe *Gallinago delicata,* Wilson's Snipe Subfamily TRINGINAE *Xenus cinereus,* Terek Sandpiper *Actitis hypoleucos,* Common Sandpiper *Actitis macularius,* Spotted Sandpiper *Tringa ochropus,* Green Sandpiper *Tringa solitaria,* Solitary Sandpiper *Tringa brevipes,* Gray-tailed Tattler *Tringa incana,* Wandering Tattler *Tringa flavipes,* Lesser Yellowlegs *Tringa semipalmata,* Willet *Tringa erythropus,* Spotted Redshank *Tringa nebularia,* Common Greenshank *Tringa guttifer,* Nordmann's Greenshank *Tringa melanoleuca,* Greater Yellowlegs *Tringa totanus,* Common Redshank *Tringa glareola,* Wood Sandpiper *Tringa stagnatilis,* Marsh Sandpiper *Phalaropus tricolor,* Wilson's Phalarope *Phalaropus lobatus,* Red-necked Phalarope *Phalaropus fulicarius,* Red Phalarope Family STERCORARIIDAE *Stercorarius skua,* Great Skua *Stercorarius maccormicki,* South Polar Skua *Stercorarius pomarinus,* Pomarine Jaeger *Stercorarius parasiticus,* Parasitic Jaeger *Stercorarius longicaudus,* Long-tailed Jaeger Family ALCIDAE *Alle alle,* Dovekie *Uria aalge,* Common Murre *Uria lomvia,* Thick-billed Murre *Alca torda,* Razorbill *Cepphus grylle,* Black Guillemot *Cepphus columba,* Pigeon Guillemot *Brachyramphus perdix,* Long-billed Murrelet *Brachyramphus marmoratus,* Marbled Murrelet *Brachyramphus brevirostris,* Kittlitz's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus scrippsi,* Scripps's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus,* Guadalupe Murrelet *Synthliboramphus craveri,* Craveri's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus antiquus,* Ancient Murrelet *Ptychoramphus aleuticus,* Cassin's Auklet *Aethia psittacula,* Parakeet Auklet *Aethia pusilla,* Least Auklet *Aethia pygmaea,* Whiskered Auklet *Aethia cristatella,* Crested Auklet *Cerorhinca monocerata,* Rhinoceros Auklet *Fratercula arctica,* Atlantic Puffin *Fratercula corniculata,* Horned Puffin *Fratercula cirrhata,* Tufted Puffin Family LARIDAE Subfamily LARINAE *Creagrus furcatus,* Swallow-tailed Gull *Rissa tridactyla,* Black-legged Kittiwake *Rissa brevirostris,* Red-legged Kittiwake *Pagophila eburnea,* Ivory Gull *Xema sabini,* Sabine's Gull *Chroicocephalus philadelphia,* Bonaparte's Gull *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus,* Gray-hooded Gull *Chroicocephalus ridibundus,* Black-headed Gull *Hydrocoloeus minutus,* Little Gull *Rhodostethia rosea,* Ross's Gull *Leucophaeus atricilla,* Laughing Gull *Leucophaeus pipixcan,* Franklin's Gull *Larus belcheri,* Belcher's Gull *Larus crassirostris,* Black-tailed Gull *Larus heermanni,* Heermann's Gull *Larus canus,* Mew Gull *Larus delawarensis,* Ring-billed Gull *Larus occidentalis,* Western Gull *Larus livens,* Yellow-footed Gull *Larus californicus,* California Gull *Larus argentatus,* Herring Gull *Larus michahellis,* Yellow-legged Gull *Larus glaucoides,* Iceland Gull *Larus fuscus,* Lesser Black-backed Gull *Larus schistisagus,* Slaty-backed Gull *Larus glaucescens,* Glaucous-winged Gull *Larus hyperboreus,* Glaucous Gull *Larus marinus,* Great Black-backed Gull *Larus dominicanus,* Kelp Gull Subfamily STERNINAE *Anous stolidus,* Brown Noddy *Anous minutus,* Black Noddy *Anous ceruleus,* Blue-gray Noddy *Gygis alba,* White Tern *Onychoprion fuscatus,* Sooty Tern *Onychoprion lunatus,* Gray-backed Tern *Onychoprion anaethetus,* Bridled Tern *Onychoprion aleuticus,* Aleutian Tern *Sternula albifrons,* Little Tern *Sternula antillarum,* Least Tern *Phaetusa simplex,* Large-billed Tern *Gelochelidon nilotica,* Gull-billed Tern *Hydroprogne caspia,* Caspian Tern *Chlidonias niger,* Black Tern *Chlidonias leucopterus,* White-winged Tern *Chlidonias hybrida,* Whiskered Tern *Sterna dougallii,* Roseate Tern *Sterna sumatrana,* Black-naped Tern *Sterna hirundo,* Common Tern *Sterna paradisaea,* Arctic Tern *Sterna forsteri,* Forster's Tern *Thalasseus maximus,* Royal Tern *Thalasseus bergii,* Great Crested Tern *Thalasseus sandvicensis,* Sandwich Tern *Thalasseus elegans,* Elegant Tern Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE *Rynchops niger,* Black Skimmer Order PHAETHONTIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE *Phaethon lepturus,* White-tailed Tropicbird *Phaethon aethereus,* Red-billed Tropicbird *Phaethon rubricauda,* Red-tailed Tropicbird Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE *Gavia stellata,* Red-throated Loon *Gavia arctica,* Arctic Loon *Gavia pacifica,* Pacific Loon *Gavia immer,* Common Loon *Gavia adamsii,* Yellow-billed Loon Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE *Thalassarche chlororhynchos,* Yellow-nosed Albatross *Thalassarche cauta,* White-capped Albatross *Thalassarche eremita,* Chatham Albatross *Thalassarche salvini,* Salvin's Albatross *Thalassarche