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Code · REGISTER · 2006-08-24 · Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior · Rules and Regulations

Rules and Regulations. Proposed rule

19,636 words·~89 min read·/register/2006/08/24/06-7001·

A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.

BILLING CODE 4510-26-P 71 164 Thursday, August 24, 2006 Proposed Rules Part III Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 RIN 1018-AB72 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by adding numerous species and removing numerous species.
Reasons for the proposed changes to the list include correcting previous mistakes including misspellings, adding species based on new evidence of occurrence in the United States or U.S. territories, removing species no longer known to occur within the United States, and changing names based on new taxonomy. The net increase of 140 species (152 added and 12 removed) brings to 972 the total number of species protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA). We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes. DATES: Submit comments on or before October 23, 2006. ADDRESSES: Submit your comments on this proposal in one of the following ways:
(1)By postal mail to Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203.
(2)By hand-delivery to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4501 North Fairfax Drive, Room 4000, Arlington, VA 22203. You can also examine materials available for public inspection at this address;
(3)By fax to
(703)358-2272; or
(4)By e-mail to *mbtabirdlist@fws.gov.* FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: John L. Trapp,
(703)358-1714. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)(16 U.S.C. 703-711), the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978 (16 U.S.C. 712), and the Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956 (16 U.S.C. 742a-j). The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)*Canada:* Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;
(2)*Mexico:* Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;
(3)*Japan:* Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4)*Russia:* Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073. What Is the Purpose of This Rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations implementing the MBTA. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes. Why Is This Amendment to the List of Migratory Birds Necessary? The proposed amendment is needed to:
(1)Add 2 species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists;
(2)add 26 species of accidental or casual occurrence documented prior to April 1985, but not included in prior lists;
(3)add 60 species based on new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States since April 1985;
(4)add 27 species that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands;
(5)add 37 species newly recognized as a result of taxonomic changes;
(6)remove 11 species not known to occur within the boundaries of the United States;
(7)remove 1 species that is now treated as a subspecies;
(8)change the common (English) names of 47 species to conform with accepted usage;
(9)change the scientific names of 64 species to conform with accepted usage;
(10)change the common and scientific names of 7 species to conform with accepted usage;
(11)change the scientific names of 4 species in the alphabetical list to conform with accepted usage and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists;
(12)correct errors in the common (English) name of 2 species;
(13)correct errors in the scientific names of 3 species in the taxonomic list; and
(14)change the status of 1 taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (due to lack of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the Migratory Bird Treaty Reform Act of 2004 (Pub. L. 108-447) (MBTRA), we also reaffirm our determination of March 15, 2005 (70 FR 12710), that the mute swan (Cygnus olor), which was never formally listed in 50 CFR 10.13 but was treated as protected by the MBTA since December 28, 2001, as the result of a court order ( *Hill* v. *Norton* , 275 F.3d 98 (D.C. Cir. 2001)), is no longer afforded protection because it is nonnative and human-introduced. See *Fund for Animals* v. *Norton* , 374 F. Supp. 2d 91 (D.D.C. 2005) (denying injunction because of the clear language of the MBTRA), appeal pending. The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested updating the List of Migratory Birds by adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform to the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were necessitated by five published supplements to the 6th
(1983)edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) *Check-list of North American birds* . Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the Check-list, we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised Check-list. The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are reflected in this document, as appropriate. Following publication of the 7th edition of the Check-list in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule until September 2000. A followup proposed rule was deemed necessary because of the 5-year delay since publication of the initial proposed rule, and the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the Check-list. In a second proposed rule published October 12, 2001 (66 FR 52282), we suggested adding 30 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 78 previously listed species to conform to accepted usage. Of the 116 letters received on the proposed rule of October 12, 2001, 109 dealt solely with the presumed protective status of the mute swan (Cygnus olor) under the MBTA. Of the remaining seven letters, three provided comments of a general nature (including recommendations for adding or deleting certain species); two expressed general support without offering specific comments; one questioned the legality of extending MBTA protection to species that do not cross State or international boundaries; and one expressed concern about the harvest of MBTA-protected shorebirds in the Caribbean. These comments remain part of the public record and will be incorporated, as appropriate, into the final rule. Because of the delay since publication of the 2001 proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by six published supplements (AOU 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006) to the 7th edition of the Check-list, we are issuing another proposed rule. This will enhance efficiency by allowing the public to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 and 2001 proposed rules. What Scientific Authorities Are Used To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, staying current with standardized usage is necessary to avoid confusion in communications. We here follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's *Check-list of North American birds* (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, and 2006), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies). For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the Check-list, we follow Monroe and Sibley (1993). What Criteria Are Used To Identify Individual Species Protected by the MBTA? A species qualifies for protection under the MBTA by meeting one or more of the following four criteria:
(1)It
(a)Belongs to a family or group of species named in the Canadian convention of 1916, as amended in 1996;
(b)specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and
(c)the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(2)It
(a)Belongs to a family of group of species named in the Mexican convention of 1936, as amended in 1972;
(b)specimens, photographs, videotape recordings, or audiotape recordings provide convincing evidence of natural occurrence in the United States or its territories; and
(c)the documentation of such records has been recognized by the AOU or other competent scientific authorities.
(3)It is a species listed in the annex to the Japanese convention of 1972, as amended.
(4)It is a species listed in the appendix to the Russian convention of 1976. In accordance with the MBTRA, we have not listed species whose occurrences in the United States are strictly the result of intentional human introduction(s). How Do the Scientific Names Proposed Here Compare to Those That Appear in the Japanese and Russian Treaties? The Japanese and Russian treaties list individual species of birds that are covered. For 37 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998, 1999; Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the treaties. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the annex to the Japanese treaty and the appendix to the Russian treaty. The first name is the modern equivalent proposed here, and the second name is that which appears in one or both of the treaties. These changes modernize the regulatory list without revising either the Japanese or the Russian treaty (indicated by J and R, respectively): Accipiter gularis (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as Accipiter virgatus (J & R); Actitis hypoleucos (Common Sandpiper) is listed as Tringa hypoleucos (J & R); Aethia psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (R); Anas americana (American Wigeon) is listed as Mareca americana (J); Anas clypeata (Northern Shoveler) is listed as Spatula clypeata (J); Anas penelope (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as Mareca penelope (J); Anous minutus (Black Noddy) is listed as Anous tenuirostris (J); Anthus rubescens (American Pipit) is listed as Anthus spinoletta (J & R); Branta bernicla (Brant) incorporates Branta nigricans (R); Calidris alba (Sanderling) is listed as Crocethia alba (J); Calidris subminuta (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of Calidris minutilla (J); Carduelis flammea (Common Redpoll) is listed as Acanthis flammea (J); Carduelis hornemanni (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of Carduelis flammea (J), and is listed as Acanthis hornemanni (R); Charadrius morinellus (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as Eudromias morinellus (J & R); Chen caerulescens (Snow Goose) is listed as Anser caerulescens (J); Chen canagica (Emperor Goose) is listed as Anser canagicus (J), and Philacte canagica (R); Cygnus columbianus (Tundra Swan) incorporates Cygnus bewickii (R); Egretta sacra (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as Demigretta sacra (J); Ficedula narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) is listed as Muscicapa narcissina (J); Fratercula cirrhata (Tufted Puffin) is listed as Lunda cirrhata (J & R); Gallinago gallinago (Common Snipe) is listed as Capella gallinago (R); Gallinago megala (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as Capella megala (R); Gallinago stenura (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as Capella stenura (R); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of Tringa incana (J); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) is listed as Tringa incana (J); Luscinia calliope (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as Erithacus calliope (J); Melanitta fusca (White-winged Scoter) incorporates Melanitta deglandi (J); Mergellus albellus
(Smew)is listed as Mergus albellus (J & R); Milvus migrans (Black Kite) is listed as Milvus korschun (R); Numenius borealis (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of Numenius minutus (J); Phalaropus lobatus (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as Lobipes lobatus (R); Phoebastria albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea albatrus (J & R); Phoebastria immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) is listed as Diomedea immutabilis (J & R); Phoebastria nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as Diomedea nigripes (J & R); Pterodroma hypoleuca (Bonin Petrel) is listed as Pterodroma leucoptera (R); Tachycineta bicolor (Tree Swallow) is listed as Iridoprocne bicolor (R); and Turdus obscurus (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as Turdus pallidus (R). How Do the Proposed Changes Affect the List of Migratory Birds? The proposed amendments (152 additions, 12 removals, 118 name changes, and 9 corrections) will affect a grand total of 290 species and result in a net addition of 140 species to the List of Migratory Birds, increasing the species total from 832 to 972. Of the 140 species that we propose adding to the list, 37 were previously covered under the MBTA as subspecies of listed species. These amendments can be logically arranged in the following 14 categories:
(1)Add two species that are included in the Appendix of the Russian treaty and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists was an oversight. These species also qualify for protection under the Canadian and Mexican treaties as members of the families Anatidae and Laridae, respectively: Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha; and Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris.
(2)Add 26 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (prior to April 1985) of distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties. They were excluded from the 1985 list because their occurrence was viewed as accidental or casual, a criterion no longer viewed as consistent with the MBTA or its underlying treaties. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or improbable (AOU 1983). For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s): Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta—Washington (AOU 1982, 1983, 1997, 1998); Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans—California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina—Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs—Maine to Massachusetts (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops—Louisiana, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata—Massachusetts, New York (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae—Alabama, Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius—Maine, Tennessee (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri—Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998, 2003); Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostis—Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Martin, Southern, Progne elegans—Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii—Florida (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis—Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax—Hawaii (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis—Puerto Rico (AOU 1983, 1995, 1998); Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1995); Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus—Pennsylvania, Texas (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas—California (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus—Alaska (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998); Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1983, 1998); Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris—Florida (AOU 1983, 1998); and Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa—Arizona (AOU 1982, 1983, 1998).
(3)Add 60 species based on review and acceptance by AOU (since April 1985) of new distributional records documenting their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. These species belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties and most are considered to be of accidental or casual occurrence. For each species, we list the State(s) in which it has been recorded plus the relevant AOU publication(s): Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris—Virginia (AOU 2002); Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata—California (AOU 1997, 1998); Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola—Alaska (AOU 1989, 1998); Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans—Alaska (AOU 2000); Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis—U.S. Virgin Islands (AOU 1998); Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris—Texas (AOU 1998); Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata—Texas (AOU 1998); Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta—Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico, Virginia (AOU 1998); Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata—Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus—Florida, New Mexico, Texas (AOU 2002); Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similis—Texas (AOU 2006); Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus—Texas (AOU 1998); Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus—Texas (AOU 1998); Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis—Hawaii (AOU 1997, 1998); Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris—New York (AOU 1991, 1998, 2002); Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus—Florida (AOU 2002); Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus—Louisiana, Maryland (AOU 2002); Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans—Maryland (AOU 1993, 1998); Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens—Texas (AOU 1998); Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo—Alaska (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila—Arizona, New Mexico (AOU 1998); Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii—California (AOU 1998); Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii—Texas (AOU 1998); Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera—Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1995, 1998); Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens—Arizona, Texas (AOU 1998); Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix—10 States (AOU 1997, 1998); Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus—Texas (AOU 2006); Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris—Texas (AOU 2002); Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata—Texas (AOU 1989, 1998); Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius—Texas (AOU 2002); Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow—North Carolina (AOU 1998); Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera—California (AOU 2004); Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris—California, Hawaii (AOU 1989, 1998); Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus—Florida (AOU 2004); Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris—Texas (AOU 1998); Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus—Alaska (AOU 2000); Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis—Massachusetts (AOU 1985, 1998); Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane—Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998); Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis—Texas (AOU 1998); Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus—Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii—North Carolina (AOU 2006); Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus—Texas (AOU 1998); Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus—Alaska (AOU 1995, 1998); Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus—Alaska (AOU 1985, 1998); Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus—Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998, 2004); Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied Fregetta tropica—North Carolina (AOU 2006); Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea—Florida (AOU 2005); Swift, Alpine, Apus melba—Puerto Rico (AOU 1998); Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata—Arizona, Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii—Hawaii (AOU 1991, 1998, 2006); Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida—Delaware, New Jersey (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata—Texas (AOU 1998); Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis—Alaska (AOU 1991, 1998); Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister—Texas (AOU 1987, 1998); Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola—Alabama (AOU 1995, 1998); Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa—Arizona (AOU 1987, 1998); and Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major—Alaska (AOU 1987, 1998).
(4)Add 27 species that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties, but occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands (Pratt *et al.* 1987). We also list the territory or territories in which each species is known to occur: Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (Guam); Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (Northern Marianas); Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (American Samoa); Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (Guam, Northern Marianas); Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (American Samoa); Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (Guam, Northern Marianas); Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (Guam); Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (American Samoa); Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (American Samoa); Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (Northern Marianas); Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (American Samoa); Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (American Samoa, Northern Marianas); Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (Guam); Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (Guam); Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (American Samoa); Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (Baker and Howland Islands); Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (American Samoa); Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (American Samoa); Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (Guam); Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (Guam, Northern Marianas); Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (American Samoa); Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (American Samoa); Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (American Samoa); Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (Guam, Northern Marianas); and Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (American Samoa).
(5)Add 37 species because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been determined to be distinct species. Given that each of these species was formerly treated as subspecies of a listed species, these additions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting the change: Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (formerly treated as subspecies of Fulica americana, American Coot) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (formerly treated as subspecies of Colaptes auratus, Northern Flicker) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Empidonax difficilis, Western [=Pacific-slope] Flycatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Polioptila melanura, Black-tailed Gnatcatcher) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (formerly treated as subspecies of Pluvialis dominica, Lesser [=American] Golden-Plover) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchinsii (formerly treated as subspecies of Branta canadensis, Canada Goose) [AOU 2004]; Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (formerly treated as subspecies of Aechmophorus occidentalis, Western Grebe) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Butorides striatus, Green-backed [=Striated] Heron) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (formerly treated as subspecies of Elanus caeruleus, Black-shouldered Kite) (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (formerly treated as subspecies of Gavia arctica, Arctic Loon) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (formerly treated as subspecies of Pica pica, Black-billed [=Eurasian] Magpie) [AOU 2000]; Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Phaeornis obscurus, Hawaiian Thrush [=Omao]) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (formerly treated as subspecies of Icterus galbula, Northern [=Baltimore] Oriole) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma phaeopygia, Dark-rumped [=Galapagos] Petrel) [AOU 2002]; Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pterodroma externa, White-necked [=Juan Fernandez] Petrel) [AOU 1991, 1998]; Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (formerly treated as subspecies of Anthus spinoletta, Water Pipit (AOU 1989, 1998); Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (formerly treated as subspecies of Leucosticte arctoa, Rosy Finch) [AOU 1993, 1998]; Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Sphyrapicus varius, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker) [AOU 1985, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (formerly treated as subspecies of Aphelocoma coerulescens, Scrub [=Florida] Jay [=Scrub-Jay]) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (formerly treated as subspecies of Gallinago gallinago, Common Snipe) [AOU 2002]; Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (formerly treated as subspecies of Ammodramus caudacutus, Sharp-tailed [=Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed] Sparrow) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Spindalis zena, Stripe-headed [=Western] Tanager [=Spindalis]) [AOU 2000]; Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (formerly treated as subspecies of Catharus minimus, Gray-cheeked Thrush) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus [=Baeolophus] bicolor, Tufted Titmouse) [AOU 2002]; Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (formerly treated as subspecies of Parus Baeolophus] inornatus, Plain [=Oak] Titmouse) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo fuscus, Brown Towhee) [AOU 1989, 1998]; Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (formerly treated as subspecies of Pipilo erythrophthalmus, Rufous-sided [=Eastern] Towhee) [AOU 1995, 1998]; Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo solitarius, Solitary [=Blue-headed] Vireo) [AOU 1997, 1998]; Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (formerly treated as subspecies of Vireo olivaceus, Red-eyed Vireo) [AOU 1987, 1998]; Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (formerly treated as subspecies of Motacilla flava, Yellow Wagtail) [AOU 2004]; Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides tridactylus, Three-toed [=Eurasian Three-toed] Woodpecker) [AOU 2003]; and Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (formerly treated as subspecies of Picoides stricklandi, Strickland's Woodpecker) [AOU 2000].
(6)Remove 11 species based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional evidence confirming that their known geographic ranges lie entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) supporting these changes: Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (AOU 1993, 1998); Heron, Green-backed (=Striated), Butorides striatus (AOU 1993, 1998); Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus (AOU 2002); Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus (AOU 1983, 1993, 1998); Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica (AOU 2000); Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris (AOU 1998; treated as conspecific with Black Noddy, Anous minutus); Petrel, Dark-rumped (=Galapagos), Pterodroma phaeopygia (AOU 2002); Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta (AOU 1983, 1989, 1998); Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava (AOU 2004); Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi (AOU 2000); and Woodpecker, Three-toed (=Eurasian Three-toed), Picoides tridactylis (AOU 2003).
(7)Remove one former species that is now treated as a subspecies: Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens (lugens will remain protected as a subspecies of Motacilla alba, White Wagtail) [AOU 2005].
(8)Revise the common (English) names of 47 species to conform to the most recent nomenclatural treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the published source(s) for the name change: Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba, will be changed to Owl, Barn (AOU 1989, 1998); Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis, will be changed to Bittern, Yellow (AOU 1991, 1998); Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus, will be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas (AOU 1997, 1998); Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus, will be changed to Curlew, Little (AOU 1987, 1998); Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta, will be changed to Flycatcher, Gray-streaked (AOU 2004); Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis, will be changed to Flycatcher, Pacific-slope (AOU 1989, 1998); Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica, will be changed to Golden-Plover, American (AOU 1993, 1998); Goose, Ross', Chen rossii, will be changed to Goose, Ross's (AOU 1998); Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus, will be changed to Gull, Black-headed (AOU 1995, 1998); Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea, will be changed to Gull, Ross's (AOU 1998); Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis, will be changed to Sparrowhawk, Japanese (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus, will be changed to Hawk, Harris's (AOU 1998); Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula, will be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk (AOU 1989, 1998); Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra, will be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Hoopoe, Upupa epops, will be changed to Hoopoe, Eurasian (AOU 1998); Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina, will be changed to Jay, Mexican (AOU 1995, 1998); Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens, will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida (AOU 1995, 1998); Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus, will be changed to Kite, Swallow-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus, will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus's (AOU 1998); Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus, will be changed to Nightjar, Gray (AOU 2004); Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis, will be changed to Duck, Long-tailed (AOU 2000); Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis, will be changed to Oriole, Greater Antillean (AOU 2000); Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula, will be changed to Oriole, Baltimore (AOU 1995, 1998); Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa, will be changed to Petrel, Juan Fernandez (AOU 1991, 1998); Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii, will be changed to Sand-Plover, Greater (AOU 2004); Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus, will be changed to Sand-Plover, Lesser (AOU 2004); Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniclus, will be changed to Bunting, Reed (AOU 1995, 1998); Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi, will be changed to Bunting, Pallas's (AOU 1995, 1998); Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus, will be changed to Sandpiper, Spoon-billed (AOU 2004); Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis, will be changed to Lark, Sky (AOU 1995, 1998); Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querela, will be changed to Sparrow, Harris's (AOU 1998); Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus, will be changed to Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed (AOU 1995, 1998); Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus, will be changed to Starling, White-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis, will be changed to Starling, Chestnut-cheeked (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis, will be changed to Stint, Red-necked (AOU 1995); Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami, will be changed to Storm-Petrel, Tristram's (AOU 1989, 1998); Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia, will be changed to Palm-Swift, Antillean (AOU 1983, 1998); Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena, will be changed to Spindalis, Western (AOU 2000); Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata, will be changed to Duck, Falcated (AOU 1997, 1998); Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus, will be changed to Thrush, Eyebrowed (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus, will be changed to Towhee, Canyon (AOU 1989, 1998); Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, will be changed to Towhee, Eastern (AOU 1995, 1998); Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni, will be changed to Pipit, Olive-backed (AOU 1995, 1998); Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus, will be changed to Quetzel, Eared (AOU 2002); Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius, will be changed to Vireo, Blue-headed (AOU 1997, 1998); Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae, will be changed to Warbler, Elfin-woods (AOU 1998); and Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis, will be changed to Woodpecker, Lewis's (AOU 1998).
(9)Revise the scientific names of 64 species to conform to the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the AOU publication(s) documenting the name change: Actitis macularia (Spotted Sandpiper) will be changed to Actitis macularius (AOU 2004); Ajaia ajaja (Roseate Spoonbill) will be changed to Platalea ajaja (AOU 2002); Amphispiza quinquestriata (Five-striped Sparrow) will be changed to Aimophila quinquestriata (AOU 1997, 1998); Casmerodius albus (Great Egret) will be changed to Ardea alba (AOU 1995, 1998); Catharacta maccormicki (South Polar Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius maccormicki (AOU 2000); Catharacta skua (Great Skua) will be changed to Stercorarius skua (AOU 2000); Catoptrophorus semipalmatus (Willet) will be changed to Tringa semipalmata (AOU 2006); Ceryle torquata (Ringed Kingfisher) will be changed to Ceryle torquatus (AOU 2004); Columba fasciata (Band-tailed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas fasciata (AOU 2003); Columba flavirostris (Red-billed Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas flavirostris (AOU 2003); Columba inornata (Plain Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas inornata (AOU 2003); Columba leucocephala (White-crowned Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas leucocephala (AOU 2003); Columba squamosa (Scaly-naped Pigeon) will be changed to Patagioenas squamosa (AOU 2003); Contopus borealis (Olive-sided Flycatcher) will be changed to Contopus cooperi (AOU 1997, 1998); Cuculus saturatus (Oriental Cuckoo) will be changed to Cuculus optatus (AOU 2006); Cyclorrhynchus psittacula (Parakeet Auklet) will be changed to Aethia psittacula (AOU 1997, 1998); Delichon urbica (Common House-Martin) will be changed to Delichon urbicum (AOU 2004); Diomedea albatrus (Short-tailed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria albatrus (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea chlororhynchos (Yellow-nosed Albatross) will be changed to Thalassarche chlororhynchos (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea immutabilis (Laysan Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria immutabilis (AOU 1997, 1998); Diomedea nigripes (Black-footed Albatross) will be changed to Phoebastria nigripes (AOU 1997, 1998); Guiraca caerulea (Blue Grosbeak) will be changed to Passerina caerulea (AOU 2002); Heteroscelus brevipes (Gray-tailed Tattler) will be changed to Tringa brevipes (AOU 2006); Heteroscelus incanus (Wandering Tattler) will be changed to Tringa incana (AOU 2006); Helmitheros vermivora (Worm-eating Warbler) will be changed to Helmitheros vermivorus (AOU 2004); Hirundo fulva (Cave Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon fulva (AOU 1997, 1998); Hirundo pyrrhonota (Cliff Swallow) will be changed to Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (AOU 1997, 1998); Muscicapa narcissina (Narcissus Flycatcher) will be changed to Ficedula narcissina (AOU 1991, 1998); Nesochen sandvicensis (Hawaiian Goose) will be changed to Branta sandvicensis (AOU 1993, 1998); Nyctea scandiaca (Snowy Owl) will be changed to Bubo scandiaca (AOU 2003); Nycticorax goisagi (Japanese Night-Heron) will be changed to Gorsachius goisagi (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Nycticorax violaceus (Yellow-crowned Night-Heron) will be changed to Nyctanassa violacea (AOU 1998); Otus asio (Eastern Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops asio (AOU 2003); Otus kennicottii (Western Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops kennicottii (AOU 2003); Otus nudipes (Puerto Rican Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops nudipes (AOU 2003); Otus trichopsis (Whiskered Screech-Owl) will be changed to Megascops trichopsis (AOU 2003); Oxyura dominica (Masked Duck) will be changed to Nomonyx dominicus (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus atricapillus (Black-capped Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile atricapillus (AOU 1997, 1998, 2003); Parus bicolor (Tufted Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus bicolor (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus carolinensis (Carolina Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile carolinensis (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus gambeli (Mountain Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile gambeli (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus hudsonicus (Boreal Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile hudsonica (AOU 1997, 1998, 2000); Parus rufescens (Chestnut-backed Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile rufescens (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus sclateri (Mexican Chickadee) will be changed to Poecile sclateri (AOU 1997, 1998); Parus wollweberi (Bridled Titmouse) will be changed to Baeolophus wollweberi (AOU 1997, 1998); Phalaropus fulicaria (Red Phalarope) will be changed to Phalaropus fulicarius (AOU 2002); Polyborus plancus (Crested Caracara) will be changed to Caracara cheriway (AOU 1993, 1998, 2000); Porphyrula martinica (Purple Gallinule) will be changed to Porphyrio martinica (AOU 2002); Saurothera vieilloti (Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo) will be changed to Coccyzus vielloti (AOU 2006); Seiurus aurocapillus (Ovenbird) will be changed to Seiurus aurocapilla (AOU 2003); Sterna albifrons (Little Tern) will be changed to Sternula albifrons (AOU 2006); Sterna aleutica (Aleutian Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion aleuticus (AOU 2006); Sterna anaethetus (Bridled Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion anaethetus (AOU 2006); Sterna antillarum (Least Tern) will be changed to Sternula antillarum (AOU 2006); Sterna caspia (Caspian Tern) will be changed to Hydroprogne caspia (AOU 2006); Sterna elegans (Elegant Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus elegans (AOU 2006); Sterna fuscata (Sooty Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion fuscatus (AOU 2006); Sterna lunata (Gray-backed Tern) will be changed to Onychoprion lunatus (AOU 2006); Sterna maxima (Royal Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus maximus (AOU 2006); Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed Tern) will be changed to Gelochelidon nilotica (AOU 2006); Sterna sandvicensis (Sandwich Tern) will be changed to Thalasseus sandvicensis (AOU 2006); Sula bassanus (Northern Gannet) will be changed to Morus bassanus (AOU 1989, 1998); Tiaris olivacea (Yellow-faced Grassquit) will be changed to Tiaris olivaceus (AOU 2004); and Toxostoma dorsale (Crissal Thrasher) will be changed to Toxostoma crissale (AOU 1984, 1985, 1998).
(10)Revise the common (English) and scientific names of seven species to conform with the most recent nomenclature treatment. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known. In each case, we reference the publication(s) supporting the name change: Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus, will be changed to Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (AOU 1991, 1998); Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia, will be changed to Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus, will be changed to Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (Monroe and Sibley 1993); Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus, will be changed to Omao, Myadestes obscurus (AOU 1985, 1998); Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri, will be changed to Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (AOU 1985, 1998); Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus, will be changed to Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (AOU 1998, 2000); and Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus, will be changed to Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (AOU 1997, 1998).
(11)Revise incorrect or invalid scientific names of four species in the alphabetical list to reflect the most recent nomenclatural treatment and to correct inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists: Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla, will be changed to Rissa trydactyla (AOU 1998); Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris, will be changed to Rissa brevirostris (AOU 1998); Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger, will be changed to Rynchops niger (AOU 1998); and Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima, will be changed to Hylocichla mustelina (AOU 1998).
(12)Revise the common (English) name of two species in the alphabetical and taxonomic lists to correct misspellings: Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus, will be changed to Bittern, Schrenck's (Monroe and Sibley 1993); and Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus, will be changed to Redstart, Slate-throated (AOU 1998).
(13)Revise the scientific names of three species in the taxonomic list to correct misspellings and inconsistencies between the alphabetical and taxonomic lists: Sialis currucoides (Mountain Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia currucoides (AOU 1998); Sialis mexicana (Western Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia mexicana (AOU 1998); and Sialis sialis (Eastern Bluebird) will be changed to Sialia sialis (AOU 1998).
(14)Change the status of one taxon from protected subspecies to non-protected species (because there is no known natural occurrence of the newly recognized species in the United States or its territories). In accordance with the AOU (1998), the Barbary Falcon is currently treated as a subspecies (pelegrinoides) of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in 50 CFR 10.13. We propose deferring to the taxonomic treatment of Monroe and Sibley
(1993)in recognizing F. peregrinus pelegrinoides as a distinct species, Falco pelegrinoides, the Barbary Falcon. This change will bring our treatment of this taxon into conformity with that adopted by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), thereby removing an inconsistency between the MBTA (50 CFR 10.13) and CITES (50 CFR 23.23) lists. This simple taxonomic change will not result in the addition or removal of any species from the list: Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides, a subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, will be changed to Falco pelegrinoides, Barbary Falcon (Monroe and Sibley 1993). (The newly recognized Barbary Falcon is not subject to the MBTA because its known geographic range lies entirely outside the political boundaries of the United States and its territories. This action will not change the legal status of any other subspecies of the Peregrine Falcon, all of which will continue to be protected under the MBTA.) For ease of comparison, the proposed changes are summarized in the following table (numbers reference the categories treated above). Categories that involve name revisions ( *i.e.* , 9, 10, and 11) will require removal of the old name (left-hand column) and addition of the new name (right-hand column). To ensure that these two separate actions appear on the same line of the table, we employ brackets to identify old (removed) or new (added) names that are listed in correct alphabetical order elsewhere in the table: Removed (alphabetically) Added (alphabetically) Albatross, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris (3). Albatross, Black-footed, Diomedea nigripes
(9)Albatross, Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes (9). Albatross, Laysan, Diomedea immutabilis
(9)Albatross, Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis (9). Albatross, Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata (3). Albatross, Short-tailed, Diomedea albatrus
(9)Albatross, Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus (9). Albatross, Shy, Thalassarche cauta (2). Albatross, Wandering, Diomedea exulans (2). Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Diomedea chlororhynchos
(9)Albatross, Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (9). Auklet, Parakeet, Cyclorrhynchus psittacula
(9)Auklet, Parakeet, Aethia psittacula (9). Barn-Owl, Common, Tyto alba
(8)[see Owl, Barn]. Bittern, Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis (4). Bittern, Chinese, Ixobrychus sinensis
(8)Bittern, Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis (8). Bittern, Schrenk's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
(12)Bittern, Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus (12). Bluebird, Eastern, Sialis sialis
(13)Bluebird, Eastern, Sialia sialis (13). Bluebird, Mountain, Sialis currucoides
(13)Bluebird, Mountain, Sialia currucoides (13). Bluebird, Western, Sialis mexicana
(13)Bluebird, Western, Sialia mexicana (13). