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Code · REGISTER · 2011-04-26 · Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior · Proposed Rules

Proposed Rules. Proposed rule

13,618 words·~62 min read·/register/2011/04/26/2011-9448

A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.

BILLING CODE 4510-45-P 76 80 Tuesday, April 26, 2011 Proposed Rules Part III Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Parts 10 and 21 [Docket No. FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; 91200-1231-9BPP] RIN 1018-AX48 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY:
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by both adding and removing species. Reasons for the changes to the list include adding species based on new taxonomy and new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names to conform to accepted use. The net increase of 19 species (23 added and 4 removed) brings the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)to 1,026. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for public notification and regulatory purposes. DATES: To ensure consideration of your comments, they must be received or postmarked on or before July 25, 2011. ADDRESSES: You may submit comments by either one of the following methods: • *Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov.* Follow the instructions for submitting comments on Docket No. FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088. • *U.S. Mail or hand delivery:* Public Comments Processing, *Attn:* FWS-R9-MB-2010-0088; Division of Policy and Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Suite 222; Arlington, VA 22203-1610. We will not accept e-mail or faxes. We will post all comments on *http://www.regulations.gov.* This generally means that we will post any personal information that you provide. *See* the Public Comments section below for more information. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Terry Doyle, Wildlife Biologist, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 703-358-1799. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background What statutory authority does the service have for this rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)(16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)*Canada:* Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628);
(2)*Mexico:* Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912);
(3)*Japan:* Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4)*Russia:* Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment (Russia), November 19, 1976, 29 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073). What is the purpose of this rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by the MBTA and its implementing regulations. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes. Why is this amendment of the list of migratory birds necessary? The amendment is needed to:
(1)Add five species previously overlooked from a family protected under the MBTA;
(2)correct the spelling of five species on the alphabetized list;
(3)correct the spelling of two species on the taxonomic list;
(4)add 11 species based on new distributional records documenting their natural occurrence in the United States since April 2007;
(5)add one species from a family now protected under the MBTA as a result of taxonomic changes;
(6)add six species newly recognized as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(7)remove four species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States or its territories as a result of recent taxonomic changes;
(8)change the common (English) names of nine species to conform with accepted use; and
(9)change the scientific names of 36 species to conform to accepted use. The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on March 1, 2010 (75 FR 9282). These amendments were necessitated by three published supplements to the 7th
(1998)edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) *Check-list of North American Birds* (AOU 2008, AOU 2009, and AOU 2010). In addition, we propose to correct the legal authorities citations at 50 CFR 10.13(a). We also would make a small change to a definition in 50 CFR 21.3. We propose to update the definition of “raptor” to also include the order Accipitriformes to correspond to the proposed changes in the List of Migratory Birds. What scientific authorities are used to amend the list of migratory birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized use is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. In making our determinations, we primarily relied on the American Ornithologists' Union's *Check-list of North American Birds* (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, and 2010), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies) for species that occur in North America. The AOU Checklist contains all bird species that have occurred in North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and the Hawaiian Islands, and includes distributional information for each species, which specifies whether the species is known to occur in the United States. For the 39 species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the *Check-list* (28 that occur in the Pacific island territories and 11 listed in the Japanese and/or Russian conventions that have not occurred in the AOU area), we relied primarily on Clements (2007). Although we primarily rely on the above checklists, when informed taxonomic opinion is inconsistent or controversial, we evaluate available published and unpublished information and come to our own conclusion regarding the validity of taxa. What criteria are used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA? A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:
(1)It is covered by the Canadian Convention of 1916, as amended in 1996, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria:
(a)It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian Convention, as amended;
(b)specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and
(c)the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(2)It is covered by the Mexican Convention of 1936, as amended in 1972, by virtue of meeting the following three criteria:
(a)It belongs to a family or group of species named in the Mexican Convention, as amended;
(b)specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and
(c)the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(3)It is listed in the annex to the Japanese Convention of 1972, as amended.
(4)It is listed in the appendix to the Russian Convention of 1976. In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (MBTRA) (Pub. L. 108-447, 118 Stat. 2809, 3071-72), we include all species native to the United States or its territories, which are those that occur as a result of natural biological or ecological processes (see 70 FR 12710, March 15, 2005). We do not include nonnative species whose occurrences in the United States are solely the result of intentional or unintentional human-assisted introduction(s). How do the proposed changes affect the list of migratory birds? Several taxonomic changes were made at the Order and Family level by the AOU since publication of the last list. These changes affect the inclusion and taxonomic order of species on this list. Specifically, the Orders Phaethontiformes and Suliformes were split from the Pelecaniformes. Phaethontiformes now includes the Family Phaethontidae (tropicbirds); Suliformes now includes the Families Fregatidae (frigatebirds), Sulidae (boobys), Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants), and Anhingidae (anhingas). In addition, the Order Accipitriformes was split from the Falconiformes and now include the Families Cathartidae (vultures), Pandionidae (Osprey), and Accipitridae (hawks and eagles). At the Family level, the Ardeidae (herons and egrets) and Threskiornithidae (ibis and spoonbills) were moved from the Ciconiiformes to the Pelecaniformes Order, the Pandionidae (Osprey) were separated from the Accipitridae (hawks and eagles), and the Stercorariidae (jaegers and skuas) were separated from the Laridae (gulls, terns, and skimmers). The Polioptilidae (gnatcatchers), Phylloscopidae ( *Phylloscopus* warblers), Acrocephalidae ( *Acrocephalus* warblers), and Megaluridae ( *Locustella* warblers) were separated from the Sylviidae, and the Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings) were separated from the Emberizidae (buntings and sparrows). The euphonias were put into their own Subfamily (Euphoniinae) and moved from the Thraupidae to the Fringillidae Family. All species within these newly created families continue to be protected under the MBTA. In addition, the Wrentit was moved from the Timaliidae (babblers) to the Sylviidae and is now in a family protected by the MBTA. The amendments (23 additions, 4 removals, and 51 name changes) affect a grand total of 78 species and result in a net addition of 19 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 1,007 to 1,026. Of the 23 species that we add to the list, 6 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 9 categories:
(1)Add five species from the family Muscicapidae, a family specifically listed in the 1996 protocol amending the 1916 convention with Canada. The omission of these species on the previous list was an oversight. All are considered accidental or casual in Alaska. The species and relevant AOU publication(s) are: Mugimaki Flycatcher, *Ficedula mugimaki* (AOU 1987, 1997, 1998); Taiga Flycatcher, *Ficedula albicilla* (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2006); Dark-sided Flycatcher, *Muscicapa sibirica* (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2004); Asian Brown Flycatcher, *Muscicapa dauurica* (AOU 1987, 1989, 1998); and Spotted Flycatcher, *Muscicapa striata* (AOU 2004).
(2)Correct the spelling of five scientific names on the alphabetized list: *Nesofregata fuliginosa* (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes *Nesofregetta fuliginosa;* *Thalleseus maximus* (Royal Tern), becomes *Thalasseus maximus;* *Thalleseus sandvicensis* (Sandwich Tern), becomes *Thalasseus sandvicensis;* *Phylloscopus siilatrix* (Wood Warbler), becomes *Phylloscopus sibilatrix;* and *Locustella lanceoloata* (Lanceolated Warbler), becomes *Locustella lanceolata.*
(3)Correct the spelling of two scientific names on the taxonomic list: *Nesofregetta fuiginosa* (Polynesian Storm-Petrel), becomes *Nesofregetta fuliginosa;* and *Tiaris olivacea* (Yellow-faced Grassquit), becomes *Tiaris olivaceus.*
(4)Add 11 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 2007) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and/or Mexican Conventions, and all are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State in which it has been recorded plus the relevant publication: Parkinson's Petrel, *Procellaria parkinsoni* —California (AOU 2008); Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma monorhis* —North Carolina (AOU 2010); Swallow-tailed Gull, *Creagrus furcatus* —California (AOU 2008); Brown Hawk-Owl, *Ninox scutulata* —Alaska (AOU 2009); White-crested Elaenia, *Elaenia albiceps* —Texas (AOU 2010); Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, *Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus* —Louisiana (AOU 2010); Sinaloa Wren, *Thryothorus sinaloa* —Arizona (AOU 2010); Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, *Phylloscopus proregulus* —Alaska (AOU 2008); Sedge Warbler, *Acrocephalus schoenobaenus* —Alaska (AOU 2009); Rufous-tailed Robin, *Luscinia sibilans* —Alaska (AOU 2010); and Yellow-browed Bunting, *Emberiza chrysophrys* —Alaska (AOU 2009).
(5)Add one species because of recent taxonomic changes transferring a species in a family formerly not protected by the MBTA (Timaliidae) into a family protected under the MBTA (Sylviidae). We reference the AOU publication supporting the change: Wrentit, *Chamaea fasciata* (AOU 2010).
(6)Add six species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication supporting the change: Eastern Spot-billed Duck, *Anas zonorhyncha* —formerly considered a subspecies of *Anas poecilorhyncha,* Spot-billed Duck (AOU 2008); Black Scoter, *Melanitta americana* — formerly treated as a subspecies of *Melanitta nigra,* Common [Black] Scoter (AOU 2009); Mexican Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus arizonae* — formerly treated as a subspecies of *Caprimulgus vociferus,* Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010); Pacific Wren, *Troglodytes pacificus* — formerly treated as a subspecies of *Troglodytes troglodytes,* Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); Winter Wren, *Troglodytes hiemalis* — formerly treated as a subspecies of *Troglodytes troglodytes,* Eurasian [Winter] Wren (AOU 2010); and Puerto Rican Oriole, *Icterus portoricensis* — formerly treated as a subspecies of *Icterus dominicensis,* Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole (AOU 2010).
(7)Remove four species based on revised taxonomic treatments and distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication supporting these changes: Spot-billed Duck, *Anas poecilorhyncha* (AOU 2008); Common [Black] Scoter, *Melanitta nigra* (AOU 2009); Eurasian [Winter] Wren, *Troglodytes troglodytes* (AOU 2010); and Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, *Icterus dominicensis* (AOU 2010).
(8)Revise the common (English) names of nine species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source for the name change: Greater Flamingo, *Phoenicopterus ruber,* becomes American Flamingo (AOU 2008); Greater Shearwater, *Puffinus gravis,* becomes Great Shearwater (AOU 2010); Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus vociferus,* becomes Eastern Whip-poor-will (AOU 2010); Green Violet-ear, *Colibri thalassinus,* becomes Green Violetear (AOU 2008); Blue Rock Thrush, *Monticola solitarius,* becomes Blue Rock-Thrush (Clements 2007); Clay-colored Robin, *Turdus grayi,* becomes Clay-colored Thrush (AOU 2008); White-throated Robin, *Turdus assimilis,* becomes White-throated Thrush (AOU 2008); Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, *Ammodramus nelsoni,* becomes Nelson's Sparrow (AOU 2009); and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, *Ammodramus caudacutus,* becomes Saltmarsh Sparrow (AOU 2009).
(9)Revise the scientific names of 36 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions do not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication documenting the name change: *Larus philadelphia* (Bonaparte's Gull) becomes *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* (AOU 2008); *Larus cirrocephalus* (Gray-hooded Gull) becomes *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus* (AOU 2008); *Larus ridibundus* (Black-headed Gull) becomes * Chroicocephalus ridibundus* (AOU 2008); *Larus minutus* (Little Gull) becomes *Hydrocoloeus minutus* (AOU 2008); *Larus atricilla* (Laughing Gull) becomes *Leucophaeus atricilla* (AOU 2008); *Larus pipixcan* (Frankin's Gull) becomes *Leucophaeus pipixcan* (AOU 2008); *Cyanocorax morio* (Brown Jay) becomes *Psilorhinus morio* (AOU 2010); *Poecile hudsonica* (Boreal Chickadee) becomes *Poecile hudsonicus* (AOU 2009); *Poecile cincta* (Gray-headed Chickadee) becomes *Poecile cinctus* (AOU 2009); *Calcarius mccownii* (McCown's Longspur) becomes * Rhynchophanes mccownii* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora pinus* (Blue-winged Warbler) becomes *Vermivora cyanoptera* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora peregrina* (Tennessee Warbler) becomes * Oreothlypis peregrina* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora celata* (Orange-crowned Warbler) becomes *Oreothlypis celata* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora ruficapilla* (Nashville Warbler) becomes *Oreothlypis ruficapilla* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora virginiae* (Virginia's Warbler) becomes *Oreothlypis virginiae* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora crissalis* (Colima Warbler) becomes * Oreothlypis crissalis* (AOU 2010); *Vermivora luciae* (Lucy's Warbler) becomes * Oreothlypis luciae* (AOU 2010); *Parula superciliosa* (Crescent-chested Warbler) becomes * Oreothlypis superciliosa* (AOU 2010); *Seiurus noveboracensis* (Northern Waterthrush) becomes * Parkesia noveboracensis* (AOU 2010); *Seiurus motacilla* (Louisiana Waterthrush) becomes * Parkesia motacilla* (AOU 2010); *Pipilo fuscus* (Canyon Towhee) becomes * Melozone fusca* (AOU 2010); *Pipilo crissalis* (California Towhee) becomes *Melozone crissalis* (AOU 2010); *Pipilo aberti* (Abert's Towhee) becomes * Melozone aberti* (AOU 2010); *Aimophila carpalis* (Rufous-winged Sparrow) becomes *Peucaea carpalis* (AOU 2010); *Aimophila botterii* (Botteri's Sparrow) becomes *Peucaea botterii* (AOU 2010); *Aimophila cassinii* (Cassin's Sparrow) becomes * Peucaea cassinii* (AOU 2010); *Aimophila aestivalis* (Bachman's Sparrow) becomes *Peucaea aestivalis* (AOU 2010); *Aimophila quinquestriata* (Five-striped Sparrow) becomes * Amphispiza quinquestriata* (AOU 2010); *Carduelis flammea* (Common Redpoll) becomes *Acanthis flammea* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis hornemanni* (Hoary Redpoll) becomes *Acanthis hornemanni* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis spinus* (Eurasian Siskin) becomes *Spinus spinus* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis pinus* (Pine Siskin) becomes * Spinus pinus* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis psaltria* (Lesser Goldfinch) becomes *Spinus psaltria* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis lawrencei* (Lawrence's Goldfinch) becomes *Spinus lawrencei* (AOU 2009); *Carduelis tristis* (American Goldfinch) becomes *Spinus tristis* (AOU 2009); and *Carduelis sinica* (Oriental Greenfinch) becomes * Chloris sinica* (AOU 2009). For ease of comparison, changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Species whose names have been revised (categories 2, 8, and 9) appear in both the left-hand column (old name removed) and right-hand column (new name added), as are species that have been added based on taxonomic splits (category 6) of extralimital species that have been removed (category 7). Removed (taxonomically) Added (taxonomically) Spot-billed Duck, *Anas poecilorhyncha*
(7)Eastern Spot-billed Duck, *Anas zonorhyncha* (6). Common [Black] Scoter, *Melanitta nigra*
(7)Black Scoter, *Melanitta americana* (6). Greater Flamingo, *Phoenicopterus ruber*
(8)American Flamingo, *Phoenicopterus ruber* (8). Parkinson's Petrel, *Procellaria parkinsoni* (4). Greater Shearwater, *Puffinus gravis*
(8)Great Shearwater, *Puffinus gravis* (8). Polynesian Storm-Petrel, *Nesofregata fuliginosa*
(2)Polynesian Storm-Petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa* (2). Polynesian Storm-Petrel, *Nesofregetta fuiginosa*
(3)Polynesian Storm-Petrel, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa* (3). Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel, *Oceanodroma monorhis* (4). Swallow-tailed Gull, *Creagrus furcatus* (4). Bonaparte's Gull, *Larus philadelphia*
(9)Bonaparte's Gull, *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* (9). Gray-hooded Gull, *Larus cirrocephalus*
(9)Gray-hooded Gull, *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus* (9). Black-headed Gull, *Larus ridibundus*
(9)Black-headed Gull, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus* (9). Little Gull, *Larus minutus*
(9)Little Gull, *Hydrocoloeus minutus* (9). Laughing Gull, *Larus atricilla*
(9)Laughing Gull, *Leucophaeus atricilla* (9). Frankin's Gull, *Larus pipixcan*
(9)Frankin's Gull, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* (9). Royal Tern, *Thalleseus maximus*
(2)Royal Tern, *Thalasseus maximus* (2). Sandwich Tern, *Thalleseus sandvicensis*
(2)Sandwich Tern, *Thalasseus sandvicensis* (2). Brown Hawk-Owl, *Ninox scutulata* (4). Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus vociferus*
(8)Eastern Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus vociferus* (8). Mexican Whip-poor-will, *Caprimulgus arizonae* (6). Green Violet-ear, *Colibri thalassinus*
(8)Green Violetear, *Colibri thalassinus* (8). White-crested Elaenia, *Elaenia albiceps* (4). Crowned Slaty Flycatcher, *Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus* (4). Brown Jay, *Cyanocorax morio*
(9)Brown Jay, *Psilorhinus morio* (9). Boreal Chickadee, *Poecile hudsonica*
(9)Boreal Chickadee, *Poecile hudsonicus* (9). Gray-headed Chickadee, *Poecile cincta*
(9)Gray-headed Chickadee, *Poecile cinctus* (9). Sinaloa Wren, *Thryothorus sinaloa* (4). Pacific Wren, *Troglodytes pacificus* (6). Eurasian [Winter] Wren, *Troglodytes troglodytes*
(7)Winter Wren, *Troglodytes hiemalis* (6). Wood Warbler, * Phylloscopus siilatrix*
(2)Wood Warbler, *Phylloscopus sibilatrix* (2). Pallas's Leaf-Warbler, *Phylloscopus proregulus* (4). Lanceolated Warbler, *Locustella lanceoloata*
(2)Lanceolated Warbler, *Locustella lanceolata* (2). Wrentit, *Chamaea fasciata* (5). Sedge Warbler, *Acrocephalus schoenobaenus* (4). Mugimaki Flycatcher, *Ficedula mugimaki* (1). Taiga Flycatcher, *Ficedula albicilla* (1). Dark-sided Flycatcher, *Muscicapa sibirica* (1). Asian Brown Flyctcher, *Muscicapa dauurica* (1). Spotted Flycatcher, *Muscicapa striata* (1). Blue Rock Thrush, *Monticola solitarius*
(8)Blue Rock-Thrush, *Monticola solitarius* (8). Rufous-tailed Robin, *Luscinia sibilans* (4). Clay-colored Robin, *Turdus grayi*
(8)Clay-colored Thrush, *Turdus grayi* (8). White-throated Robin, *Turdus assimilis*
(8)White-throated Thrush, *Turdus assimilis* (8). McCown's Longspur, *Calcarius mccownii*
(9)McCown's Longspur, *Rhynchophanes mccownii* (9). Blue-winged Warbler, *Vermivora pinus*
(9)Blue-winged Warbler, *Vermivora cyanoptera* (9). Tennessee Warbler, *Vermivora peregrina*
(9)Tennessee Warbler, *Oreothlypis peregrina* (9). Orange-crowned Warbler, *Vermivora celata*
(9)Orange-crowned Warbler, *Oreothlypis celata* (9). Nashville Warbler, *Vermivora ruficapilla*
(9)Nashville Warbler, *Oreothlypis ruficapilla* (9). Virginia's Warbler, *Vermivora virginiae*
(9)Virginia's Warbler, *Oreothlypis virginiae* (9). Colima Warbler, *Vermivora crissalis*
(9)Colima Warbler, *Oreothlypis crissalis* (9). Lucy's Warbler, *Vermivora luciae*
(9)Lucy's Warbler, *Oreothlypis luciae* (9). Crescent-chested Warbler, *Parula superciliosa*
(9)Crescent-chested Warbler, *Oreothlypis superciliosa* (9). Northern Waterthrush, *Seiurus noveboracensis*
(9)Northern Waterthrush, *Parkesia noveboracensis* (9). Louisiana Waterthrush, *Seiurus motacilla*
(9)Louisiana Waterthrush, *Parkesia motacilla* (9). Yellow-faced Grassquit, *Tiaris olivacea*
(3)Yellow-faced Grassquit, *Tiaris olivaceus* (3). Canyon Towhee, *Pipilo fuscus*
(9)Canyon Towhee, *Melozone fusca* (9). California Towhee, *Pipilo crissalis*
(9)California Towhee, *Melozone crissalis* (9). Abert's Towhee, *Pipilo aberti*
(9)Abert's Towhee, *Melozone aberti* (9). Rufous-winged Sparrow, *Aimophila carpalis*
(9)Rufous-winged Sparrow, *Peucaea carpalis* (9). Botteri's Sparrow, *Aimophila botterii*
(9)Botteri's Sparrow, *Peucaea botterii* (9). Cassin's Sparrow, *Aimophila cassinii*
(9)Cassin's Sparrow, *Peucaea cassinii* (9). Bachman's Sparrow, *Aimophila aestivalis*
(9)Bachman's Sparrow, *Peucaea aestivalis* (9). Five-striped Sparrow, *Aimophila quinquestriata*
(9)Five-striped Sparrow, *Amphispiza quinquestriata* (9). Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, *Ammodramus nelsoni*
(8)Nelson's Sparrow, *Ammodramus nelsoni* (8). Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow, *Ammodramus caudacutus*
(8)Saltmarsh Sparrow, *Ammodramus caudacutus* (8). Yellow-browed Bunting, *Emberiza chrysophrys* (4). Hispaniolan [Greater Antillean] Oriole, *Icterus dominicensis*
(7)Puerto Rican Oriole, *Icterus portoricensis* (6). Common Redpoll, *Carduelis flammea*
(9)Common Redpoll, *Acanthis flammea* (9). Hoary Redpoll, *Carduelis hornemanni*
(9)Hoary Redpoll, *Acanthis hornemanni* (9). Eurasian Siskin, *Carduelis spinus*
(9)Eurasian Siskin, *Spinus spinus* (9). Pine Siskin, *Carduelis pinus*
(9)Pine Siskin, *Spinus pinus* (9). Lesser Goldfinch, *Carduelis psaltria*
(9)Lesser Goldfinch, *Spinus psaltria* (9). Lawrence's Goldfinch, *Carduelis lawrencei*
(9)Lawrence's Goldfinch, *Spinus lawrencei* (9). American Goldfinch, *Carduelis tristis*
(9)American Goldfinch, *Spinus tristis* (9). Oriental Greenfinch, *Carduelis sinica*
(9)Oriental Greenfinch, *Chloris sinica* (9). How is the list of migratory birds organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, similar to that used in modern telephone directories, is most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2010) and is most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What species are not protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The MBTA does not apply to:
(1)Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, in accordance with the MBTRA. *See* 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative, human-introduced bird species in this category. Note, though, that native species that are introduced into parts of the United States where they are not native are still protected under the MBTA regardless of where they occur in the United States or its territories.
(2)Nonnative, human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (babblers), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese Convention), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.
(3)Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian Conventions, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers [elepaios]), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), and Coerebidae (bananaquit). It should be noted that this rule supersedes the 70 FR 12710 notice to the extent that they are inconsistent. Specifically, the 1996 amendment to the Canadian Convention included the family Muscicapidae (Old World flycatchers). Thus, all members of the Muscicapidae family are now included on this list. In addition, the Wrentit is now considered a member of the Sylviidae family rather than the Timaliidae family and is now included on this list. Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at *http://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/RegulationsPolicies/mbta/MBTAProtectedNonprotected.html* . Public Comments We request comments or suggestions on this proposed rule from any interested parties. You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not consider comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in the ADDRESSES section. If you submit a comment via *http://www.regulations.gov,* your entire comment—including any personal identifying information—will be posted on the Web site. If you submit a hardcopy comment that includes personal identifying information, you may request at the top of your document that we withhold this information from public review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will post all hardcopy comments on *http://www.regulations.gov* . Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection at *http://www.regulations.gov,* or by appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( *see* FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ). You may obtain copies of our previous actions concerning this subject by mail ( *see* FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT ) or by visiting the Federal eRulemaking Portal at *http://www.regulations.gov* . Required Determinations Regulatory Planning and Review (Executive Order 12866) The Office of Management and Budget
(OMB)has determined that this proposed rule is not significant under Executive Order 12866. OMB bases its determination upon the following four criteria:
(a)Whether the rule will have an annual effect of $100 million or more on the economy or adversely affect an economic sector, productivity, jobs, the environment, or other units of the government.
(b)Whether the rule will create inconsistencies with other Federal agencies' actions.
(c)Whether the rule will materially affect entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, or the rights and obligations of their recipients.
(d)Whether the rule raises novel legal or policy issues. Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et *seq.* ) Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.,* as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of 1996 (Pub. L. 104-121)), whenever an agency is required to publish a notice of rulemaking for any proposed or final rule, it must prepare and make available for public comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that describes the effect of the rule on small entities (i.e., small businesses, small organizations, and small government jurisdictions). However, no regulatory flexibility analysis is required if the head of an agency certifies the rule does not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. SBREFA amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act to require Federal agencies to provide the statement of the factual basis for certifying that a rule will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities. We have examined this proposed rule's potential effects on small entities as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act, and have determined that this action would not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, because we are simply updating the list of migratory bird species protected under the Conventions. Consequently, we certify that because this rule does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities, a regulatory flexibility analysis is not required. This proposed rule is not a major rule under SBREFA (5 U.S.C. 804(2)). It would not have a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. a. This proposed rule would not have an annual effect on the economy of $100 million or more. b. This proposed rule would not cause a major increase in costs or prices for consumers, individual industries, Federal, State, or local government agencies, or geographic regions. c. This proposed rule will not have significant adverse effects on competition, employment, investment, productivity, innovation, or the ability of U.S.-based enterprises to compete with foreign-based enterprises. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act In accordance with the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 *et seq.* ), we have determined the following: a. This proposed rule would not “significantly or uniquely” affect small governments. A small government agency plan is not required. Actions under the proposed regulation would not affect small government activities in any significant way. b. This proposed rule would not produce a Federal mandate of $100 million or greater in any year; i.e., it is not a “significant regulatory action” under the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Takings In accordance with Executive Order 12630, the proposed rule would not have significant takings implications. This proposed rule does not contain a provision for taking of private property. Therefore, a takings implication assessment is not required. Federalism This proposed rule would not have sufficient Federalism effects to warrant preparation of a Federalism assessment under Executive Order 13132. It would not interfere with the States' ability to manage themselves or their funds. No significant economic impacts are expected to result from the updating of the list of migratory bird species. Civil Justice Reform In accordance with Executive Order 12988, the Office of the Solicitor has determined that the proposed rule would not unduly burden the judicial system and meets the requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of the Order. Paperwork Reduction Act We examined this proposed rule under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 *et seq.* ). There are no new information collection requirements associated with this proposed rule. We are not requiring any new permits, reports, or recordkeeping in this proposed rule. National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA)Given that the revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and will have no or minor environmental effects, it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements (43 CFR 46.210(h)). Endangered Species Act
(ESA)Seventy-five of the species on the proposed List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531-44; 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation. Government-to-Government Relationship With Tribes In accordance with the President's memorandum of April 29, 1994, “Government-to-Government Relations with Native American tribal Governments” (59 FR 22951), Executive Order 13175, and 512 DM 2, we have evaluated potential effects on Federally-recognized Indian tribes and have determined that there are no potential effects. The revisions to existing regulations in this proposed rule are purely administrative in nature and would not interfere with the tribes' ability to manage themselves or their funds or to regulate migratory bird activities on tribal lands. Energy Supply, Distribution, or Use (Executive Order 13211) On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 addressing regulations that significantly affect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this proposed rule only affects the listing of protected species in the United States, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866, and does not significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. References Cited A complete list of all references cited is available upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT above). List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Proposed Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10—[AMENDED] 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378. 2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(a)*Legal authority for this list.* The legal authorities for this list are the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA; 16 U.S.C. 703-712), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 742l), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-742j). The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)*Canada:* Convention between the United States and Great Britain [on behalf of Canada] for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, 39 Stat. 1702 (T.S. No. 628), as amended;
(2)*Mexico:* Convention between the United States and Mexico for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, 50 Stat. 1311 (T.S. No. 912), as amended;
(3)*Japan:* Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Japan for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, 25 U.S.T. 3329 (T.I.A.S. No. 7990); and
(4)*Russia:* Convention between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Concerning the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, November 19, 1976, 20 U.S.T. 4647 (T.I.A.S. No. 9073).
(b)*Purpose of this list.* The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations that enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c)*What species are protected as migratory birds?* Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's *Check-list of North American birds* (1998, as amended through 2010). For species not treated by the AOU *Check-list,* we generally follow *The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World* (Clements 2007).
(1)*Alphabetical listing.* Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. ACCENTOR, Siberian, *Prunella montanella* AKEKEE, *Loxops caeruleirostris* AKEPA, *Loxops coccineus* AKIALOA, Greater, *Hemignathus ellisianus* AKIAPOLAAU, *Hemignathus munroi* AKIKIKI, *Oreomystis bairdi* AKOHEKOHE, *Palmeria dolei* ALAUAHIO, Maui, *Paroreomyza montana* Oahu, *Paroreomyza maculata* ALBATROSS, Black-browed, *Thalassarche melanophris* Black-footed, *Phoebastria nigripes* Laysan, *Phoebastria immutabilis* Light-mantled, *Phoebetria palpebrata* Short-tailed, *Phoebastria albatrus* Shy, *Thalassarche cauta* Wandering, *Diomedea exulans* Yellow-nosed, *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* AMAKIHI, Hawaii, *Hemignathus virens* Kauai, *Hemignathus kauaiensis* Oahu, *Hemignathus flavus* ANHINGA, *Anhinga anhinga* ANI, Groove-billed, *Crotophaga sulcirostris* Smooth-billed, *Crotophaga ani* ANIANIAU, *Magumma parva* APAPANE, *Himatione sanguinea* AUKLET, Cassin's, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* Crested, *Aethia cristatella* Least, *Aethia pusilla* Parakeet, *Aethia psittacula* Rhinoceros, *Cerorhinca monocerata* Whiskered, *Aethia pygmaea* AVOCET, American, *Recurvirostra americana* BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, *Anser fabalis* Tundra, *Anser serrirostris* BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, *Camptostoma imberbe* BECARD, Rose-throated, *Pachyramphus aglaiae* BITTERN, American, *Botaurus lentiginosus* Black, *Ixobrychus flavicollis* Least, *Ixobrychus exilis* Schrenck's, *Ixobrychus eurhythmus* Yellow, *Ixobrychus sinensis* BLACK-HAWK, Common, *Buteogallus anthracinus* BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, *Euphagus cyanocephalus* Red-winged, *Agelaius phoeniceus* Rusty, *Euphagus carolinus* Tawny-shouldered, *Agelaius humeralis* Tricolored, *Agelaius tricolor* Yellow-headed, *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus* Yellow-shouldered, *Agelaius xanthomus* BLUEBIRD, Eastern, *Sialia sialis* Mountain, *Sialia currucoides* Western, *Sialia mexicana* BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, *Tarsiger cyanurus* BLUETHROAT, *Luscinia svecica* BOBOLINK, *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* BOOBY, Blue-footed, *Sula nebouxii* Brown, *Sula leucogaster* Masked, *Sula dactylatra* Red-footed, *Sula sula* BRAMBLING, *Fringilla montifringilla* BRANT, *Branta bernicla* BUFFLEHEAD, *Bucephala albeola* BULLFINCH, Eurasian, * Pyrrhula pyrrhula* Puerto Rican, *Loxigilla portoricensis* BUNTING, Blue, *Cyanocompsa parellina* Gray, *Emberiza variabilis* Indigo, *Passerina cyanea* Little, *Emberiza pusilla* Lark, *Calamospiza melanocorys* Lazuli, *Passerina amoena* McKay's, *Plectrophenax hyperboreus* Painted, *Passerina ciris* Pallas's, *Emberiza pallasi* Pine, *Emberiza leucocephalos* Reed, *Emberiza schoeniclus* Rustic, *Emberiza rustica* Snow, *Plectrophenax nivalis* Varied, *Passerina versicolor* Yellow-breasted, *Emberiza aureola* Yellow-browed, *Emberiza chrysophrys* Yellow-throated, *Emberiza elegans* BUSHTIT, *Psaltriparus minimus* CANVASBACK, *Aythya valisineria* CARACARA, Crested, *Caracara cheriway* CARDINAL, Northern, *Cardinalis cardinalis* CARIB, Green-throated, *Eulampis holosericeus* Purple-throated, *Eulampis jugularis* CATBIRD, Black, *Melanoptila glabrirostris* Gray, *Dumetella carolinensis* CHAFFINCH, Common, *Fringilla coelebs* CHAT, Yellow-breasted, *Icteria virens* CHICKADEE, Black-capped, *Poecile atricapillus* Boreal, * Poecile hudsonicus* Carolina, *Poecile carolinensis* Chestnut-backed, *Poecile rufescens* Gray-headed, *Poecile cinctus* Mexican, *Poecile sclateri* Mountain, *Poecile gambeli* CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, *Caprimulgus carolinensis* CONDOR, California, *Gymnogyps californianus* COOT, American, *Fulica americana* Caribbean, *Fulica caribaea* Eurasian, *Fulica atra* Hawaiian, *Fulica alai* CORMORANT, Brandt's, *Phalacrocorax penicillatus* Double-crested, *Phalacrocorax auritus* Great, *Phalacrocorax carbo* Little Pied, *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos* Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus* Pelagic, *Phalacrocorax pelagicus* Red-faced, *Phalacrocorax urile* COWBIRD, Bronzed, *Molothrus aeneus* Brown-headed, *Molothrus ater* Shiny, *Molothrus bonariensis* CRAKE, Corn, *Crex crex* Paint-billed, *Neocrex erythrops* Spotless, *Porzana tabuensis* Yellow-breasted, *Porzana flaviventer* CRANE *,* Common, *Grus grus* Sandhill, *Grus canadensis* Whooping, *Grus americana* CREEPER, Brown, *Certhia americana* Hawaii, *Oreomystis mana* CROSSBILL, Red, *Loxia curvirostra* White-winged, *Loxia leucoptera* CROW, American, *Corvus brachyrhynchos* Fish, *Corvus ossifragus* Hawaiian, *Corvus hawaiiensis* Mariana, *Corvus kubaryi* Northwestern, *Corvus caurinus* Tamaulipas, *Corvus imparatus* White-necked, *Corvus leucognaphalus* CUCKOO, Black-billed, *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* Common, *Cuculus canorus* Mangrove, *Coccyzus minor* Oriental, *Cuculus optatus* Yellow-billed, *Coccyzus americanus* CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, *Numenius tahitiensis* Eskimo, *Numenius borealis* Eurasian, *Numenius arquata* Far Eastern, *Numenius madagascariensis* Little, *Numenius minutus* Long-billed, *Numenius americanus* DICKCISSEL, *Spiza americana* DIPPER, American, *Cinclus mexicanus* DOTTEREL, Eurasian, *Charadrius morinellus* DOVE, Inca, *Columbina inca* Mourning, *Zenaida macroura* White-tipped, *Leptotila verreauxi* White-winged, *Zenaida asiatica* Zenaida, *Zenaida aurita* DOVEKIE, *Alle alle* DOWITCHER, Long-billed, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* Short-billed, *Limnodromus griseus* DUCK, American Black, *Anas rubripes* Eastern Spot-billed, *Anas zonorhyncha* Falcated, *Anas falcata* Harlequin, *Histrionicus histrionicus* Hawaiian, *Anas wyvilliana* Laysan, *Anas laysanensis* Long-tailed, *Clangula hyemalis* Masked, *Nomonyx dominicus* Mottled, *Anas fulvigula* Muscovy, *Cairina moschata* Pacific Black, *Anas superciliosa* Ring-necked, *Aythya collaris* Ruddy, *Oxyura jamaicensis* Tufted, *Aythya fuligula* Wood, *Aix sponsa* DUNLIN, *Calidris alpina* EAGLE, Bald, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* Golden, *Aquila chrysaetos* White-tailed, *Haliaeetus albicilla* EGRET, Cattle, *Bubulcus ibis* Chinese, *Egretta eulophotes* Great, *Ardea alba* Intermediate, *Mesophoyx intermedia* Little, *Egretta garzetta* Reddish, *Egretta rufescens* Snowy, *Egretta thula* EIDER, Common, *Somateria mollissima* King, *Somateria spectabilis* Spectacled, *Somateria fischeri* Steller's, *Polysticta stelleri* ELAENIA, Caribbean, *Elaenia martinica* Greenish, *Myiopagis viridicata* White-crested, * Elaenia albiceps* EMERALD, Puerto Rican, *Chlorostilbon maugaeus* EUPHONIA, Antillean, *Euphonia musica* FALCON, Aplomado, *Falco femoralis* Peregrine, *Falco peregrinus* Prairie, *Falco mexicanus* Red-footed, *Flaco vespertinus* FIELDFARE, *Turdus pilaris* FINCH, Cassin's, *Carpodacus cassinii* House, *Carpodacus mexicanus* Laysan, *Telespiza cantans* Nihoa, *Telespiza ultima* Purple, *Carpodacus purpureus* FLAMINGO, American, *Phoenicopterus ruber* FLICKER, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides* Northern, *Colaptes auratus* FLYCATCHER, Acadian, *Empidonax virescens* Alder, *Empidonax alnorum* Ash-throated, *Myiarchus cinerascens* Asian Brown, *Muscicapa dauurica* Brown-crested, *Myiarchus tyrannulus* Buff-breasted, *Empidonax fulvifrons* Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis* Crowned Slaty, * Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus* Dark-sided, *Muscicapa sibirica* Dusky, *Empidonax oberholseri* Dusky-capped, *Myiarchus tuberculifer* Fork-tailed, *Tyrannus savana* Gray, *Empidonax wrightii* Gray-streaked, *Muscicapa griseisticta* Great Crested, *Myiarchus crinitus* Hammond's, *Empidonax hammondii* La Sagra's, *Myiarchus sagrae* Least, *Empidonax minimus* Mugimaki, *Ficedula mugimaki* Narcissus, *Ficedula narcissina* Nutting's, *Myiarchus nuttingi* Olive-sided, *Contopus cooperi* Pacific-slope, *Empidonax difficilis* Piratic, *Legatus leucophalus* Puerto Rican, *Myiarchus antillarum* Scissor-tailed, *Tyrannus forficatus* Social, *Myiozetetes similis* Spotted, *Muscicapa striata* Sulphur-bellied, *Myiodynastes luteiventris* Taiga, *Ficedula albicilla* Tufted, *Mitrephanes phaeocercus* Variegated, *Empidonomus varius* Vermilion, *Pyrocephalus rubinus* Willow, *Empidonax traillii* Yellow-bellied, *Empidonax flaviventris* FOREST-FALCON, Collared, *Micrastur semitorquatus* FRIGATEBIRD, Great, *Fregata minor* Lesser, *Fregata ariel* Magnificent, *Fregata magnificens* FROG-HAWK, Gray, *Accipiter soloensis* FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus* Many-colored, *Ptilinopus perousii* Mariana, *Ptilinopus roseicapilla* FULMAR, Northern, *Fulmarus glacialis* GADWALL, *Anas strepera* GALLINULE, Azure, *Porphyrio flavirostris* Purple, *Porphyrio martinica* GANNET, Northern, *Morus bassanus* GARGANEY, *Anas querquedula* GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, *Polioptila nigriceps* Black-tailed, *Polioptila melanura* Blue-gray, *Polioptila caerulea* California, *Polioptila californica* GODWIT, Bar-tailed, *Limosa lapponica* Black-tailed, *Limosa limosa* Hudsonian, *Limosa haemastica* Marbled, *Limosa fedoa* GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, *Pluvialis dominica* European, *Pluvialis apricaria* Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva* GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, *Bucephala islandica* Common, *Bucephala clangula* GOLDFINCH, American, *Spinus tristis* Lawrence's, *Spinus lawrencei* Lesser, *Spinus psaltria* GOOSE, Barnacle, *Branta leucopsis* Canada, *Branta canadensis* (including Cackling Goose, *Branta hutchinsii* ) Emperor, *Chen canagica* Greater White-fronted, *Anser albifrons* Hawaiian, *Branta sandvicensis* Lesser White-fronted, *Anser erythropus* Ross's, *Chen rossii* Snow, *Chen caerulescens* GOSHAWK, Northern, *Accipiter gentilis* GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, *Quiscalus major* Common, *Quiscalus quiscula* Great-tailed, *Quiscalus mexicanus* Greater Antillean, *Quiscalus niger* GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, *Locustella ochotensis* GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, *Tiaris bicolor* Yellow-faced, *Tiaris olivaceus* GREBE, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii* Eared, *Podiceps nigricollis* Horned, *Podiceps auritus* Least, *Tachybaptus dominicus* Pied-billed, *Podilymbus podiceps* Red-necked, *Podiceps grisegena* Western, *Aechmophorus occidentalis* GREENFINCH, Oriental, *Chloris sinica* GREENSHANK, Common, *Tringa nebularia* Nordmann's, *Tringa guttifer* GROSBEAK, Black-headed, *Pheucticus melanocephalus* Blue, *Passerina caerulea* Crimson-collared, *Rhodothraupis celaeno* Evening, *Coccothraustes vespertinus* Pine, *Pinicola enucleator* Rose-breasted, *Pheucticus ludovicianus* Yellow, *Pheucticus chrysopeplus* GROUND-DOVE, Common, *Columbina passerina* Friendly, *Gallicolumba stairi* Ruddy, *Columbina talpacoti* White-throated, *Gallicolumba xanthonura* GUILLEMOT, Black, *Cepphus grylle* Pigeon, *Cepphus columba* GULL, Belcher's, *Larus belcheri* Black-headed, *Chroicocephalus ridibundus* Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris* Bonaparte's, *Chroicocephalus philadelphia* California, *Larus californicus* Franklin's, *Leucophaeus pipixcan* Glaucous, *Larus hyperboreus* Glaucous-winged, *Larus glaucescens* Gray-hooded, *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus* Great Black-backed, *Larus marinus* Heermann's, *Larus heermanni* Herring, *Larus argentatus* Iceland, *Larus glaucoides* Ivory, *Pagophila eburnea* Kelp, *Larus dominicanus* Laughing, *Leucophaeus atricilla* Lesser Black-backed, *Larus fuscus* Little, *Hydrocoloeus minutus* Mew, *Larus canus* Ring-billed, *Larus delawarensis* Ross's, *Rhodostethia rosea* Sabine's, *Xema sabini* Slaty-backed, *Larus schistisagus* Swallow-tailed, *Creagrus furcatus* Thayer's, *Larus thayeri* Western, *Larus occidentalis* Yellow-footed, *Larus livens* Yellow-legged, *Larus michahellis* GYRFALCON, *Falco rusticolus* HARRIER, Northern, *Circus cyaneus* HAWFINCH, *Coccothraustes coccothraustes* HAWK, Broad-winged, *Buteo platypterus* Cooper's, *Accipiter cooperii* Crane, *Geranospiza caerulescens* Ferruginous, *Buteo regalis* Gray, *Buteo nitidus* Harris's, *Parabuteo unicinctus* Hawaiian, *Buteo solitarius* Red-shouldered, *Buteo lineatus* Red-tailed, *Buteo jamaicensis* Roadside, *Buteo magnirostris* Rough-legged, *Buteo lagopus* Sharp-shinned, *Accipiter striatus* Short-tailed, *Buteo brachyurus* Swainson's, *Buteo swainsoni* White-tailed, *Buteo albicaudatus* Zone-tailed, *Buteo albonotatus* HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, *Cuculus fugax* HAWK-OWL, Brown, *Ninox scutulata* HERON, Gray, *Ardea cinerea* Great Blue, *Ardea herodias* Green, *Butorides virescens* Little Blue, *Egretta caerulea* Tricolored, *Egretta tricolor* HOBBY, Eurasian, *Falco subbuteo* HOOPOE, Eurasian, *Upupa epops* HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, *Delichon urbicum* HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, *Selasphorus sasin* Anna's, *Calypte anna* Antillean Crested, *Orthorhyncus cristatus* Berylline, *Amazilia beryllina* Black-chinned, *Archilochus alexandri* Blue-throated, *Lampornis clemenciae* Broad-billed, *Cynanthus latirostris* Broad-tailed, *Selasphorus platycercus* Buff-bellied, *Amazilia yucatanensis* Bumblebee, *Atthis heloisa* Calliope, *Stellula calliope* Cinnamon, *Amazilia rutila* Costa's, *Calypte costae* Lucifer, *Calothorax lucifer* Magnificent, *Eugenes fulgens* Ruby-throated, *Archilochus colubris* Rufous, *Selasphorus rufus* Violet-crowned, *Amazilia violiceps* White-eared, *Hylocharis leucotis* Xantus's, *Hylocharis xantusii* IBIS, Glossy, *Plegadis falcinellus* Scarlet, *Eudocimus ruber* White, *Eudocimus albus* White-faced, *Plegadis chihi* IIWI, *Vestiaria coccinea* IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, *Ducula pacifica* JABIRU, *Jabiru mycteria* JACANA, Northern, *Jacana spinosa* JAEGER, Long-tailed, *Stercorarius longicaudus* Parasitic, *Stercorarius parasiticus* Pomarine, *Stercorarius pomarinus* JAY, Blue, *Cyanocitta cristata* Brown, *Psilorhinus morio* Gray, *Perisoreus canadensis* Green, *Cyanocorax yncas* Mexican, *Aphelocoma ultramarina* Pinyon, *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus* Steller's, *Cyanocitta stelleri* JUNCO, Dark-eyed, *Junco hyemalis* Yellow-eyed, *Junco phaeonotus* KAKAWAHIE, *Paroreomyza flammea* KAMAO, *Myadestes myadestinus* KESTREL, American, *Falco sparverius* Eurasian, *Falco tinnunculus* KILLDEER, *Charadrius vociferus* KINGBIRD, Cassin's, *Tyrannus vociferans* Couch's, *Tyrannus couchii* Eastern, *Tyrannus tyrannus* Gray, *Tyrannus dominicensis* Loggerhead, *Tyrannus caudifasciatus* Thick-billed, *Tyrannus crassirostris* Tropical, *Tyrannus melancholicus* Western, *Tyrannus verticalis* KINGFISHER, Belted, *Megaceryle alcyon* Collared, *Todirhamphus chloris* Green, *Chloroceryle americana* Micronesian, *Todirhamphus cinnamominus* Ringed, *Megaceryle torquata* KINGLET, Golden-crowned, *Regulus satrapa* Ruby-crowned, *Regulus calendula* KISKADEE, Great, *Pitangus sulphuratus* KITE, Black, *Milvus migrans* Hook-billed, *Chondrohierax uncinatus* Mississippi, *Ictinia mississippiensis* Snail, *Rostrhamus sociabilis* Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus* White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus* KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, *Rissa tridactyla* Red-legged, *Rissa brevirostris* KNOT, Great, *Calidris tenuirostris* Red, *Calidris canutus* LAPWING, Northern, *Vanellus vanellus* LARK, Horned, *Eremophila alpestris* Sky, *Alauda arvensis* LEAF-WARBLER, Pallas's, *Phylloscopus proregulus* LIMPKIN, *Aramus guarauna* LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, *Coccyzus vieilloti* LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, *Calcarius ornatus* Lapland, *Calcarius lapponicus* McCown's, *Rhynchophanes mccownii* Smith's, *Calcarius pictus* LOON, Arctic, *Gavia arctica* Common, *Gavia immer* Pacific, *Gavia pacifica* Red-throated, *Gavia stellata* Yellow-billed, *Gavia adamsii* MAGPIE, Black-billed, *Pica hudsonia* Yellow-billed, *Pica nuttalli* MALLARD, *Anas platyrhynchos* MANGO, Antillean, *Anthracothorax dominicus* Green, *Anthracothorax viridis* Green-breasted, *Anthracothorax prevostii* MARTIN, Brown-chested, *Progne tapera* Caribbean, *Progne dominicensis* Cuban, *Progne cryptoleuca* Gray-breasted, *Progne chalybea* Purple, *Progne subis* Southern, *Progne elegans* MEADOWLARK, Eastern, *Sturnella magna* Western, *Sturnella neglecta* MERGANSER, Common, *Mergus merganser* Hooded, *Lophodytes cucullatus* Red-breasted, *Mergus serrator* MERLIN, *Falco columbarius* MILLERBIRD, *Acrocephalus familiaris* MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, *Mimus gundlachii* Blue, *Melanotis caerulescens* Northern, *Mimus polyglottos* MOORHEN, Common, *Gallinula chloropus* MURRE, Common, *Uria aalge* Thick-billed, *Uria lomvia* MURRELET, Ancient, *Synthliboramphus antiquus* Craveri's, *Synthliboramphus craveri* Kittlitz's, *Brachyramphus brevirostris* Long-billed, *Brachyramphus perdix* Marbled, *Brachyramphus marmoratus* Xantus's, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, *Hirundapus caudacutus* NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, *Nycticorax nycticorax* Japanese, *Gorsachius goisagi* Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus* Yellow-crowned, *Nyctanassa violacea* NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, *Chordeiles gundlachii* Common, *Chordeiles minor* Lesser, *Chordeiles acutipennis* NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, *Catharus mexicanus* Orange-billed, * Catharus aurantiirostris * NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, *Caprimulgus ridgwayi* Gray, *Caprimulgus indicus* Puerto Rican, *Caprimulgus noctitherus* NODDY, Black, *Anous minutus* Blue-gray, *Procelsterna cerulea* Brown, *Anous stolidus* NUKUPUU, *Hemignathus lucidus* NUTCRACKER, Clark's, *Nucifraga columbiana* NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, *Sitta pusilla* Pygmy, *Sitta pygmaea* Red-breasted, *Sitta canadensis* White-breasted, *Sitta carolinensis* OLOMAO, *Myadestes lanaiensis* OMAO, *Myadestes obscurus* ORIOLE, Altamira, *Icterus gularis* Audubon's, *Icterus graduacauda* Baltimore, *Icterus galbula* Black-vented, *Icterus wagleri* Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii* Hooded, *Icterus cucullatus* Orchard, *Icterus spurius* Puerto Rican, * Icterus portoricensis* Scott's, *Icterus parisorum* Streak-backed, *Icterus pustulatus* OSPREY, *Pandion haliaetus* OU, *Psittirostra psittacea* OVENBIRD, *Seiurus aurocapilla* OWL, Barn, *Tyto alba* Barred, * Strix varia* Boreal, *Aegolius funereus* Burrowing, *Athene cunicularia* Elf, *Micrathene whitneyi* Flammulated, *Otus flammeolus* Great Gray, *Strix nebulosa* Great Horned, *Bubo virginianus* Long-eared, *Asio otus* Mottled, *Ciccaba virgata* Northern Hawk, *Surnia ulula* Northern Saw-whet, *Aegolius acadicus* Short-eared, *Asio flammeus* Snowy, *Bubo scandiacus* Spotted, *Strix occidentalis* Stygian, *Asio stygius* OYSTERCATCHER, American, *Haematopus palliatus* Black, *Haematopus bachmani* Eurasian, *Haematopus ostralegus* PALILA, *Loxioides bailleui* PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, *Tachornis phoenicobia* PARROTBILL, Maui, * Pseudonestor xanthophrys* PARULA, Northern, *Parula americana* Tropical, *Parula pitiayumi* PAURAQUE, Common, *Nyctidromus albicollis* PELICAN, American White, *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* Brown, *Pelecanus occidentalis* PETREL, Bermuda, *Pterodroma cahow* Black-capped, *Pterodroma hasitata* Black-winged, *Pterodroma nigripennis* Bonin, *Pterodroma hypoleuca* Bulwer's, *Bulweria bulwerii* Cook's, *Pterodroma cookii* Gould's, *Pterodroma leucoptera* Great-winged, *Pterodroma macroptera* Hawaiian, *Pterodroma sandwichensis* Herald, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* Jouanin's, *Bulweria fallax* Juan Fernandez, *Pterodroma externa* Kermadec, *Pterodroma neglecta* Mottled, *Pterodroma inexpectata* Murphy's, *Pterodroma ultima* Parkinson's, *Procellaria parkinsoni* Phoenix, *Pterodroma alba* Stejneger's, *Pterodroma longirostris* Tahiti, *Pterodroma rostrata* White-necked *, Pterodroma cervicalis* PEWEE, Cuban, *Contopus caribaeus* Greater, *Contopus pertinax* Hispaniolan, *Contopus hispaniolensis* Lesser Antillean, *Contopus latirostris* PHAINOPEPLA, *Phainopepla nitens* PHALAROPE, Red, *Phalaropus fulicarius* Red-necked, *Phalaropus lobatus* Wilson's, *Phalaropus tricolor* PHOEBE, Black, *Sayornis nigricans* Eastern, *Sayornis phoebe* Say's, *Sayornis saya* PIGEON, Band-tailed, *Patagioenas fasciata* Plain, *Patagioenas inornata* Red-billed, *Patagioenas flavirostris* Scaly-naped, *Patagioenas squamosa* White-crowned, *Patagioenas leucocephala* PINTAIL, Northern, *Anas acuta* White-cheeked, *Anas bahamensis* PIPIT, American, *Anthus rubescens* Olive-backed, *Anthus hodgsoni* Pechora, *Anthus gustavi* Red-throated, *Anthus cervinus* Sprague's, *Anthus spragueii* Tree, *Anthus trivialis* PLOVER, Black-bellied, *Pluvialis squatarola* Collared, *Charadrius collaris* Common Ringed, *Charadrius hiaticula* Little Ringed, *Charadrius dubius* Mountain, *Charadrius montanus* Piping, *Charadrius melodus* Semipalmated, *Charadrius semipalmatus* Snowy, *Charadrius alexandrinus* Wilson's, *Charadrius wilsonia* POCHARD, Baer's, *Aythya baeri* Common, *Aythya ferina* POND-HERON, Chinese, *Ardeola bacchus* POORWILL, Common, *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* POO-ULI, *Melamprosops phaeosoma* PUAIOHI, *Myadestes palmeri* PUFFIN, Atlantic, *Fratercula arctica* Horned, *Fratercula corniculata* Tufted, *Fratercula cirrhata* PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, *Glaucidium brasilianum* Northern, *Glaucidium gnoma* PYRRHULOXIA, *Cardinalis sinuatus* QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, *Geotrygon mystacea* Key West, *Geotrygon chrysia* Ruddy, *Geotrygon montana* QUETZEL, Eared, *Euptilotis neoxenus* RAIL, Black, *Laterallus jamaicensis* Buff-banded, *Gallirallus philippensis* Clapper, *Rallus longirostris* Guam, *Gallirallus owstoni* King, *Rallus elegans* Spotted, *Pardirallus maculatus* Virginia, *Rallus limicola* Yellow, *Coturnicops noveboracensis* RAVEN, Chihuahuan, *Corvus cryptoleucus* Common, *Corvus corax* RAZORBILL, *Alca torda* REDHEAD, *Aythya americana* REDPOLL, Common, *Acanthis flammea* Hoary, *Acanthis hornemanni* REDSHANK, Spotted, *Tringa erythropus* REDSTART, American, *Setophaga ruticilla* Painted, *Myioborus pictus* Slate-throated, *Myioborus miniatus* REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, *Acrocephalus luscinia* REEF-EGRET, Pacific, *Egretta sacra* REEF-HERON, Western, *Egretta gularis* ROADRUNNER, Greater, *Geococcyx californianus* ROBIN, American, *Turdus migratorius* Rufous-backed, *Turdus rufopalliatus* Rufous-tailed, * Luscinia sibilans* Siberian Blue, *Luscinia cyane* ROCK-THRUSH, Blue, *Monticola solitarius* ROSEFINCH, Common, *Carpodacus erythrinus* ROSY-FINCH, Black, *Leucosticte atrata* Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis* Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, *Luscinia calliope* RUFF, *Philomachus pugnax* SANDERLING, *Calidris alba* SANDPIPER, Baird's, *Calidris bairdii* Broad-billed, *Limicola falcinellus* Buff-breasted, *Tryngites subruficollis* Common, *Actitis hypoleucos* Curlew, *Calidris ferruginea* Green, *Tringa ochropus* Least, *Calidris minutilla* Marsh, *Tringa stagnatilis* Pectoral, *Calidris melanotos* Purple, *Calidris maritima* Rock, *Calidris ptilocnemis* Semipalmated, *Calidris pusilla* Sharp-tailed, *Calidris acuminata* Solitary, *Tringa solitaria* Spoon-billed, *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus* Spotted, *Actitis macularius* Stilt, *Calidris himantopus* Terek, *Xenus cinereus* Upland, *Bartramia longicauda* Western, *Calidris mauri* White-rumped, *Calidris fuscicollis* Wood, *Tringa glareola* SAND-PLOVER, Greater, *Charadrius leschenaultii* Lesser, *Charadrius mongolus* SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, *Sphyrapicus ruber* Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* Williamson's, *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* Yellow-bellied, *Sphyrapicus varius* SCAUP, Greater, *Aythya marila* Lesser, *Aythya affinis* SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, *Otus sunia* SCOTER, Black, *Melanitta americana* Surf, *Melanitta perspicillata* White-winged, *Melanitta fusca* SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, *Megascops asio* Puerto Rican, *Megascops nudipes* Western, *Megascops kennicottii* Whiskered, *Megascops trichopsis* SCRUB-JAY, Florida, *Aphelocoma coerulescens* Island, *Aphelocoma insularis* Western, *Aphelocoma californica* SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, *Haliaeetus pelagicus* SEEDEATER, White-collared, *Sporophila torqueola* SHEARWATER, Audubon's, *Puffinus lherminieri* Black-vented, *Puffinus opisthomelas* Buller's, *Puffinus bulleri* Cape Verde, *Calonectris edwardsii* Christmas, *Puffinus nativitatis* Cory's, *Calonectris diomedea* Flesh-footed, *Puffinus carneipes* Great, *Puffinus gravis* Little, *Puffinus assimilis* Manx, *Puffinus puffinus* Pink-footed, *Puffinus creatopus* Short-tailed, *Puffinus tenuirostris* Sooty, *Puffinus griseus* Streaked, *Calonectris leucomelas* Townsend's, *Puffinus auricularis* Wedge-tailed, *Puffinus pacificus* SHOVELER, Northern, *Anas clypeata* SHRIKE, Brown, *Lanius cristatus* Loggerhead, *Lanius ludovicianus* Northern, *Lanius excubitor* SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, *Ptilogonys cinereus* SISKIN, Eurasian, *Spinus spinus* Pine, *Spinus pinus* SKIMMER, Black, *Rynchops niger* SKUA, Great, *Stercorarius skua* South Polar, *Stercorarius maccormicki* SMEW, *Mergellus albellus* SNIPE, Common, *Gallinago gallinago* Jack, *Lymnocryptes minimus* Pin-tailed, *Gallinago stenura* Swinhoe's, *Gallinago megala* Wilson's, *Gallinago delicata* SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, *Myadestes townsendi* SORA, *Porzana carolina* SPARROW, American Tree, *Spizella arborea* Bachman's, *Peucaea aestivalis* Baird's, *Ammodramus bairdii* Black-chinned, *Spizella atrogularis* Black-throated, *Amphispiza bilineata* Botteri's, *Peucaea botterii* Brewer's, *Spizella breweri* Cassin's, *Peucaea cassinii* Chipping, *Spizella passerina* Clay-colored, *Spizella pallida* Field, *Spizella pusilla* Five-striped, *Amphispiza quinquestriata* Fox, *Passerella iliaca* Golden-crowned, *Zonotrichia atricapilla* Grasshopper, *Ammodramus savannarum* Harris's, *Zonotrichia querula* Henslow's, *Ammodramus henslowii* Lark, *Chondestes grammacus* Le Conte's, *Ammodramus leconteii* Lincoln's, *Melospiza lincolnii* Nelson's, *Ammodramus nelsoni* Olive, *Arremonops rufivirgatus* Rufous-crowned, *Aimophila ruficeps* Rufous-winged, *Peucaea carpalis* Sage, *Amphispiza belli* Saltmarsh, *Ammodramus caudacutus* Savannah, *Passerculus sandwichensis* Seaside, *Ammodramus maritimus* Song *, Melospiza melodia* Swamp, *Melospiza georgiana* Vesper, *Pooecetes gramineus* White-crowned, *Zonotrichia leucophrys* White-throated, *Zonotrichia albicollis* Worthen's, *Spizella wortheni* SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, *Accipiter gularis* SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis* Western, *Spindalis zena* SPOONBILL, Roseate, *Platalea ajaja* STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, *Sturnus philippensis* White-cheeked, *Sturnus cineraceus* STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, *Heliomaster constantii* STILT, Black-necked, *Himantopus mexicanus* Black-winged, *Himantopus himantopus* STINT, Little, *Calidris minuta* Long-toed, *Calidris subminuta* Red-necked, *Calidris ruficollis* Temminck's, *Calidris temminckii* STONECHAT, *Saxicola torquatus* STORK, Wood, *Mycteria americana* STORM-PETREL, Ashy, *Oceanodroma homochroa* Band-rumped, *Oceanodroma castro* Black, *Oceanodroma melania* Black-bellied, *Fregetta tropica* Fork-tailed, *Oceanodroma furcata* Leach's, *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* Least, *Oceanodroma microsoma* Matsudaira's, *Oceanodroma matsudairae* Polynesian, *Nesofregetta fuliginosa* Ringed, *Oceanodroma hornbyi* Swinhoe's, *Oceanodroma monorhis* Tristram's, *Oceanodroma tristrami* Wedge-rumped, *Oceanodroma tethys* White-faced, *Pelagodroma marina* White-bellied, *Fregetta grallaria* Wilson's, *Oceanites oceanicus* SURFBIRD, *Aphriza virgata* SWALLOW, Bahama, *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis* Bank, *Riparia riparia* Barn, *Hirundo rustica* Cave, *Petrochelidon fulva* Cliff, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* Mangrove, *Tachycineta albilinea* Northern Rough-winged, *Stelgidopteryx serripennis* Tree, *Tachycineta bicolor* Violet-green, *Tachycineta thalassina* SWAMPHEN, Purple, *Porphyrio porphyrio* SWAN, Trumpeter, *Cygnus buccinator* Tundra, *Cygnus columbianus* Whooper, *Cygnus cygnus* SWIFT, Alpine, *Apus melba* Black, *Cypseloides niger* Chimney, *Chaetura pelagica* Common, *Apus apus* Fork-tailed, *Apus pacificus* Short-tailed, *Chaetura brachyura* Vaux's, *Chaetura vauxi* White-collared, *Streptoprocne zonaris* White-throated, *Aeronautes saxatalis* SWIFTLET, Mariana, *Aerodramus bartschi* White-rumped, *Aerodramus spodiopygius* TANAGER, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata* Hepatic, *Piranga flava* Puerto Rican, *Nesospingus speculiferus* Scarlet, *Piranga olivacea* Summer, *Piranga rubra* Western, *Piranga ludoviciana* TATTLER, Gray-tailed, *Tringa brevipes* Wandering, *Tringa incana* TEAL, Baikal, *Anas formosa* Blue-winged, *Anas discors* Cinnamon, *Anas cyanoptera* Green-winged, *Anas crecca* TERN, Aleutian, *Onychoprion aleuticus* Arctic, *Sterna paradisaea* Black, *Chlidonias niger* Black-naped, *Sterna sumatrana* Bridled, *Onychoprion anaethetus* Caspian, *Hydroprogne caspia* Common, *Sterna hirundo* Elegant, *Thalasseus elegans* Forster's, *Sterna forsteri* Gray-backed, *Onychoprion lunatus* Great Crested, *Thalasseus bergii* Gull-billed, *Gelochelidon nilotica* Large-billed, *Phaetusa simplex* Least, *Sternula antillarum* Little, *Sternula albifrons* Roseate, *Sterna dougallii* Royal, *Thalesseus maximus* Sandwich, *Thalesseus sandvicensis* Sooty, *Onychoprion fuscatus* Whiskered, *Chlidonias hybrida* White, *Gygis alba* White-winged, *Chlidonias leucopterus* THRASHER, Bendire's, *Toxostoma bendirei* Brown, *Toxostoma rufum* California, *Toxostoma redivivum* Crissal, *Toxostoma crissale* Curve-billed, *Toxostoma curvirostre* Le Conte's, *Toxostoma lecontei* Long-billed, *Toxostoma longirostre* Pearly-eyed, *Margarops fuscatus* Sage, *Oreoscoptes montanus* THRUSH, Aztec, *Ridgwayia pinicola* Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli* Clay-colored, *Turdus grayi* Dusky, *Turdus naumanni* Eyebrowed, *Turdus obscurus* Gray-cheeked, *Catharus minimus* Hermit, *Catharus guttatus* Red-legged, *Turdus plumbeus* Swainson's, *Catharus ustulatus* Varied, *Ixoreus naevius* White-throated, *Turdus assimilis* Wood, *Hylocichla mustelina* TITMOUSE, Black-crested, *Baeolophus atricristatus* Bridled, *Baeolophus wollweberi* Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi* Oak, *Baeolophus inornatus* Tufted, *Baeolophus bicolor* TITYRA, Masked, *Tityra semifasciata* TOWHEE, Abert's, *Melozone aberti* California, *Melozone crissalis* Canyon, *Melozone fusca* Eastern, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Green-tailed, *Pipilo chlorurus* Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus* TROGON, Elegant, *Trogon elegans* TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, *Phaethon aethereus* Red-tailed, *Phaethon rubricauda* White-tailed, *Phaethon lepturus* TURNSTONE, Black, *Arenaria melanocephala* Ruddy, *Arenaria interpres* TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, *Streptopelia orientalis* VEERY, *Catharus fuscescens* VERDIN, *Auriparus flaviceps* VIOLETEAR, Green, *Colibri thalassinus* VIREO, Bell's, *Vireo bellii* Black-capped, *Vireo atricapillus* Black-whiskered, *Vireo altiloquus* Blue-headed, *Vireo solitarius* Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii* Gray, *Vireo vicinior* Hutton's, *Vireo huttoni* Philadelphia, *Vireo philadelphicus* Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus* Puerto Rican, *Vireo latimeri* Red-eyed, *Vireo olivaceus* Thick-billed, *Vireo crassirostris* Warbling, *Vireo gilvus* White-eyed, *Vireo griseus* Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis* Yellow-throated, *Vireo flavifrons* Yucatan, *Vireo magister* VULTURE, Black, *Coragyps atratus* Turkey, *Cathartes aura* WAGTAIL, Citrine, *Motacilla citreola* Eastern Yellow, *Motacilla tschutschensis* Gray, *Motacilla cinerea* White, *Motacilla alba* WARBLER, Adelaide's, *Dendroica adelaidae* Arctic, *Phylloscopus borealis* Bachman's, *Vermivora bachmanii* Bay-breasted, *Dendroica castanea* Black-and-white, *Mniotilta varia* Black-throated Blue, *Dendroica caerulescens* Black-throated Gray, *Dendroica nigrescens* Black-throated Green, *Dendroica virens* Blackburnian, *Dendroica fusca* Blackpoll, *Dendroica striata* Blue-winged, *Vermivora cyanoptera* Canada, *Wilsonia canadensis* Cape May, *Dendroica tigrina* Cerulean, *Dendroica cerulea* Chestnut-sided, *Dendroica pensylvanica* Colima, *Oreothlypis crissalis* Connecticut, *Oporornis agilis* Crescent-chested, *Oreothlypis superciliosa* Dusky, *Phylloscopus fuscatus* Elfin-woods, *Dendroica angelae* Fan-tailed, *Euthlypis lachrymosa* Golden-cheeked, *Dendroica chrysoparia* Golden-crowned, *Basileuterus culicivorus* Golden-winged, *Vermivora chrysoptera* Grace's, *Dendroica graciae* Hermit, *Dendroica occidentalis* Hooded, *Wilsonia citrina* Kentucky, *Oporornis formosus* Kirtland's, *Dendroica kirtlandii* Lanceolated, *Locustella lanceolata* Lucy's, *Oreothlypis luciae* MacGillivray's, *Oporornis tolmiei* Magnolia, *Dendroica magnolia* Mourning, *Oporornis philadelphia* Nashville, *Oreothlypis ruficapilla* Olive, *Peucedramus taeniatus* Orange-crowned, *Oreothlypis celata* Palm, *Dendroica palmarum* Pine, *Dendroica pinus* Prairie, *Dendroica discolor* Prothonotary, *Protonotaria citrea* Red-faced, *Cardellina rubrifrons* Rufous-capped, *Basileuterus rufifrons* Sedge, * Acrocephalus schoenobaenus* Swainson's, *Limnothlypis swainsonii* Tennessee, *Oreothlypis peregrina* Townsend's, *Dendroica townsendi* Virginia's, *Oreothlypis virginiae* Willow, *Phylloscopus trochilus* Wilson's, *Wilsonia pusilla* Wood, *Phylloscopus sibilatrix* Worm-eating, *Helmitheros vermivorum* Yellow, *Dendroica petechia* Yellow-browed, *Phylloscopus inornatus* Yellow-rumped, *Dendroica coronata* Yellow-throated, *Dendroica dominica* WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, *Parkesia motacilla* Northern, *Parkesia noveboracensis* WAXWING, Bohemian, *Bombycilla garrulus* Cedar, *Bombycilla cedrorum* WHEATEAR, Northern, *Oenanthe oenanthe* WHIMBREL, *Numenius phaeopus* WHIP-POOR-WILL, Eastern, *Caprimulgus vociferus* Mexican, *Caprimulgus arizonae* WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, *Dendrocygna autumnalis* Fulvous, *Dendrocygna bicolor* West Indian, *Dendrocygna arborea* WHITETHROAT, Lesser, *Sylvia curruca* WIGEON, American, *Anas americana* Eurasian, *Anas penelope* WILLET, *Tringa semipalmata* WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, *Contopus virens* Western, *Contopus sordidulus* WOODCOCK, American, *Scolopax minor* Eurasian, *Scolopax rusticola* WOODPECKER, Acorn, *Melanerpes formicivorus* American Three-toed, *Picoides dorsalis* Arizona, *Picoides arizonae* Black-backed, *Picoides arcticus* Downy, *Picoides pubescens* Gila, *Melanerpes uropygialis* Golden-fronted, *Melanerpes aurifrons* Great Spotted, *Dendrocopos major* Hairy, *Picoides villosus* Ivory-billed, *Campephilus principalis* Ladder-backed, *Picoides scalaris* Lewis's, *Melanerpes lewis* Nuttall's, *Picoides nuttallii* Pileated, *Dryocopus pileatus* Puerto Rican, *Melanerpes portoricensis* Red-bellied, *Melanerpes carolinus* Red-cockaded, *Picoides borealis* Red-headed, *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* White-headed, *Picoides albolarvatus* WOODSTAR, Bahama, *Calliphlox evelynae* WREN, Bewick's *Thryomanes bewickii* Cactus, *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus* Canyon, *Catherpes mexicanus* Carolina, *Thryothorus ludovicianus* House, *Troglodytes aedon* Marsh, *Cistothorus palustris* Pacific, *Troglodytes pacificus* Rock, *Salpinctes obsoletus* Sedge, *Cistothorus platensis* Sinaloa, * Thryothorus sinaloa* Winter, *Troglodytes hiemalis* WRENTIT, *Chamaea fasciata* WRYNECK, Eurasian, *Jynx torquilla* YELLOWLEGS, Greater, *Tringa melanoleuca* Lesser, *Tringa flavipes* YELLOWTHROAT, Common, *Geothlypis trichas* Gray-crowned, *Geothlypis poliocephala*
(2)*Taxonomic listing.* Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE *Dendrocygna autumnalis,* Black-bellied Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna arborea,* West Indian Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna bicolor,* Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily ANSERINAE *Anser fabalis,* Taiga Bean-Goose *Anser serrirostris,* Tundra Bean-Goose *Anser albifrons,* Greater White-fronted Goose *Anser erythropus,* Lesser White-fronted Goose *Chen canagica,* Emperor Goose *Chen caerulescens,* Snow Goose *Chen rossii,* Ross's Goose *Branta bernicla,* Brant *Branta leucopsis,* Barnacle Goose *Branta canadensis,* Canada Goose ** (including *Branta hutchinsii,* Cackling Goose) *Branta sandvicensis,* Hawaiian Goose *Cygnus buccinator,* Trumpeter Swan *Cygnus columbianus,* Tundra Swan *Cygnus cygnus,* Whooper Swan Subfamily ANATINAE *Cairina moschata,* Muscovy Duck *Aix sponsa,* Wood Duck *Anas strepera,* Gadwall *Anas falcata,* Falcated Duck *Anas penelope,* Eurasian Wigeon *Anas americana,* American Wigeon *Anas rubripes,* American Black Duck *Anas platyrhynchos,* Mallard *Anas fulvigula,* Mottled Duck *Anas wyvilliana,* Hawaiian Duck *Anas laysanensis,* Laysan Duck *Anas zonorhyncha,* Eastern Spot-billed Duck *Anas superciliosa,* Pacific Black Duck *Anas discors,* Blue-winged Teal *Anas cyanoptera,* Cinnamon Teal *Anas clypeata,* Northern Shoveler *Anas bahamensis,* White-cheeked Pintail *Anas acuta,* Northern Pintail *Anas querquedula,* Garganey *Anas formosa,* Baikal Teal *Anas crecca,* Green-winged Teal *Aythya valisineria,* Canvasback *Aythya americana,* Redhead *Aythya ferina,* Common Pochard *Aythya baeri,* Baer's Pochard *Aythya collaris,* Ring-necked Duck *Aythya fuligula,* Tufted Duck *Aythya marila,* Greater Scaup *Aythya affinis,* Lesser Scaup *Polysticta stelleri,* Steller's Eider *Somateria fischeri,* Spectacled Eider *Somateria spectabilis,* King Eider *Somateria mollissima,* Common Eider *Histrionicus histrionicus,* Harlequin Duck *Melanitta perspicillata,* Surf Scoter *Melanitta fusca,* White-winged Scoter *Melanitta americana,* Black Scoter *Clangula hyemalis,* Long-tailed Duck *Bucephala albeola,* Bufflehead *Bucephala clangula,* Common Goldeneye *Bucephala islandica,* Barrow's Goldeneye *Mergellus albellus,* Smew *Lophodytes cucullatus,* Hooded Merganser *Mergus merganser,* Common Merganser *Mergus serrator,* Red-breasted Merganser *Nomonyx dominicus,* Masked Duck *Oxyura jamaicensis,* Ruddy Duck Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE *Gavia stellata,* Red-throated Loon *Gavia arctica,* Arctic Loon *Gavia pacifica,* Pacific Loon *Gavia immer,* Common Loon *Gavia adamsii,* Yellow-billed Loon Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE *Tachybaptus dominicus,* Least Grebe *Podilymbus podiceps,* Pied-billed Grebe *Podiceps auritus,* Horned Grebe *Podiceps grisegena,* Red-necked Grebe *Podiceps nigricollis,* Eared Grebe *Aechmophorus occidentalis,* Western Grebe *Aechmophorus clarkii,* Clark's Grebe Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE *Phoenicopterus ruber,* American Flamingo Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE *Thalassarche chlororhynchos,* Yellow-nosed Albatross *Thalassarche cauta,* Shy Albatross *Thalassarche melanophris,* Black-browed Albatross *Phoebetria palpebrata,* Light-mantled Albatross *Diomedea exulans,* Wandering Albatross *Phoebastria immutabilis,* Laysan Albatross *Phoebastria nigripes,* Black-footed Albatross *Phoebastria albatrus,* Short-tailed Albatross Family PROCELLARIIDAE *Fulmarus glacialis,* Northern Fulmar *Pterodroma macroptera,* Great-winged Petrel *Pterodroma neglecta,* Kermadec Petrel *Pterodroma arminjoniana,* Herald Petrel *Pterodroma ultima,* Murphy's Petrel *Pterodroma inexpectata,* Mottled Petrel *Pterodroma cahow,* Bermuda Petrel *Pterodroma hasitata,* Black-capped Petrel *Pterodroma externa,* Juan Fernandez Petrel *Pterodroma sandwichensis,* Hawaiian Petrel *Pterodroma cervicalis,* White-necked Petrel *Pterodroma hypoleuca,* Bonin Petrel *Pterodroma nigripennis,* Black-winged Petrel *Pterodroma cookii,* Cook's Petrel *Pterodroma longirostris,* Stejneger's Petrel *Pterodroma alba,* Phoenix Petrel *Pterodroma leucoptera,* Gould's Petrel *Pterodroma rostrata,* Tahiti Petrel *Bulweria bulwerii,* Bulwer's Petrel *Bulweria fallax,* Jouanin's Petrel *Procellaria parkinsoni,* Parkinson's Petrel *Calonectris leucomelas,* Streaked Shearwater *Calonectris diomedea,* Cory's Shearwater *Calonectris edwardsii,* Cape Verde Shearwater *Puffinus creatopus,* Pink-footed Shearwater *Puffinus carneipes,* Flesh-footed Shearwater *Puffinus gravis,* Great Shearwater *Puffinus pacificus,* Wedge-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus bulleri,* Buller's Shearwater *Puffinus griseus,* Sooty Shearwater *Puffinus tenuirostris,* Short-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus nativitatis,* Christmas Shearwater *Puffinus puffinus,* Manx Shearwater *Puffinus auricularis,* Townsend's Shearwater *Puffinus opisthomelas,* Black-vented Shearwater *Puffinus lherminieri,* Audubon's Shearwater *Puffinus assimilis,* Little Shearwater Family HYDROBATIDAE *Oceanites oceanicus,* Wilson's Storm-Petrel *Pelagodroma marina,* White-faced Storm-Petrel *Fregetta tropica,* Black-bellied Storm-Petrel *Fregetta grallaria,* White-bellied Storm-Petrel *Nesofregetta fuliginosa,* Polynesian Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma furcata,* Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma hornbyi,* Ringed Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma monorhis,* Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma leucorhoa,* Leach's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma homochroa,* Ashy Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma castro,* Band-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tethys,* Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma matsudairae,* Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma melania,* Black Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tristrami,* Tristram's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma microsoma,* Least Storm-Petrel Order PHAETHONTIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE *Phaethon lepturus,* White-tailed Tropicbird *Phaethon aethereus,* Red-billed Tropicbird *Phaethon rubricauda,* Red-tailed Tropicbird Order CICONIIFORMES Family CICONIIDAE *Jabiru mycteria,* Jabiru *Mycteria americana,* Wood Stork Order SULIFORMES Family FREGATIDAE *Fregata magnificens,* Magnificent Frigatebird *Fregata minor,* Great Frigatebird *Fregata ariel,* Lesser Frigatebird Family SULIDAE *Sula dactylatra,* Masked Booby *Sula nebouxii,* Blue-footed Booby *Sula leucogaster,* Brown Booby *Sula sula,* Red-footed Booby *Morus bassanus,* Northern Gannet Family PHALACROCORACIDAE *Phalacrocorax penicillatus,* Brandt's Cormorant *Phalacrocorax brasilianus,* Neotropic Cormorant *Phalacrocorax auritus,* Double-crested Cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo,* Great Cormorant *Phalacrocorax urile,* Red-faced Cormorant *Phalacrocorax pelagicus,* Pelagic Cormorant *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos,* Little Pied Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE *Anhinga anhinga,* Anhinga Order PELECANIFORMES Family PELECANIDAE *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos,* American White Pelican *Pelecanus occidentalis,* Brown Pelican Family ARDEIDAE *Botaurus lentiginosus,* American Bittern *Ixobrychus sinensis,* Yellow Bittern *Ixobrychus exilis,* Least Bittern *Ixobrychus eurhythmus,* Schrenck's Bittern *Ixobrychus flavicollis,* Black Bittern *Ardea herodias,* Great Blue Heron *Ardea cinerea,* Gray Heron *Ardea alba,* Great Egret *Mesophoyx intermedia,* Intermediate Egret *Egretta eulophotes,* Chinese Egret *Egretta garzetta,* Little Egret *Egretta sacra,* Pacific Reef-Egret *Egretta gularis,* Western Reef-Heron *Egretta thula,* Snowy Egret *Egretta caerulea,* Little Blue Heron *Egretta tricolor,* Tricolored Heron *Egretta rufescens,* Reddish Egret *Bubulcus ibis,* Cattle Egret *Ardeola bacchus,* Chinese Pond-Heron *Butorides virescens,* Green Heron *Nycticorax nycticorax,* Black-crowned Night-Heron *Nyctanassa violacea,* Yellow-crowned Night-Heron *Gorsachius goisagi,* Japanese Night-Heron *Gorsachius melanolophus,* Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE *Eudocimus albus,* White Ibis *Eudocimus ruber,* Scarlet Ibis *Plegadis falcinellus,* Glossy Ibis *Plegadis chihi,* White-faced Ibis Subfamily PLATALEINAE *Platalea ajaja,* Roseate Spoonbill Order ACCIPITRIFORMES Family CATHARTIDAE *Coragyps atratus,* Black Vulture *Cathartes aura,* Turkey Vulture *Gymnogyps californianus,* California Condor Family PANDIONIDAE *Pandion haliaetus,* Osprey Family ACCIPITRIDAE *Chondrohierax uncinatus,* Hook-billed Kite *Elanoides forficatus,* Swallow-tailed Kite *Elanus leucurus,* White-tailed Kite *Rostrhamus sociabilis,* Snail Kite *Ictinia mississippiensis,* Mississippi Kite *Milvus migrans,* Black Kite *Haliaeetus leucocephalus,* Bald Eagle *Haliaeetus albicilla,* White-tailed Eagle *Haliaeetus pelagicus,* Steller's Sea-Eagle *Circus cyaneus,* Northern Harrier *Accipiter soloensis,* Gray Frog-Hawk *Accipiter gularis,* Japanese Sparrowhawk *Accipiter striatus,* Sharp-shinned Hawk *Accipiter cooperii,* Cooper's Hawk *Accipiter gentilis,* Northern Goshawk *Geranospiza caerulescens,* Crane Hawk *Buteogallus anthracinus,* Common Black-Hawk *Parabuteo unicinctus,* Harris's Hawk *Buteo magnirostris,* Roadside Hawk *Buteo lineatus,* Red-shouldered Hawk *Buteo platypterus,* Broad-winged Hawk *Buteo nitidus,* Gray Hawk *Buteo brachyurus,* Short-tailed Hawk *Buteo swainsoni,* Swainson's Hawk *Buteo albicaudatus,* White-tailed Hawk *Buteo albonotatus,* Zone-tailed Hawk *Buteo solitarius,* Hawaiian Hawk *Buteo jamaicensis,* Red-tailed Hawk *Buteo regalis,* Ferruginous Hawk *Buteo lagopus,* Rough-legged Hawk *Aquila chrysaetos,* Golden Eagle Order FALCONIFORMES Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily MICRASTURINAE *Micrastur semitorquatus,* Collared Forest-Falcon Subfamily CARACARINAE *Caracara cheriway,* Crested Caracara Subfamily FALCONINAE *Falco tinnunculus,* Eurasian Kestrel *Falco sparverius,* American Kestrel *Falco vespertinus,* Red-footed Falcon *Falco columbarius,* Merlin *Falco subbuteo,* Eurasian Hobby *Falco femoralis,* Aplomado Falcon *Falco rusticolus,* Gyrfalcon *Falco peregrinus,* Peregrine Falcon *Falco mexicanus,* Prairie Falcon Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE *Coturnicops noveboracensis,* Yellow Rail *Laterallus jamaicensis,* Black Rail *Gallirallus philippensis,* Buff-banded Rail *Gallirallus owstoni,* Guam Rail *Crex crex,* Corn Crake *Rallus longirostris,* Clapper Rail *Rallus elegans,* King Rail *Rallus limicola,* Virginia Rail *Porzana carolina,* Sora *Porzana tabuensis,* Spotless Crake *Porzana flaviventer,* Yellow-breasted Crake *Neocrex erythrops,* Paint-billed Crake *Pardirallus maculatus,* Spotted Rail *Porphyrio porphyrio,* Purple Swamphen *Porphyrio martinica,* Purple Gallinule *Porphyrio flavirostris,* Azure Gallinule *Gallinula chloropus,* Common Moorhen *Fulica atra,* Eurasian Coot *Fulica alai,* Hawaiian Coot *Fulica americana,* American Coot *Fulica caribaea,* Caribbean Coot Family ARAMIDAE *Aramus guarauna,* Limpkin Family GRUIDAE *Grus canadensis,* Sandhill Crane *Grus grus,* Common Crane *Grus americana,* Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily VANELLINAE *Vanellus vanellus,* Northern Lapwing Subfamily CHARADRIINAE *Pluvialis squatarola,* Black-bellied Plover *Pluvialis apricaria,* European Golden-Plover *Pluvialis dominica,* American Golden-Plover *Pluvialis fulva,* Pacific Golden-Plover *Charadrius mongolus,* Lesser Sand-Plover *Charadrius leschenaultii,* Greater Sand-Plover *Charadrius collaris,* Collared Plover *Charadrius alexandrinus,* Snowy Plover *Charadrius wilsonia,* Wilson's Plover *Charadrius hiaticula,* Common Ringed Plover *Charadrius semipalmatus,* Semipalmated Plover *Charadrius melodus,* Piping Plover *Charadrius dubius,* Little Ringed Plover *Charadrius vociferus,* Killdeer *Charadrius montanus,* Mountain Plover *Charadrius morinellus,* Eurasian Dotterel Family HAEMATOPODIDAE *Haematopus ostralegus,* Eurasian Oystercatcher *Haematopus palliatus,* American Oystercatcher *Haematopus bachmani,* Black Oystercatcher Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE *Himantopus himantopus,* Black-winged Stilt *Himantopus mexicanus,* Black-necked Stilt *Recurvirostra americana,* American Avocet Family JACANIDAE *Jacana spinosa,* Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE *Xenus cinereus,* Terek Sandpiper *Actitis hypoleucos,* Common Sandpiper *Actitis macularius,* Spotted Sandpiper *Tringa ochropus,* Green Sandpiper *Tringa solitaria,* Solitary Sandpiper *Tringa brevipes,* Gray-tailed Tattler *Tringa incana,* Wandering Tattler *Tringa erythropus,* Spotted Redshank *Tringa melanoleuca,* Greater Yellowlegs *Tringa nebularia,* Common Greenshank *Tringa guttifer,* Nordmann's Greenshank *Tringa semipalmata,* Willet *Tringa flavipes,* Lesser Yellowlegs *Tringa stagnatilis,* Marsh Sandpiper *Tringa glareola,* Wood Sandpiper *Bartramia longicauda,* Upland Sandpiper *Numenius minutus,* Little Curlew *Numenius borealis,* Eskimo Curlew *Numenius phaeopus,* Whimbrel *Numenius tahitiensis,* Bristle-thighed Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis,* Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius arquata,* Eurasian Curlew *Numenius americanus,* Long-billed Curlew *Limosa limosa,* Black-tailed Godwit *Limosa haemastica,* Hudsonian Godwit *Limosa lapponica,* Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa fedoa,* Marbled Godwit *Arenaria interpres,* Ruddy Turnstone *Arenaria melanocephala,* Black Turnstone *Aphriza virgata,* Surfbird *Calidris tenuirostris,* Great Knot *Calidris canutus,* Red Knot *Calidris alba,* Sanderling *Calidris pusilla,* Semipalmated Sandpiper *Calidris mauri,* Western Sandpiper *Calidris ruficollis,* Red-necked Stint *Calidris minuta,* Little Stint *Calidris temminckii,* Temminck's Stint *Calidris subminuta,* Long-toed Stint *Calidris minutilla,* Least Sandpiper *Calidris fuscicollis,* White-rumped Sandpiper *Calidris bairdii,* Baird's Sandpiper *Calidris melanotos,* Pectoral Sandpiper *Calidris acuminata,* Sharp-tailed Sandpiper *Calidris maritima,* Purple Sandpiper *Calidris ptilocnemis,* Rock Sandpiper *Calidris alpina,* Dunlin *Calidris ferruginea,* Curlew Sandpiper *Calidris himantopus,* Stilt Sandpiper *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus,* Spoon-billed Sandpiper *Limicola falcinellus,* Broad-billed Sandpiper *Tryngites subruficollis,* Buff-breasted Sandpiper *Philomachus pugnax,* Ruff *Limnodromus griseus,* Short-billed Dowitcher *Limnodromus scolopaceus,* Long-billed Dowitcher *Lymnocryptes minimus,* Jack Snipe *Gallinago delicata,* Wilson's Snipe *Gallinago gallinago,* Common Snipe *Gallinago stenura,* Pin-tailed Snipe *Gallinago megala,* Swinhoe's Snipe *Scolopax rusticola,* Eurasian Woodcock *Scolopax minor,* American Woodcock Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE *Phalaropus tricolor,* Wilson's Phalarope *Phalaropus lobatus,* Red-necked Phalarope *Phalaropus fulicarius,* Red Phalarope Family LARIDAE Subfamily LARINAE *Creagrus furcatus,* Swallow-tailed Gull *Rissa tridactyla,* Black-legged Kittiwake *Rissa brevirostris,* Red-legged Kittiwake *Pagophila eburnea,* Ivory Gull *Xema sabini,* Sabine's Gull *Chroicocephalus philadelphia,* Bonaparte's Gull *Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus,* Gray-hooded Gull *Chroicocephalus ridibundus,* Black-headed Gull *Hydrocoloeus minutus,* Little Gull *Rhodostethia rosea,* Ross's Gull *Leucophaeus atricilla,* Laughing Gull *Leucophaeus pipixcan,* Franklin's Gull *Larus belcheri,* Belcher's Gull *Larus crassirostris,* Black-tailed Gull *Larus heermanni,* Heermann's Gull *Larus canus,* Mew Gull *Larus delawarensis,* Ring-billed Gull *Larus occidentalis,* Western Gull *Larus livens,* Yellow-footed Gull *Larus californicus,* California Gull *Larus argentatus,* Herring Gull *Larus michahellis,* Yellow-legged Gull *Larus thayeri,* Thayer's Gull *Larus glaucoides,* Iceland Gull *Larus fuscus,* Lesser Black-backed Gull *Larus schistisagus,* Slaty-backed Gull *Larus glaucescens,* Glaucous-winged Gull *Larus hyperboreus,* Glaucous Gull *Larus marinus,* Great Black-backed Gull *Larus dominicanus,* Kelp Gull Subfamily STERNINAE *Anous stolidus,* Brown Noddy *Anous minutus,* Black Noddy *Procelsterna cerulea,* Blue-gray Noddy *Gygis alba,* White Tern *Onychoprion fuscatus,* Sooty Tern *Onychoprion lunatus,* Gray-backed Tern *Onychoprion anaethetus,* Bridled Tern *Onychoprion aleuticus,* Aleutian Tern *Sternula albifrons,* Little Tern *Sternula antillarum,* Least Tern *Phaetusa simplex,* Large-billed Tern *Gelochelidon nilotica,* Gull-billed Tern *Hydroprogne caspia,* Caspian Tern *Chlidonias niger,* Black Tern *Chlidonias leucopterus,* White-winged Tern *Chlidonias hybridus,* Whiskered Tern *Sterna dougallii,* Roseate Tern *Sterna sumatrana,* Black-naped Tern *Sterna hirundo,* Common Tern *Sterna paradisaea,* Arctic Tern *Sterna forsteri,* Forster's Tern *Thalasseus maximus,* Royal Tern *Thalasseus bergii,* Great Crested Tern *Thalasseus sandvicensis,* Sandwich Tern *Thalasseus elegans,* Elegant Tern Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE *Rynchops niger,* Black Skimmer Family STERCORARIIDAE *Stercorarius skua,* Great Skua *Stercorarius maccormicki,* South Polar Skua *Stercorarius pomarinus,* Pomarine Jaeger *Stercorarius parasiticus,* Parasitic Jaeger *Stercorarius longicaudus,* Long-tailed Jaeger Family ALCIDAE *Alle alle,* Dovekie *Uria aalge,* Common Murre *Uria lomvia,* Thick-billed Murre *Alca torda,* Razorbill *Cepphus grylle,* Black Guillemot *Cepphus columba,* Pigeon Guillemot *Brachyramphus perdix,* Long-billed Murrelet *Brachyramphus marmoratus,* Marbled Murrelet *Brachyramphus brevirostris,* Kittlitz's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus,* Xantus's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus craveri,* Craveri's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus antiquus,* Ancient Murrelet *Ptychoramphus aleuticus,* Cassin's Auklet *Aethia psittacula,* Parakeet Auklet *Aethia pusilla,* Least Auklet *Aethia pygmaea,* Whiskered Auklet *Aethia cristatella,* Crested Auklet *Cerorhinca monocerata,* Rhinoceros Auklet *Fratercula arctica,* Atlantic Puffin *Fratercula corniculata,* Horned Puffin *Fratercula cirrhata,* Tufted Puffin Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE *Patagioenas squamosa,* Scaly-naped Pigeon *Patagioenas leucocephala,* White-crowned Pigeon *Patagioenas flavirostris,* Red-billed Pigeon *Patagioenas inornata,* Plain Pigeon *Patagioenas fasciata,* Band-tailed Pigeon *Streptopelia orientalis,* Oriental Turtle-Dove *Zenaida asiatica,* White-winged Dove *Zenaida aurita,* Zenaida Dove *Zenaida macroura,* Mourning Dove *Columbina inca,* Inca Dove *Columbina passerina,* Common Ground-Dove *Columbina talpacoti,* Ruddy Ground-Dove *Leptotila verreauxi,* White-tipped Dove *Geotrygon chrysia,* Key West Quail-Dove *Geotrygon mystacea,* Bridled Quail-Dove *Geotrygon montana,* Ruddy Quail-Dove *Gallicolumba xanthonura,* White-throated Ground-Dove *Gallicolumba stairi,* Friendly Ground-Dove *Ptilinopus perousii,* Many-colored Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus porphyraceus,* Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus roseicapilla,* Mariana Fruit-Dove *Ducula pacifica,* Pacific Imperial-Pigeon Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily CUCULINAE *Cuculus fugax,* Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo *Cuculus canorus,* Common Cuckoo *Cuculus optatus,* Oriental Cuckoo *Coccyzus americanus,* Yellow-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus minor,* Mangrove Cuckoo *Coccyzus erythropthalmus,* Black-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus vieilloti,* Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE *Geococcyx californianus,* Greater Roadrunner Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE *Crotophaga ani,* Smooth-billed Ani *Crotophaga sulcirostris,* Groove-billed Ani Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE *Tyto alba,* Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE *Otus flammeolus,* Flammulated Owl *Otus sunia,* Oriental Scops-Owl *Megascops kennicottii,* Western Screech-Owl *Megascops asio,* Eastern Screech-Owl *Megascops trichopsis,* Whiskered Screech-Owl *Megascops nudipes,* Puerto Rican Screech-Owl *Bubo virginianus,* Great Horned Owl *Bubo scandiacus,* Snowy Owl *Surnia ulula,* Northern Hawk Owl *Glaucidium gnoma,* Northern Pygmy-Owl *Glaucidium brasilianum,* Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl *Micrathene whitneyi,* Elf Owl *Athene cunicularia,* Burrowing Owl *Ciccaba virgata,* Mottled Owl *Strix occidentalis,* Spotted Owl *Strix varia,* Barred Owl *Strix nebulosa,* Great Gray Owl *Asio otus,* Long-eared Owl *Asio stygius,* Stygian Owl *Asio flammeus,* Short-eared Owl *Aegolius funereus,* Boreal Owl *Aegolius acadicus,* Northern Saw-whet Owl *Ninox scutulata,* Brown Hawk-Owl Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily CHORDEILINAE *Chordeiles acutipennis,* Lesser Nighthawk *Chordeiles minor,* Common Nighthawk *Chordeiles gundlachii,* Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily CAPRIMULGINAE *Nyctidromus albicollis,* Common Pauraque *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii,* Common Poorwill *Caprimulgus carolinensis,* Chuck-will's-widow *Caprimulgus ridgwayi,* Buff-collared Nightjar *Caprimulgus vociferus,* Eastern Whip-poor-will *Caprimulgus arizonae,* Mexican Whip-poor-will *Caprimulgus noctitherus,* Puerto Rican Nightjar *Caprimulgus indicus,* Gray Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE *Cypseloides niger,* Black Swift *Streptoprocne zonaris,* White-collared Swift Subfamily CHAETURINAE *Chaetura pelagica,* Chimney Swift *Chaetura vauxi,* Vaux's Swift *Chaetura brachyura,* Short-tailed Swift *Hirundapus caudacutus,* White-throated Needletail *Aerodramus spodiopygius,* White-rumped Swiftlet *Aerodramus bartschi,* Mariana Swiftlet Subfamily APODINAE *Apus apus,* Common Swift *Apus pacificus,* Fork-tailed Swift *Apus melba,* Alpine Swift *Aeronautes saxatalis,* White-throated Swift *Tachornis phoenicobia,* Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE *Colibri thalassinus,* Green Violetear *Anthracothorax prevostii,* Green-breasted Mango *Anthracothorax dominicus,* Antillean Mango *Anthracothorax viridis,* Green Mango *Eulampis jugularis,* Purple-throated Carib *Eulampis holosericeus,* Green-throated Carib *Orthorhyncus cristatus,* Antillean Crested Hummingbird *Chlorostilbon maugaeus,* Puerto Rican Emerald *Cynanthus latirostris,* Broad-billed Hummingbird *Hylocharis leucotis,* White-eared Hummingbird *Hylocharis xantusii,* Xantus's Hummingbird *Amazilia beryllina,* Berylline Hummingbird *Amazilia yucatanensis,* Buff-bellied Hummingbird *Amazilia rutila,* Cinnamon Hummingbird *Amazilia violiceps,* Violet-crowned Hummingbird *Lampornis clemenciae,* Blue-throated Hummingbird *Eugenes fulgens,* Magnificent Hummingbird *Heliomaster constantii,* Plain-capped Starthroat *Calliphlox evelynae,* Bahama Woodstar *Calothorax lucifer,* Lucifer Hummingbird *Archilochus colubris,* Ruby-throated Hummingbird *Archilochus alexandri,* Black-chinned Hummingbird *Calypte anna,* Anna's Hummingbird *Calypte costae,* Costa's Hummingbird *Stellula calliope,* Calliope Hummingbird *Atthis heloisa,* Bumblebee Hummingbird *Selasphorus platycercus,* Broad-tailed Hummingbird *Selasphorus rufus,* Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus sasin,* Allen's Hummingbird Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily TROGONINAE *Trogon elegans,* Elegant Trogon *Euptilotis neoxenus,* Eared Quetzel Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE *Upupa epops,* Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily HALCYONINAE *Todirhamphus cinnamominus,* Micronesian Kingfisher *Todirhamphus chloris,* Collared Kingfisher Subfamily CERYLINAE *Megaceryle torquata,* Ringed Kingfisher *Megaceryle alcyon,* Belted Kingfisher *Chloroceryle americana,* Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily JYNGINAE *Jynx torquilla,* Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily PICINAE *Melanerpes lewis,* Lewis's Woodpecker *Melanerpes portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Woodpecker *Melanerpes erythrocephalus,* Red-headed Woodpecker *Melanerpes formicivorus,* Acorn Woodpecker *Melanerpes uropygialis,* Gila Woodpecker *Melanerpes aurifrons,* Golden-fronted Woodpecker *Melanerpes carolinus,* Red-bellied Woodpecker *Sphyrapicus thyroideus,* Williamson's Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus varius,* Yellow-bellied Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus nuchalis,* Red-naped Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus ruber,* Red-breasted Sapsucker *Dendrocopos major,* Great Spotted Woodpecker *Picoides scalaris,* Ladder-backed Woodpecker *Picoides nuttallii,* Nuttall's Woodpecker *Picoides pubescens,* Downy Woodpecker *Picoides villosus,* Hairy Woodpecker *Picoides arizonae,* Arizona Woodpecker *Picoides borealis,* Red-cockaded Woodpecker *Picoides albolarvatus,* White-headed Woodpecker *Picoides dorsalis,* American Three-toed Woodpecker *Picoides arcticus,* Black-backed Woodpecker *Colaptes auratus,* Northern Flicker *Colaptes chrysoides,* Gilded Flicker *Dryocopus pileatus,* Pileated Woodpecker *Campephilus principalis,* Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order PASSERIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE *Camptostoma imberbe,* Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet *Myiopagis viridicata,* Greenish Elaenia *Elaenia martinica,* Caribbean Elaenia *Elaenia albiceps,* White-crested Eleania Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE *Mitrephanes phaeocercus,* Tufted Flycatcher *Contopus cooperi,* Olive-sided Flycatcher *Contopus pertinax,* Greater Pewee *Contopus sordidulus,* Western Wood-Pewee *Contopus virens,* Eastern Wood-Pewee *Contopus caribaeus,* Cuban Pewee *Contopus hispaniolensis,* Hispaniolan Pewee *Contopus latirostris,* Lesser Antillean Pewee *Empidonax flaviventris,* Yellow-bellied Flycatcher *Empidonax virescens,* Acadian Flycatcher *Empidonax alnorum,* Alder Flycatcher *Empidonax traillii,* Willow Flycatcher *Empidonax minimus,* Least Flycatcher *Empidonax hammondii,* Hammond's Flycatcher *Empidonax wrightii,* Gray Flycatcher *Empidonax oberholseri,* Dusky Flycatcher *Empidonax difficilis,* Pacific-slope Flycatcher *Empidonax occidentalis,* Cordilleran Flycatcher *Empidonax fulvifrons,* Buff-breasted Flycatcher *Sayornis nigricans,* Black Phoebe *Sayornis phoebe,* Eastern Phoebe *Sayornis saya,* Say's Phoebe *Pyrocephalus rubinus,* Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily TYRANNINAE *Myiarchus tuberculifer,* Dusky-capped Flycatcher *Myiarchus cinerascens,* Ash-throated Flycatcher *Myiarchus nuttingi,* Nutting's Flycatcher *Myiarchus crinitus,* Great Crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus tyrannulus,* Brown-crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus sagrae,* La Sagra's Flycatcher *Myiarchus antillarum,* Puerto Rican Flycatcher *Pitangus sulphuratus,* Great Kiskadee *Myiozetetes similis,* Social Flycatcher *Myiodynastes luteiventris,* Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher *Legatus leucophalus,* Piratic Flycatcher *Empidonomus varius,* Variegated Flycatcher *Empidonomus aurantioatrocristatus,* Crowned Slaty Flycatcher *Tyrannus melancholicus,* Tropical Kingbird *Tyrannus couchii,* Couch's Kingbird *Tyrannus vociferans,* Cassin's Kingbird *Tyrannus crassirostris,* Thick-billed Kingbird *Tyrannus verticalis,* Western Kingbird *Tyrannus tyrannus,* Eastern Kingbird *Tyrannus dominicensis,* Gray Kingbird *Tyrannus caudifasciatus,* Loggerhead Kingbird *Tyrannus forficatus,* Scissor-tailed Flycatcher *Tyrannus savana,* Fork-tailed Flycatcher *Pachyramphus aglaiae,* Rose-throated Becard *Tityra semifasciata,* Masked Tityra Family LANIIDAE *Lanius cristatus,* Brown Shrike *Lanius ludovicianus,* Loggerhead Shrike *Lanius excubitor,* Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE *Vireo griseus,* White-eyed Vireo *Vireo crassirostris,* Thick-billed Vireo *Vireo latimeri,* Puerto Rican Vireo *Vireo bellii,* Bell's Vireo *Vireo atricapillus,* Black-capped Vireo *Vireo vicinior,* Gray Vireo *Vireo flavifrons,* Yellow-throated Vireo *Vireo plumbeus,* Plumbeous Vireo *Vireo cassinii,* Cassin's Vireo *Vireo solitarius,* Blue-headed Vireo *Vireo huttoni,* Hutton's Vireo *Vireo gilvus,* Warbling Vireo *Vireo philadelphicus,* Philadelphia Vireo *Vireo olivaceus,* Red-eyed Vireo *Vireo flavoviridis,* Yellow-green Vireo *Vireo altiloquus,* Black-whiskered Vireo *Vireo magister,* Yucatan Vireo Family CORVIDAE *Perisoreus canadensis,* Gray Jay *Psilorhinus morio,* Brown Jay *Cyanocorax yncas,* Green Jay *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus,* Pinyon Jay *Cyanocitta stelleri,* Steller's Jay *Cyanocitta cristata,* Blue Jay *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Florida Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma insularis,* Island Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma californica,* Western Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma ultramarina,* Mexican Jay *Nucifraga columbiana,* Clark's Nutcracker *Pica hudsonia,* Black-billed Magpie *Pica nuttalli,* Yellow-billed Magpie *Corvus kubaryi,* Mariana Crow *Corvus brachyrhynchos,* American Crow *Corvus caurinus,* Northwestern Crow *Corvus leucognaphalus,* White-necked Crow *Corvus imparatus,* Tamaulipas Crow *Corvus ossifragus,* Fish Crow *Corvus hawaiiensis,* Hawaiian Crow *Corvus cryptoleucus,* Chihuahuan Raven *Corvus corax,* Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE *Alauda arvensis,* Sky Lark *Eremophila alpestris,* Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily HIRUNDININAE *Progne subis,* Purple Martin *Progne cryptoleuca,* Cuban Martin *Progne dominicensis,* Caribbean Martin *Progne chalybea,* Gray-breasted Martin *Progne elegans,* Southern Martin *Progne tapera,* Brown-chested Martin *Tachycineta bicolor,* Tree Swallow *Tachycineta albilinea,* Mangrove Swallow *Tachycineta thalassina,* Violet-green Swallow *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis,* Bahama Swallow *Stelgidopteryx serripennis,* Northern Rough-winged Swallow *Riparia riparia,* Bank Swallow *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota,* Cliff Swallow *Petrochelidon fulva,* Cave Swallow *Hirundo rustica,* Barn Swallow *Delichon urbicum,* Common House-Martin Family PARIDAE *Poecile carolinensis,* Carolina Chickadee *Poecile atricapillus,* Black-capped Chickadee *Poecile gambeli,* Mountain Chickadee *Poecile sclateri,* Mexican Chickadee *Poecile rufescens,* Chestnut-backed Chickadee *Poecile hudsonicus,* Boreal Chickadee *Poecile cinctus,* Gray-headed Chickadee *Baeolophus wollweberi,* Bridled Titmouse *Baeolophus inornatus,* Oak Titmouse *Baeolophus ridgwayi,* Juniper Titmouse *Baeolophus bicolor,* Tufted Titmouse *Baeolophus atricristatus,* Black-crested Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE *Auriparus flaviceps,* Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE *Psaltriparus minimus,* Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily SITTINAE *Sitta canadensis,* Red-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta carolinensis,* White-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta pygmaea,* Pygmy Nuthatch *Sitta pusilla,* Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily CERTHIINAE *Certhia americana,* Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,* Cactus Wren *Salpinctes obsoletus,* Rock Wren *Catherpes mexicanus,* Canyon Wren *Thryothorus sinaloa,* Sinaloa Wren *Thryothorus ludovicianus,* Carolina Wren *Thryomanes bewickii,* Bewick's Wren *Troglodytes aedon,* House Wren *Troglodytes pacificus,* Pacific Wren *Troglodytes hiemalis,* Winter Wren *Cistothorus platensis,* Sedge Wren *Cistothorus palustris,* Marsh Wren Family POLIOPTILIDAE *Polioptila caerulea,* Blue-gray Gnatcatcher *Polioptila californica,* California Gnatcatcher *Polioptila melanura,* Black-tailed Gnatcatcher *Polioptila nigriceps,* Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family CINCLIDAE *Cinclus mexicanus,* American Dipper Family REGULIDAE *Regulus satrapa,* Golden-crowned Kinglet *Regulus calendula,* Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family PHYLLOSCOPIDAE *Phylloscopus trochilus,* Willow Warbler *Phylloscopus sibilatrix,* Wood Warbler *Phylloscopus fuscatus,* Dusky Warbler *Phylloscopus proregulus,* Pallas's Leaf-Warbler *Phylloscopus inornatus,* Yellow-browed Warbler *Phylloscopus borealis,* Arctic Warbler Family SYLVIIDAE *Sylvia curruca,* Lesser Whitethroat *Chamaea fasciata,* Wrentit Family ACROCEPHALIDAE *Acrocephalus luscinia,* Nightingale Reed-Warbler *Acrocephalus familiaris,* Millerbird *Acrocephalus schoenobaenus,* Sedge Warbler Family MEGALURIDAE *Locustella ochotensis,* Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler *Locustella lanceolata,* Lanceolated Warbler Family MUSCICAPIDAE *Ficedula narcissina,* Narcissus Flycatcher *Ficedula mugimaki,* Mugimaki Flycatcher *Ficedula albicilla,* Taiga Flycatcher *Muscicapa sibirica,* Dark-sided Flycatcher *Muscicapa griseisticta,* Gray-streaked Flycatcher *Muscicapa dauurica,* Asian Brown Flycatcher *Muscicapa striata,* Spotted Flycatcher Family TURDIDAE *Monticola solitarius,* Blue Rock-Thrush *Luscinia sibilans,* Rufous-tailed Robin *Luscinia calliope,* Siberian Rubythroat *Luscinia svecica,* Bluethroat *Luscinia cyane,* Siberian Blue Robin *Tarsiger cyanurus,* Red-flanked Bluetail *Oenanthe oenanthe,* Northern Wheatear *Saxicola torquatus,* Stonechat *Sialia sialis,* Eastern Bluebird *Sialia mexicana,* Western Bluebird *Sialia currucoides,* Mountain Bluebird *Myadestes townsendi,* Townsend's Solitaire *Myadestes myadestinus,* Kamao *Myadestes lanaiensis,* Olomao *Myadestes obscurus,* Omao *Myadestes palmeri,* Puaiohi *Catharus aurantiirostris,* Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus mexicanus,* Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus fuscescens,* Veery *Catharus minimus,* Gray-cheeked Thrush *Catharus bicknelli,* Bicknell's Thrush *Catharus ustulatus,* Swainson's Thrush *Catharus guttatus,* Hermit Thrush *Hylocichla mustelina,* Wood Thrush *Turdus obscurus,* Eyebrowed Thrush *Turdus naumanni,* Dusky Thrush *Turdus pilaris,* Fieldfare *Turdus grayi,* Clay-colored Thrush *Turdus assimilis,* White-throated Thrush *Turdus rufopalliatus,* Rufous-backed Robin *Turdus migratorius,* American Robin *Turdus plumbeus,* Red-legged Thrush *Ixoreus naevius,* Varied Thrush *Ridgwayia pinicola,* Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE *Dumetella carolinensis,* Gray Catbird *Melanoptila glabrirostris,* Black Catbird *Mimus polyglottos,* Northern Mockingbird *Mimus gundlachii,* Bahama Mockingbird *Oreoscoptes montanus,* Sage Thrasher *Toxostoma rufum,* Brown Thrasher *Toxostoma longirostre,* Long-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma bendirei,* Bendire's Thrasher *Toxostoma curvirostre,* Curve-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma redivivum,* California Thrasher *Toxostoma crissale,* Crissal Thrasher *Toxostoma lecontei,* Le Conte's Thrasher *Melanotis caerulescens,* Blue Mockingbird *Margarops fuscatus,* Pearly-eyed Thrasher Family STURNIDAE *Sturnus philippensis,* Chestnut-cheeked Starling *Sturnus cineraceus,* White-cheeked Starling Family PRUNELLIDAE *Prunella montanella,* Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE *Motacilla tschutschensis,* Eastern Yellow Wagtail *Motacilla citreola,* Citrine Wagtail *Motacilla cinerea,* Gray Wagtail *Motacilla alba,* White Wagtail *Anthus trivialis,* Tree Pipit *Anthus hodgsoni,* Olive-backed Pipit *Anthus gustavi,* Pechora Pipit *Anthus cervinus,* Red-throated Pipit *Anthus rubescens,* American Pipit *Anthus spragueii,* Sprague's Pipit Family BOMBYCILLIDAE *Bombycilla garrulus,* Bohemian Waxwing *Bombycilla cedrorum,* Cedar Waxwing Family PTILOGONATIDAE *Ptilogonys cinereus,* Gray Silky-flycatcher *Phainopepla nitens,* Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE *Peucedramus taeniatus,* Olive Warbler Family CALCARIIDAE *Calcarius lapponicus,* Lapland Longspur *Calcarius ornatus,* Chestnut-collared Longspur *Calcarius pictus,* Smith's Longspur *Rhynchophanes mccownii,* McCown's Longspur *Plectrophenax nivalis,* Snow Bunting *Plectrophenax hyperboreus,* McKay's Bunting Family PARULIDAE *Vermivora bachmanii,* Bachman's Warbler *Vermivora cyanoptera,* Blue-winged Warbler *Vermivora chrysoptera,* Golden-winged Warbler *Oreothlypis peregrina,* Tennessee Warbler *Oreothlypis celata,* Orange-crowned Warbler *Oreothlypis ruficapilla,* Nashville Warbler *Oreothlypis virginiae,* Virginia's Warbler *Oreothlypis crissalis,* Colima Warbler *Oreothlypis luciae,* Lucy's Warbler *Oreothlypis superciliosa,* Crescent-chested Warbler *Parula americana,* Northern Parula *Parula pitiayumi,* Tropical Parula *Dendroica petechia,* Yellow Warbler *Dendroica pensylvanica,* Chestnut-sided Warbler *Dendroica magnolia,* Magnolia Warbler *Dendroica tigrina,* Cape May Warbler *Dendroica caerulescens,* Black-throated Blue Warbler *Dendroica coronata,* Yellow-rumped Warbler *Dendroica nigrescens,* Black-throated Gray Warbler *Dendroica chrysoparia,* Golden-cheeked Warbler *Dendroica virens,* Black-throated Green Warbler *Dendroica townsendi,* Townsend's Warbler *Dendroica occidentalis,* Hermit Warbler *Dendroica fusca,* Blackburnian Warbler *Dendroica dominica,* Yellow-throated Warbler *Dendroica graciae,* Grace's Warbler *Dendroica adelaidae,* Adelaide's Warbler *Dendroica pinus,* Pine Warbler *Dendroica kirtlandii,* Kirtland's Warbler *Dendroica discolor,* Prairie Warbler *Dendroica palmarum,* Palm Warbler *Dendroica castanea,* Bay-breasted Warbler *Dendroica striata,* Blackpoll Warbler *Dendroica cerulea,* Cerulean Warbler *Dendroica angelae,* Elfin-woods Warbler *Mniotilta varia,* Black-and-white Warbler *Setophaga ruticilla,* American Redstart *Protonotaria citrea,* Prothonotary Warbler *Helmitheros vermivorum,* Worm-eating Warbler *Limnothlypis swainsonii,* Swainson's Warbler *Seiurus aurocapilla,* Ovenbird *Parkesia noveboracensis,* Northern Waterthrush *Parkesia motacilla,* Louisiana Waterthrush *Oporornis formosus,* Kentucky Warbler *Oporornis agilis,* Connecticut Warbler *Oporornis philadelphia,* Mourning Warbler *Oporornis tolmiei,* MacGillivray's Warbler *Geothlypis trichas,* Common Yellowthroat *Geothlypis poliocephala,* Gray-crowned Yellowthroat *Wilsonia citrina,* Hooded Warbler *Wilsonia pusilla,* Wilson's Warbler *Wilsonia canadensis,* Canada Warbler *Cardellina rubrifrons,* Red-faced Warbler *Myioborus pictus,* Painted Redstart *Myioborus miniatus,* Slate-throated Redstart *Euthlypis lachrymosa,* Fan-tailed Warbler *Basileuterus culicivorus,* Golden-crowned Warbler *Basileuterus rufifrons,* Rufous-capped Warbler *Icteria virens,* Yellow-breasted Chat Family THRAUPIDAE *Nesospingus speculiferus,* Puerto Rican Tanager *Spindalis zena,* Western Spindalis *Spindalis portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Spindalis Family EMBERIZIDAE *Sporophila torqueola,* White-collared Seedeater *Tiaris olivaceus,* Yellow-faced Grassquit *Tiaris bicolor,* Black-faced Grassquit *Loxigilla portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Bullfinch *Arremonops rufivirgatus,* Olive Sparrow *Pipilo chlorurus,* Green-tailed Towhee *Pipilo maculatus,* Spotted Towhee *Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* Eastern Towhee *Aimophila ruficeps,* Rufous-crowned Sparrow *Melozone fusca,* Canyon Towhee *Melozone crissalis,* California Towhee *Melozone aberti,* Abert's Towhee *Peucaea carpalis,* Rufous-winged Sparrow *Peucaea botterii,* Botteri's Sparrow *Peucaea cassinii,* Cassin's Sparrow *Peucaea aestivalis,* Bachman's Sparrow *Spizella arborea,* American Tree Sparrow *Spizella passerina,* Chipping Sparrow *Spizella pallida,* Clay-colored Sparrow *Spizella breweri,* Brewer's Sparrow *Spizella pusilla,* Field Sparrow *Spizella wortheni,* Worthen's Sparrow *Spizella atrogularis,* Black-chinned Sparrow *Pooecetes gramineus,* Vesper Sparrow *Chondestes grammacus,* Lark Sparrow *Amphispiza quinquestriata,* Five-striped Sparrow *Amphispiza bilineata,* Black-throated Sparrow *Amphispiza belli,* Sage Sparrow *Calamospiza melanocorys,* Lark Bunting *Passerculus sandwichensis,* Savannah Sparrow *Ammodramus savannarum,* Grasshopper Sparrow *Ammodramus bairdii,* Baird's Sparrow *Ammodramus henslowii,* Henslow's Sparrow *Ammodramus leconteii,* Le Conte's Sparrow *Ammodramus nelsoni,* Nelson's Sparrow *Ammodramus caudacutus,* Saltmarsh Sparrow *Ammodramus maritimus,* Seaside Sparrow *Passerella iliaca,* Fox Sparrow *Melospiza melodia,* Song Sparrow *Melospiza lincolnii,* Lincoln's Sparrow *Melospiza georgiana,* Swamp Sparrow *Zonotrichia albicollis,* White-throated Sparrow *Zonotrichia querula,* Harris's Sparrow *Zonotrichia leucophrys,* White-crowned Sparrow *Zonotrichia atricapilla,* Golden-crowned Sparrow *Junco hyemalis,* Dark-eyed Junco *Junco phaeonotus,* Yellow-eyed Junco *Emberiza leucocephalos,* Pine Bunting *Emberiza chrysophrys,* Yellow-browed Bunting *Emberiza pusilla,* Little Bunting *Emberiza rustica,* Rustic Bunting *Emberiza elegans,* Yellow-throated Bunting *Emberiza aureola,* Yellow-breasted Bunting *Emberiza variabilis,* Gray Bunting *Emberiza pallasi,* Pallas's Bunting *Emberiza schoeniclus,* Reed Bunting Family CARDINALIDAE *Piranga flava,* Hepatic Tanager *Piranga rubra,* Summer Tanager *Piranga olivacea,* Scarlet Tanager *Piranga ludoviciana,* Western Tanager *Piranga bidentata,* Flame-colored Tanager *Rhodothraupis celaeno,* Crimson-collared Grosbeak *Cardinalis cardinalis,* Northern Cardinal *Cardinalis sinuatus,* Pyrrhuloxia *Pheucticus chrysopeplus,* Yellow Grosbeak *Pheucticus ludovicianus,* Rose-breasted Grosbeak *Pheucticus melanocephalus,* Black-headed Grosbeak *Cyanocompsa parellina,* Blue Bunting *Passerina caerulea,* Blue Grosbeak *Passerina amoena,* Lazuli Bunting *Passerina cyanea,* Indigo Bunting *Passerina versicolor,* Varied Bunting *Passerina ciris,* Painted Bunting *Spiza americana,* Dickcissel Family ICTERIDAE *Dolichonyx oryzivorus,* Bobolink *Agelaius phoeniceus,* Red-winged Blackbird *Agelaius tricolor,* Tricolored Blackbird *Agelaius humeralis,* Tawny-shouldered Blackbird *Agelaius xanthomus,* Yellow-shouldered Blackbird *Sturnella magna,* Eastern Meadowlark *Sturnella neglecta,* Western Meadowlark *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,* Yellow-headed Blackbird *Euphagus carolinus,* Rusty Blackbird *Euphagus cyanocephalus,* Brewer's Blackbird *Quiscalus quiscula,* Common Grackle *Quiscalus major,* Boat-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus mexicanus,* Great-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus niger,* Greater Antillean Grackle *Molothrus bonariensis,* Shiny Cowbird *Molothrus aeneus,* Bronzed Cowbird *Molothrus ater,* Brown-headed Cowbird *Icterus portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Oriole *Icterus wagleri,* Black-vented Oriole *Icterus spurius,* Orchard Oriole *Icterus cucullatus,* Hooded Oriole *Icterus pustulatus,* Streak-backed Oriole *Icterus bullockii,* Bullock's Oriole *Icterus gularis,* Altamira Oriole *Icterus graduacauda,* Audubon's Oriole *Icterus galbula,* Baltimore Oriole *Icterus parisorum,* Scott's Oriole Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily FRINGILLINAE *Fringilla coelebs,* Common Chaffinch *Fringilla montifringilla,* Brambling Subfamily EUPHONIINAE *Euphonia musica,* Antillean Euphonia Subfamily CARDUELINAE *Leucosticte tephrocotis,* Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte atrata,* Black Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte australis,* Brown-capped Rosy-Finch *Pinicola enucleator,* Pine Grosbeak *Carpodacus erythrinus,* Common Rosefinch *Carpodacus purpureus,* Purple Finch *Carpodacus cassinii,* Cassin's Finch *Carpodacus mexicanus,* House Finch *Loxia curvirostra,* Red Crossbill *Loxia leucoptera,* White-winged Crossbill *Acanthis flammea,* Common Redpoll *Acanthis hornemanni,* Hoary Redpoll *Spinus spinus,* Eurasian Siskin *Spinus pinus,* Pine Siskin *Spinus psaltria,* Lesser Goldfinch *Spinus lawrencei,* Lawrence's Goldfinch *Spinus tristis,* American Goldfinch *Chloris sinica,* Oriental Greenfinch *Pyrrhula pyrrhula,* Eurasian Bullfinch *Coccothraustes vespertinus,* Evening Grosbeak *Coccothraustes coccothraustes,* Hawfinch Subfamily DREPANIDINAE *Telespiza cantans,* Laysan Finch *Telespiza ultima,* Nihoa Finch *Psittirostra psittacea,* Ou *Loxioides bailleui,* Palila *Pseudonestor xanthophrys,* Maui Parrotbill *Hemignathus virens,* Hawaii Amakihi *Hemignathus flavus,* Oahu Amakihi *Hemignathus kauaiensis,* Kauai Amakihi *Hemignathus ellisianus,* Greater Akialoa *Hemignathus lucidus,* Nukupuu *Hemignathus munroi,* Akiapolaau *Magumma parva,* Anianiau *Oreomystis bairdi,* Akikiki *Oreomystis mana,* Hawaii Creeper *Paroreomyza maculata,* Oahu Alauahio *Paroreomyza flammea,* Kakawahie *Paroreomyza montana,* Maui Alauahio *Loxops caeruleirostris,* Akekee *Loxops coccineus,* Akepa *Vestiaria coccinea,* Iiwi *Palmeria dolei,* Akohekohe *Himatione sanguinea,* Apapane *Melamprosops phaeosoma,* Poo-uli PART 21—[AMENDED] 3. The authority citation for part 21 is revised to read as follows: Authority Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 65 Pub. L. No. 65-186, 40 Stat. 755
(1918)(16 U.S.C. 703-12), as amended. § 21.3 [Amended] 4. Amend § 21.3, the definition of “Raptor”, by adding the words “the Order Accipitriformes,” immediately before the words “the Order Falconiformes”. Dated: April 6, 2011. Will Shafroth, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 2011-9448 Filed 4-25-11; 8:45 am]
Connectionstraces to 15
21 references not yet in our index
  • 16 USC 703-712
  • 39 Stat. 1702
  • 50 Stat. 1311
  • 50 CFR 10.13
  • 50 CFR 10.13(a)
  • 50 CFR 21.3
  • Pub. L. 108-447
  • 118 Stat. 2809
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2)
  • Pub. L. 104-121
  • 43 CFR 46.210(h)
  • 16 USC 1531-44
  • 50 CFR 17.11
  • 50 CFR 10
  • 16 USC 1531-1543
  • 16 USC 1361-1384
  • 16 USC 742a-742j
  • 16 USC 3371-3378
  • Pub. L. 65-186
  • 16 USC 703-12
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Proposed rule
U.S.C.§ 742l
U.S.C.§ 742a
Fed. Reg.Notices
U.S.C.§ 601
U.S.C.§ 804
U.S.C.§ 1501
Fed. Reg.Notices
Fed. Reg.Proposed Rules
U.S.C.§ 3501
Cite16 USC 703-712
Stat.39 Stat. 1702
Stat.50 Stat. 1311
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