melanophris,* Black-browed Albatross *Phoebetria palpebrata,* Light-mantled Albatross *Diomedea exulans,* Wandering Albatross *Phoebastria immutabilis,* Laysan Albatross *Phoebastria nigripes,* Black-footed Albatross *Phoebastria albatrus,* Short-tailed Albatross Family OCEANITIDAE *Oceanites oceanicus,* Wilson's Storm-Petrel *Pelagodroma marina,* White-faced Storm-Petrel *Fregetta tropica,* Black-bellied Storm-Petrel Family HYDROBATIDAE *Hydrobates pelagicus,* European Storm-Petrel *Fregetta grallaria,* White-bellied Storm-Petrel *Nesofregetta fuliginosa,* Polynesian Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates furcatus,* Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates hornbyi,* Ringed Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates monorhis,* Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates leucorhous,* Leach's Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates socorroensis,* Townsend's Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates homochroa,* Ashy Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates castro,* Band-rumped Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates tethys,* Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma matsudairae,* Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates melania,* Black Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates tristrami,* Tristram's Storm-Petrel *Hydrobates microsoma,* Least Storm-Petrel Family PROCELLARIIDAE *Fulmarus glacialis,* Northern Fulmar *Pterodroma gouldi,* Gray-faced Petrel *Pterodroma solandri,* Providence Petrel *Pterodroma neglecta,* Kermadec Petrel *Pterodroma arminjoniana,* Trindade Petrel *Pterodroma heraldica,* Herald Petrel *Pterodroma ultima,* Murphy's Petrel *Pterodroma inexpectata,* Mottled Petrel *Pterodroma cahow,* Bermuda Petrel *Pterodroma hasitata,* Black-capped Petrel *Pterodroma externa,* Juan Fernandez Petrel *Pterodroma sandwichensis,* Hawaiian Petrel *Pterodroma cervicalis,* White-necked Petrel *Pterodroma hypoleuca,* Bonin Petrel *Pterodroma nigripennis,* Black-winged Petrel *Pterodroma feae,* Fea's Petrel *Pterodroma madeira,* Zino's Petrel *Pterodroma cookii,* Cook's Petrel *Pterodroma longirostris,* Stejneger's Petrel *Pterodroma alba,* Phoenix Petrel *Pterodroma leucoptera,* Gould's Petrel *Pseudobulweria rostrata,* Tahiti Petrel *Bulweria bulwerii,* Bulwer's Petrel *Bulweria fallax,* Jouanin's Petrel *Procellaria aequinoctialis,* White-chinned Petrel *Procellaria parkinsoni,* Parkinson's Petrel *Calonectris leucomelas,* Streaked Shearwater *Calonectris diomedea,* Cory's Shearwater *Calonectris edwardsii,* Cape Verde Shearwater *Ardenna pacifica,* Wedge-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna bulleri,* Buller's Shearwater *Ardenna tenuirostris,* Short-tailed Shearwater *Ardenna grisea,* Sooty Shearwater *Ardenna gravis,* Great Shearwater *Ardenna creatopus,* Pink-footed Shearwater *Ardenna carneipes,* Flesh-footed Shearwater *Puffinus nativitatis,* Christmas Shearwater *Puffinus puffinus,* Manx Shearwater *Puffinus newelli,* Newell's Shearwater *Puffinus bryani,* Bryan's Shearwater *Puffinus opisthomelas,* Black-vented Shearwater *Puffinus lherminieri,* Audubon's Shearwater *Puffinus baroli,* Barolo Shearwater Order CICONIIFORMES Family CICONIIDAE *Jabiru mycteria,* Jabiru *Mycteria americana,* Wood Stork Order SULIFORMES Family FREGATIDAE *Fregata ariel,* Lesser Frigatebird *Fregata magnificens,* Magnificent Frigatebird *Fregata minor,* Great Frigatebird Family SULIDAE *Sula dactylatra,* Masked Booby *Sula granti,* Nazca Booby *Sula nebouxii,* Blue-footed Booby *Sula leucogaster,* Brown Booby *Sula sula,* Red-footed Booby *Papasula abbotti,* Abbott's Booby *Morus bassanus,* Northern Gannet Family PHALACROCORACIDAE *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos,* Little Pied Cormorant *Phalacrocorax penicillatus,* Brandt's Cormorant *Phalacrocorax brasilianus,* Neotropic Cormorant *Phalacrocorax auritus,* Double-crested Cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo,* Great Cormorant *Phalacrocorax urile,* Red-faced Cormorant *Phalacrocorax pelagicus,* Pelagic Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE *Anhinga anhinga,* Anhinga Order PELECANIFORMES Family PELECANIDAE *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos,* American White Pelican *Pelecanus occidentalis,* Brown Pelican Family ARDEIDAE *Botaurus lentiginosus,* American Bittern *Ixobrychus sinensis,* Yellow Bittern *Ixobrychus exilis,* Least Bittern *Ixobrychus eurhythmus,* Schrenck's Bittern *Ixobrychus flavicollis,* Black Bittern *Tigrisoma mexicanum,* Bare-throated Tiger-Heron *Ardea herodias,* Great Blue Heron *Ardea cinerea,* Gray Heron *Ardea alba,* Great Egret *Ardea intermedia,* Intermediate Egret *Egretta eulophotes,* Chinese Egret *Egretta garzetta,* Little Egret *Egretta sacra,* Pacific Reef-Heron *Egretta gularis,* Western Reef-Heron *Egretta thula,* Snowy Egret *Egretta caerulea,* Little Blue Heron *Egretta tricolor,* Tricolored Heron *Egretta rufescens,* Reddish Egret *Bubulcus ibis,* Cattle Egret *Ardeola bacchus,* Chinese Pond-Heron *Butorides virescens,* Green Heron *Nycticorax nycticorax,* Black-crowned Night-Heron *Nycticorax caledonicus,* Rufous Night-Heron *Nyctanassa violacea,* Yellow-crowned Night-Heron *Gorsachius goisagi,* Japanese Night-Heron *Gorsachius melanolophus,* Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE *Eudocimus albus,* White Ibis *Eudocimus ruber,* Scarlet Ibis *Plegadis falcinellus,* Glossy Ibis *Plegadis chihi,* White-faced Ibis Subfamily PLATALEINAE *Platalea ajaja,* Roseate Spoonbill Order CARTHARTIFORMES Family CATHARTIDAE *Coragyps atratus,* Black Vulture *Cathartes aura,* Turkey Vulture *Gymnogyps californianus,* California Condor Order ACCIPITRIFORMES Family PANDIONIDAE *Pandion haliaetus,* Osprey Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily ELANINAE *Elanus leucurus,* White-tailed Kite Subfamily GYPAETINAE *Chondrohierax uncinatus,* Hook-billed Kite *Elanoides forficatus,* Swallow-tailed Kite Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE *Aquila chrysaetos,* Golden Eagle *Harpagus bidentatus,* Double-toothed Kite *Circus spilonotus,* Eastern Marsh-Harrier *Circus hudsonius,* Northern Harrier *Accipiter soloensis,* Chinese Sparrowhawk *Accipiter gularis,* Japanese Sparrowhawk *Accipiter striatus,* Sharp-shinned Hawk *Accipiter cooperii,* Cooper's Hawk *Accipiter gentilis,* Northern Goshawk *Milvus migrans,* Black Kite *Haliaeetus leucocephalus,* Bald Eagle *Haliaeetus albicilla,* White-tailed Eagle *Haliaeetus pelagicus,* Steller's Sea-Eagle *Ictinia mississippiensis,* Mississippi Kite *Butastur indicus,* Gray-faced Buzzard *Geranospiza caerulescens,* Crane Hawk *Rostrhamus sociabilis,* Snail Kite *Buteogallus anthracinus,* Common Black Hawk *Buteogallus urubitinga,* Great Black Hawk *Rupornis magnirostris,* Roadside Hawk *Parabuteo unicinctus,* Harris's Hawk *Geranoaetus albicaudatus,* White-tailed Hawk *Buteo plagiatus,* Gray Hawk *Buteo lineatus,* Red-shouldered Hawk *Buteo platypterus,* Broad-winged Hawk *Buteo solitarius,* Hawaiian Hawk *Buteo brachyurus,* Short-tailed Hawk *Buteo swainsoni,* Swainson's Hawk *Buteo albonotatus,* Zone-tailed Hawk *Buteo jamaicensis,* Red-tailed Hawk *Buteo lagopus,* Rough-legged Hawk *Buteo regalis,* Ferruginous Hawk Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE *Tyto alba,* Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE *Otus sunia,* Oriental Scops-Owl *Psiloscops flammeolus,* Flammulated Owl *Megascops kennicottii,* Western Screech-Owl *Megascops asio,* Eastern Screech-Owl *Megascops trichopsis,* Whiskered Screech-Owl *Megascops nudipes,* Puerto Rican Screech-Owl *Bubo virginianus,* Great Horned Owl *Bubo scandiacus,* Snowy Owl *Surnia ulula,* Northern Hawk Owl *Glaucidium gnoma,* Northern Pygmy-Owl *Glaucidium brasilianum,* Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl *Micrathene whitneyi,* Elf Owl *Athene cunicularia,* Burrowing Owl *Ciccaba virgata,* Mottled Owl *Strix occidentalis,* Spotted Owl *Strix varia,* Barred Owl *Strix nebulosa,* Great Gray Owl *Asio otus,* Long-eared Owl *Asio stygius,* Stygian Owl *Asio flammeus,* Short-eared Owl *Aegolius funereus,* Boreal Owl *Aegolius acadicus,* Northern Saw-whet Owl *Ninox japonica,* Northern Boobook Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily TROGONINAE *Trogon elegans,* Elegant Trogon *Euptilotis neoxenus,* Eared Quetzal Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE *Upupa epops,* Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily ALCEDININAE *Alcedo atthis,* Common Kingfisher Subfamily HALCYONINAE *Todiramphus sacer,* Pacific Kingfisher *Todiramphus cinnamominus,* Guam Kingfisher *Todiramphus albicilla,* Mariana Kingfisher Subfamily CERYLINAE *Megaceryle torquata,* Ringed Kingfisher *Megaceryle alcyon,* Belted Kingfisher *Chloroceryle amazona,* Amazon Kingfisher *Chloroceryle americana,* Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily JYNGINAE *Jynx torquilla,* Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily PICINAE *Melanerpes lewis,* Lewis's Woodpecker *Melanerpes portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Woodpecker *Melanerpes erythrocephalus,* Red-headed Woodpecker *Melanerpes formicivorus,* Acorn Woodpecker *Melanerpes uropygialis,* Gila Woodpecker *Melanerpes aurifrons,* Golden-fronted Woodpecker *Melanerpes carolinus,* Red-bellied Woodpecker *Sphyrapicus thyroideus,* Williamson's Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus varius,* Yellow-bellied Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus nuchalis,* Red-naped Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus ruber,* Red-breasted Sapsucker *Picoides dorsalis,* American Three-toed Woodpecker *Picoides arcticus,* Black-backed Woodpecker *Dendrocopos major,* Great Spotted Woodpecker *Dryobates pubescens,* Downy Woodpecker *Dryobates nuttallii,* Nuttall's Woodpecker *Dryobates scalaris,* Ladder-backed Woodpecker *Dryobates borealis,* Red-cockaded Woodpecker *Dryobates villosus,* Hairy Woodpecker *Dryobates albolarvatus,* White-headed Woodpecker *Dryobates arizonae,* Arizona Woodpecker *Colaptes auratus,* Northern Flicker *Colaptes chrysoides,* Gilded Flicker *Dryocopus pileatus,* Pileated Woodpecker *Campephilus principalis,* Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily HERPETOTHERINAE *Micrastur semitorquatus,* Collared Forest-Falcon Subfamily FALCONINAE *Caracara cheriway,* Crested Caracara *Falco tinnunculus,* Eurasian Kestrel *Falco sparverius,* American Kestrel *Falco vespertinus,* Red-footed Falcon *Falco amurensis,* Amur Falcon *Falco columbarius,* Merlin *Falco subbuteo,* Eurasian Hobby *Falco femoralis,* Aplomado Falcon *Falco rusticolus,* Gyrfalcon *Falco peregrinus,* Peregrine Falcon *Falco mexicanus,* Prairie Falcon Order PASSERIFORMES Family TITYRIDAE *Tityra semifasciata,* Masked Tityra *Pachyramphus major,* Gray-collared Becard *Pachyramphus aglaiae,* Rose-throated Becard Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE *Camptostoma imberbe,* Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet *Myiopagis viridicata,* Greenish Elaenia *Elaenia martinica,* Caribbean Elaenia *Elaenia albiceps,* White-crested Elaenia Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE *Mitrephanes phaeocercus,* Tufted Flycatcher *Contopus cooperi,* Olive-sided Flycatcher *Contopus pertinax,* Greater Pewee *Contopus sordidulus,* Western Wood-Pewee *Contopus virens,* Eastern Wood-Pewee *Contopus caribaeus,* Cuban Pewee *Contopus hispaniolensis,* Hispaniolan Pewee *Contopus latirostris,* Lesser Antillean Pewee *Empidonax flaviventris,* Yellow-bellied Flycatcher *Empidonax virescens,* Acadian Flycatcher *Empidonax alnorum,* Alder Flycatcher *Empidonax traillii,* Willow Flycatcher *Empidonax minimus,* Least Flycatcher *Empidonax hammondii,* Hammond's Flycatcher *Empidonax wrightii,* Gray Flycatcher *Empidonax oberholseri,* Dusky Flycatcher *Empidonax affinis,* Pine Flycatcher *Empidonax difficilis,* Pacific-slope Flycatcher *Empidonax occidentalis,* Cordilleran Flycatcher *Empidonax fulvifrons,* Buff-breasted Flycatcher *Sayornis nigricans,* Black Phoebe *Sayornis phoebe,* Eastern Phoebe *Sayornis saya,* Say's Phoebe *Pyrocephalus rubinus,* Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily TYRANNINAE *Myiarchus tuberculifer,* Dusky-capped Flycatcher *Myiarchus cinerascens,* Ash-throated Flycatcher *Myiarchus nuttingi,* Nutting's Flycatcher *Myiarchus crinitus,* Great Crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus tyrannulus,* Brown-crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus sagrae,* La Sagra's Flycatcher *Myiarchus antillarum,* Puerto Rican Flycatcher *Pitangus sulphuratus,* Great Kiskadee *Myiozetetes similis,* Social Flycatcher *Myiodynastes luteiventris,* Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher *Legatus leucophaius,* Piratic Flycatcher *Empidonomus varius,* Variegated Flycatcher *Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus,* Crowned Slaty Flycatcher *Tyrannus melancholicus,* Tropical Kingbird *Tyrannus couchii,* Couch's Kingbird *Tyrannus vociferans,* Cassin's Kingbird *Tyrannus crassirostris,* Thick-billed Kingbird *Tyrannus verticalis,* Western Kingbird *Tyrannus tyrannus,* Eastern Kingbird *Tyrannus dominicensis,* Gray Kingbird *Tyrannus caudifasciatus,* Loggerhead Kingbird *Tyrannus forficatus,* Scissor-tailed Flycatcher *Tyrannus savana,* Fork-tailed Flycatcher Family LANIIDAE *Lanius cristatus,* Brown Shrike *Lanius ludovicianus,* Loggerhead Shrike *Lanius borealis,* Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE *Vireo atricapilla,* Black-capped Vireo *Vireo griseus,* White-eyed Vireo *Vireo crassirostris,* Thick-billed Vireo *Vireo latimeri,* Puerto Rican Vireo *Vireo gundlachii,* Cuban Vireo *Vireo bellii,* Bell's Vireo *Vireo vicinior,* Gray Vireo *Vireo huttoni,* Hutton's Vireo *Vireo flavifrons,* Yellow-throated Vireo *Vireo cassinii,* Cassin's Vireo *Vireo solitarius,* Blue-headed Vireo *Vireo plumbeus,* Plumbeous Vireo *Vireo philadelphicus,* Philadelphia Vireo *Vireo gilvus,* Warbling Vireo *Vireo olivaceus,* Red-eyed Vireo *Vireo flavoviridis,* Yellow-green Vireo *Vireo altiloquus,* Black-whiskered Vireo *Vireo magister,* Yucatan Vireo Family CORVIDAE *Perisoreus canadensis,* Canada Jay *Psilorhinus morio,* Brown Jay *Cyanocorax yncas,* Green Jay *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus,* Pinyon Jay *Cyanocitta stelleri,* Steller's Jay *Cyanocitta cristata,* Blue Jay *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Florida Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma insularis,* Island Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma californica,* California Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma woodhouseii,* Woodhouse's Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma wollweberi,* Mexican Jay *Nucifraga columbiana,* Clark's Nutcracker *Pica hudsonia,* Black-billed Magpie *Pica nuttalli,* Yellow-billed Magpie *Corvus monedula,* Eurasian Jackdaw *Corvus kubaryi,* Mariana Crow *Corvus brachyrhynchos,* American Crow *Corvus caurinus,* Northwestern Crow *Corvus leucognaphalus,* White-necked Crow *Corvus imparatus,* Tamaulipas Crow *Corvus ossifragus,* Fish Crow *Corvus hawaiiensis,* Hawaiian Crow *Corvus cryptoleucus,* Chihuahuan Raven *Corvus corax,* Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE *Alauda arvensis,* Eurasian Skylark *Eremophila alpestris,* Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily HIRUNDININAE *Riparia riparia,* Bank Swallow *Tachycineta bicolor,* Tree Swallow *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis,* Bahama Swallow *Tachycineta thalassina,* Violet-green Swallow *Tachycineta albilinea,* Mangrove Swallow *Stelgidopteryx serripennis,* Northern Rough-winged Swallow *Progne tapera,* Brown-chested Martin *Progne dominicensis,* Caribbean Martin *Progne subis,* Purple Martin *Progne cryptoleuca,* Cuban Martin *Progne chalybea,* Gray-breasted Martin *Progne elegans,* Southern Martin *Hirundo rustica,* Barn Swallow *Delichon urbicum,* Common House-Martin *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota,* Cliff Swallow *Petrochelidon fulva,* Cave Swallow Family PARIDAE *Poecile carolinensis,* Carolina Chickadee *Poecile atricapillus,* Black-capped Chickadee *Poecile gambeli,* Mountain Chickadee *Poecile sclateri,* Mexican Chickadee *Poecile rufescens,* Chestnut-backed Chickadee *Poecile hudsonicus,* Boreal Chickadee *Poecile cinctus,* Gray-headed Chickadee *Baeolophus wollweberi,* Bridled Titmouse *Baeolophus inornatus,* Oak Titmouse *Baeolophus ridgwayi,* Juniper Titmouse *Baeolophus bicolor,* Tufted Titmouse *Baeolophus atricristatus,* Black-crested Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE *Auriparus flaviceps,* Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE *Psaltriparus minimus,* Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily SITTINAE *Sitta canadensis,* Red-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta carolinensis,* White-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta pygmaea,* Pygmy Nuthatch *Sitta pusilla,* Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily CERTHIINAE *Certhia americana,* Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE *Salpinctes obsoletus,* Rock Wren *Catherpes mexicanus,* Canyon Wren *Troglodytes aedon,* House Wren *Troglodytes pacificus,* Pacific Wren *Troglodytes hiemalis,* Winter Wren *Cistothorus platensis,* Sedge Wren *Cistothorus palustris,* Marsh Wren *Thryothorus ludovicianus,* Carolina Wren *Thryomanes bewickii,* Bewick's Wren *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,* Cactus Wren *Thryophilus sinaloa,* Sinaloa Wren Family POLIOPTILIDAE *Polioptila caerulea,* Blue-Gray Gnatcatcher *Polioptila californica,* California Gnatcatcher *Polioptila melanura,* Black-tailed Gnatcatcher *Polioptila nigriceps,* Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family CINCLIDAE *Cinclus mexicanus,* American Dipper Family REGULIDAE *Regulus satrapa,* Golden-crowned Kinglet *Regulus calendula,* Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE *Phylloscopus trochilus,* Willow Warbler *Phylloscopus collybita,* Common Chiffchaff *Phylloscopus sibilatrix,* Wood Warbler *Phylloscopus fuscatus,* Dusky Warbler *Phylloscopus proregulus,* Pallas's Leaf Warbler *Phylloscopus inornatus,* Yellow-browed Warbler *Phylloscopus borealis,* Arctic Warbler *Phylloscopus examinandus,* Kamchatka Leaf Warbler Family SYLVIIDAE *Sylvia curruca,* Lesser Whitethroat *Chamaea fasciata,* Wrentit Family ACROCEPHALIDAE *Arundinax aedon,* Thick-billed Warbler *Acrocephalus luscinius,* Nightingale Reed Warbler *Acrocephalus hiwae,* Saipan Reed Warbler *Acrocephalus nijoi,* Aguiguan Reed Warbler *Acrocephalus yamashinae,* Pagan Reed Warbler *Acrocephalus familiaris,* Millerbird *Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,* Sedge Warbler *Acrocephalus dumetorum,* Blyth's Reed Warbler Family LOCUSTELLIDAE *Locustella ochotensis,* Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler *Locustella fluviatilis,* River Warbler *Locustella lanceolata,* Lanceolated Warbler Family MUSCICAPIDAE *Muscicapa griseisticta,* Gray-streaked Flycatcher *Muscicapa dauurica,* Asian Brown Flycatcher *Muscicapa striata,* Spotted Flycatcher *Muscicapa sibirica,* Dark-sided Flycatcher *Erithacus rubecula,* European Robin *Larvivora cyane,* Siberian Blue Robin *Larvivora sibilans,* Rufous-tailed Robin *Cyanecula svecica,* Bluethroat *Calliope calliope,* Siberian Rubythroat *Tarsiger cyanurus,* Red-flanked Bluetail *Ficedula narcissina,* Narcissus Flycatcher *Ficedula mugimaki,* Mugimaki Flycatcher *Ficedula albicilla,* Taiga Flycatcher *Phoenicurus phoenicurus,* Common Redstart *Saxicola torquatus,* Stonechat *Oenanthe oenanthe,* Northern Wheatear *Oenanthe pleschanka,* Pied Wheatear Family TURDIDAE *Monticola solitarius,* Blue Rock-Thrush *Sialia sialis,* Eastern Bluebird *Sialia mexicana,* Western Bluebird *Sialia currucoides,* Mountain Bluebird *Myadestes townsendi,* Townsend's Solitaire *Myadestes occidentalis,* Brown-backed Solitaire *Myadestes myadestinus,* Kāma'o *Myadestes lanaiensis,* Olomao *Myadestes obscurus,* Ōma'o *Myadestes palmeri,* Puaiohi *Catharus aurantiirostris,* Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus mexicanus,* Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus fuscescens,* Veery *Catharus minimus,* Gray-cheeked Thrush *Catharus bicknelli,* Bicknell's Thrush *Catharus ustulatus,* Swainson's Thrush *Catharus guttatus,* Hermit Thrush *Hylocichla mustelina,* Wood Thrush *Turdus obscurus,* Eyebrowed Thrush *Turdus naumanni,* Dusky Thrush *Turdus pilaris,* Fieldfare *Turdus iliacus,* Redwing *Turdus grayi,* Clay-colored Thrush *Turdus assimilis,* White-throated Thrush *Turdus rufopalliatus,* Rufous-backed Robin *Turdus migratorius,* American Robin *Turdus plumbeus,* Red-legged Thrush *Ixoreus naevius,* Varied Thrush *Ridgwayia pinicola,* Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE *Melanotis caerulescens,* Blue Mockingbird *Melanoptila glabrirostris,* Black Catbird *Dumetella carolinensis,* Gray Catbird *Margarops fuscatus,* Pearly-eyed Thrasher *Toxostoma curvirostre,* Curve-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma rufum,* Brown Thrasher *Toxostoma longirostre,* Long-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma bendirei,* Bendire's Thrasher *Toxostoma redivivum,* California Thrasher *Toxostoma lecontei,* LeConte's Thrasher *Toxostoma crissale,* Crissal Thrasher *Oreoscoptes montanus,* Sage Thrasher *Mimus gundlachii,* Bahama Mockingbird *Mimus polyglottos,* Northern Mockingbird Family STURNIDAE *Agropsar philippensis,* Chestnut-cheeked Starling *Spodiopsar cineraceus,* White-cheeked Starling Family BOMBYCILLIDAE *Bombycilla garrulus,* Bohemian Waxwing *Bombycilla cedrorum,* Cedar Waxwing Family PTILIOGONATIDAE *Ptiliogonys cinereus,* Gray Silky-flycatcher *Phainopepla nitens,* Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE *Peucedramus taeniatus,* Olive Warbler Family PRUNELLIDAE *Prunella montanella,* Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE *Motacilla tschutschensis,* Eastern Yellow Wagtail *Motacilla citreola,* Citrine Wagtail *Motacilla cinerea,* Gray Wagtail *Motacilla alba,* White Wagtail *Anthus trivialis,* Tree Pipit *Anthus hodgsoni,* Olive-backed Pipit *Anthus gustavi,* Pechora Pipit *Anthus cervinus,* Red-throated Pipit *Anthus rubescens,* American Pipit *Anthus spragueii,* Sprague's Pipit Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily FRINGILLINAE *Fringilla coelebs,* Common Chaffinch *Fringilla montifringilla,* Brambling Subfamily EUPHONIINAE *Euphonia musica,* Antillean Euphonia Subfamily CARDUELINAE *Coccothraustes vespertinus,* Evening Grosbeak *Coccothraustes coccothraustes,* Hawfinch *Carpodacus erythrinus,* Common Rosefinch *Carpodacus roseus,* Pallas's Rosefinch *Melamprosops phaeosoma,* Po'ouli *Oreomystis bairdi,* 'Akikiki *Paroreomyza maculata,* O'ahu 'Alauahio *Paroreomyza flammea,* Kākāwahie *Paroreomyza montana,* Maui 'Alauahio *Loxioides bailleui,* Palila *Telespiza cantans,* Laysan Finch *Telespiza ultima,* Nihoa Finch *Palmeria dolei,* 'Akohekohe *Himatione fraithii,* Laysan Honeycreeper *Himatione sanguinea,* 'Apapane *Drepanis coccinea,* 'I'iwi *Psittirostra psittacea,* 'Ō'ū *Pseudonestor xanthophrys,* Maui Parrotbill *Hemignathus hanapepe,* Kauai Nukupu'u *Hemignathus lucidus,* O'ahu Nukupu'u *Hemignathus affinis,* Maui Nukupu'u *Hemignathus wilsoni,* 'Akiapola'au *Akialoa stejnegeri,* Kauai 'Akialoa *Akialoa ellisiana,* O'ahu 'Akialoa *Akialoa lanaiensis,* Maui Nui 'Akialoa *Magumma parva,* 'Anianiau *Chlorodrepanis virens,* Hawaii 'Amakihi *Chlorodrepanis flava,* O'ahu 'Amakihi *Chlorodrepanis stejnegeri,* Kauai 'Amakihi *Loxops mana,* Hawaii Creeper *Loxops caeruleirostris,* 'Akeke'e *Loxops wolstenholmei,* O'ahu 'Akepa *Loxops ochraceus,* Maui 'Akepa *Loxops coccineus,* Hawaii 'Akepa *Pinicola enucleator,* Pine Grosbeak *Pyrrhula pyrrhula,* Eurasian Bullfinch *Leucosticte arctoa,* Asian Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte tephrocotis,* Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte atrata,* Black Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte australis,* Brown-capped Rosy-Finch *Haemorhous mexicanus,* House Finch *Haemorhous purpureus,* Purple Finch *Haemorhous cassinii,* Cassin's Finch *Chloris sinica,* Oriental Greenfinch *Acanthis flammea,* Common Redpoll *Acanthis hornemanni,* Hoary Redpoll *Loxia curvirostra,* Red Crossbill *Loxia sinesciuris,* Cassia Crossbill *Loxia leucoptera,* White-winged Crossbill *Spinus spinus,* Eurasian Siskin *Spinus pinus,* Pine Siskin *Spinus psaltria,* Lesser Goldfinch *Spinus lawrencei,* Lawrence's Goldfinch *Spinus tristis,* American Goldfinch Family CALCARIIDAE *Calcarius lapponicus,* Lapland Longspur *Calcarius ornatus,* Chestnut-collared Longspur *Calcarius pictus,* Smith's Longspur *Rhynchophanes mccownii,* McCown's Longspur *Plectrophenax nivalis,* Snow Bunting *Plectrophenax hyperboreus,* McKay's Bunting Family EMBERIZIDAE *Emberiza leucocephalos,* Pine Bunting *Emberiza chrysophrys,* Yellow-browed Bunting *Emberiza pusilla,* Little Bunting *Emberiza rustica,* Rustic Bunting *Emberiza elegans,* Yellow-throated Bunting *Emberiza aureola,* Yellow-breasted Bunting *Emberiza variabilis,* Gray Bunting *Emberiza pallasi,* Pallas's Bunting *Emberiza schoeniclus,* Reed Bunting Family PASSERELLIDAE *Peucaea carpalis,* Rufous-winged Sparrow *Peucaea botterii,* Botteri's Sparrow *Peucaea cassinii,* Cassin's Sparrow *Peucaea aestivalis,* Bachman's Sparrow *Ammodramus savannarum,* Grasshopper Sparrow *Arremonops rufivirgatus,* Olive Sparrow *Amphispiza quinquestriata,* Five-striped Sparrow *Amphispiza bilineata,* Black-throated Sparrow *Chondestes grammacus,* Lark Sparrow *Calamospiza melanocorys,* Lark Bunting *Spizella passerina,* Chipping Sparrow *Spizella pallida,* Clay-colored Sparrow *Spizella atrogularis,* Black-chinned Sparrow *Spizella pusilla,* Field Sparrow *Spizella breweri,* Brewer's Sparrow *Spizella wortheni,* Worthen's Sparrow *Passerella iliaca,* Fox Sparrow *Spizelloides arborea,* American Tree Sparrow *Junco hyemalis,* Dark-eyed Junco *Junco phaeonotus,* Yellow-eyed Junco *Zonotrichia leucophrys,* White-crowned Sparrow *Zonotrichia atricapilla,* Golden-crowned Sparrow *Zonotrichia querula,* Harris's Sparrow *Zonotrichia albicollis,* White-throated Sparrow *Artemisiospiza nevadensis,* Sagebrush Sparrow *Artemisiospiza belli,* Bell's Sparrow *Pooecetes gramineus,* Vesper Sparrow *Ammospiza leconteii,* LeConte's Sparrow *Ammospiza maritima,* Seaside Sparrow *Ammospiza nelsoni,* Nelson's Sparrow *Ammospiza caudacuta,* Saltmarsh Sparrow *Centronyx bairdii,* Baird's Sparrow *Centronyx henslowii,* Henslow's Sparrow *Passerculus sandwichensis,* Savannah Sparrow *Melospiza melodia,* Song Sparrow *Melospiza lincolnii,* Lincoln's Sparrow *Melospiza georgiana,* Swamp Sparrow *Melozone fusca,* Canyon Towhee *Melozone aberti,* Abert's Towhee *Melozone crissalis,* California Towhee *Aimophila ruficeps,* Rufous-crowned Sparrow *Pipilo chlorurus,* Green-tailed Towhee *Pipilo maculatus,* Spotted Towhee *Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* Eastern Towhee Family NESOSPINGIDAE *Nesospingus speculiferus,* Puerto Rican Tanager Family SPINDALIDAE *Spindalis zena,* Western Spindalis *Spindalis portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Spindalis Family ICTERIIDAE *Icteria virens,* Yellow-breasted Chat Family ICTERIDAE Subfamily XANTHOCEPHALINAE *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,* Yellow-headed Blackbird Subfamily DOLICHONYCHINAE *Dolichonyx oryzivorus,* Bobolink Subfamily STURNELLINAE *Sturnella magna,* Eastern Meadowlark *Sturnella neglecta,* Western Meadowlark Subfamily ICTERINAE *Icterus portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Oriole *Icterus wagleri,* Black-vented Oriole *Icterus spurius,* Orchard Oriole *Icterus cucullatus,* Hooded Oriole *Icterus pustulatus,* Streak-backed Oriole *Icterus bullockii,* Bullock's Oriole *Icterus gularis,* Altamira Oriole *Icterus graduacauda,* Audubon's Oriole *Icterus galbula,* Baltimore Oriole *Icterus abeillei,* Black-backed Oriole *Icterus parisorum,* Scott's Oriole Subfamily AGELAIINAE *Agelaius phoeniceus,* Red-winged Blackbird *Agelaius tricolor,* Tricolored Blackbird *Agelaius humeralis,* Tawny-shouldered Blackbird *Agelaius xanthomus,* Yellow-shouldered Blackbird *Molothrus bonariensis,* Shiny Cowbird *Molothrus aeneus,* Bronzed Cowbird *Molothrus ater,* Brown-headed Cowbird *Euphagus carolinus,* Rusty Blackbird *Euphagus cyanocephalus,* Brewer's Blackbird *Quiscalus quiscula,* Common Grackle *Quiscalus major,* Boat-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus mexicanus,* Great-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus niger,* Greater Antillean Grackle Family PARULIDAE *Seiurus aurocapilla,* Ovenbird *Helmitheros vermivorum,* Worm-eating Warbler *Parkesia motacilla,* Louisiana Waterthrush *Parkesia noveboracensis,* Northern Waterthrush *Vermivora bachmanii,* Bachman's Warbler *Vermivora chrysoptera,* Golden-winged Warbler *Vermivora cyanoptera,* Blue-winged Warbler *Mniotilta varia,* Black-and-white Warbler *Protonotaria citrea,* Prothonotary Warbler *Limnothlypis swainsonii,* Swainson's Warbler *Oreothlypis superciliosa,* Crescent-chested Warbler *Leiothlypis peregrina,* Tennessee Warbler *Leiothlypis celata,* Orange-crowned Warbler *Leiothlypis crissalis,* Colima Warbler *Leiothlypis luciae,* Lucy's Warbler *Leiothlypis ruficapilla,* Nashville Warbler *Leiothlypis virginiae,* Virginia's Warbler *Oporornis agilis,* Connecticut Warbler *Geothlypis poliocephala,* Gray-crowned Yellowthroat *Geothlypis tolmiei,* MacGillivray's Warbler *Geothlypis philadelphia,* Mourning Warbler *Geothlypis formosa,* Kentucky Warbler *Geothlypis trichas,* Common Yellowthroat *Setophaga angelae,* Elfin-woods Warbler *Setophaga citrina,* Hooded Warbler *Setophaga ruticilla,* American Redstart *Setophaga kirtlandii,* Kirtland's Warbler *Setophaga tigrina,* Cape May Warbler *Setophaga cerulea,* Cerulean Warbler *Setophaga americana,* Northern Parula *Setophaga pitiayumi,* Tropical Parula *Setophaga magnolia,* Magnolia Warbler *Setophaga castanea,* Bay-breasted Warbler *Setophaga fusca,* Blackburnian Warbler *Setophaga petechia,* Yellow Warbler *Setophaga pensylvanica,* Chestnut-sided Warbler *Setophaga striata,* Blackpoll Warbler *Setophaga caerulescens,* Black-throated Blue Warbler *Setophaga palmarum,* Palm Warbler *Setophaga pinus,* Pine Warbler *Setophaga coronata,* Yellow-rumped Warbler *Setophaga dominica,* Yellow-throated Warbler *Setophaga discolor,* Prairie Warbler *Setophaga adelaidae,* Adelaide's Warbler *Setophaga graciae,* Grace's Warbler *Setophaga nigrescens,* Black-throated Gray Warbler *Setophaga townsendi,* Townsend's Warbler *Setophaga occidentalis,* Hermit Warbler *Setophaga chrysoparia,* Golden-cheeked Warbler *Setophaga virens,* Black-throated Green Warbler *Basileuterus lachrymosus,* Fan-tailed Warbler *Basileuterus rufifrons,* Rufous-capped Warbler *Basileuterus culicivorus,* Golden-crowned Warbler *Cardellina canadensis,* Canada Warbler *Cardellina pusilla,* Wilson's Warbler *Cardellina rubrifrons,* Red-faced Warbler *Myioborus pictus,* Painted Redstart *Myioborus miniatus,* Slate-throated Redstart Family CARDINALIDAE *Piranga flava,* Hepatic Tanager *Piranga rubra,* Summer Tanager *Piranga olivacea,* Scarlet Tanager *Piranga ludoviciana,* Western Tanager *Piranga bidentata,* Flame-colored Tanager *Rhodothraupis celaeno,* Crimson-collared Grosbeak *Cardinalis cardinalis,* Northern Cardinal *Cardinalis sinuatus,* Pyrrhuloxia *Pheucticus chrysopeplus,* Yellow Grosbeak *Pheucticus ludovicianus,* Rose-breasted Grosbeak *Pheucticus melanocephalus,* Black-headed Grosbeak *Cyanocompsa parellina,* Blue Bunting *Passerina caerulea,* Blue Grosbeak *Passerina amoena,* Lazuli Bunting *Passerina cyanea,* Indigo Bunting *Passerina versicolor,* Varied Bunting *Passerina ciris,* Painted Bunting *Spiza americana,* Dickcissel Family THRAUPIDAE Subfamily DACNINAE *Cyanerpes cyaneus,* Red-legged Honeycreeper Subfamily COEREBINAE *Coereba flaveola,* Bananaquit *Tiaris olivaceus,* Yellow-faced Grassquit *Melanospiza bicolor,* Black-faced Grassquit *Melopyrrha portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Bullfinch Subfamily SPOROPHILINAE *Sporophila morelleti,* Morelet's Seedeater George Wallace, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 2020-06779 Filed 4-15-20; 8:45 am]
Connectionstraces to 15
12 references not yet in our index
  • 50 CFR 10
  • 16 USC 703-712
  • 39 Stat. 1702
  • 50 Stat. 1311
  • 50 CFR 10.13
  • Pub. L. 108-447
  • 118 Stat. 2809
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2)
  • 50 CFR 21.2
  • 444 U.S. 51
  • 43 CFR 46.210(i)
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cites case law
Notices
Final rule
U.S.C.§ 742l
U.S.C.§ 742a
U.S.C.§ 1531
Fed. Reg.Notices
Fed. Reg.Notices
U.S.C.§ 601
U.S.C.§ 804
U.S.C.§ 1501
Fed. Reg.Proposed Rules
SCOTUS444 U.S. 51
Cite50 CFR 10
Cite16 USC 703-712
Cites 27 · showing 12Cited by 0 across 0 sources
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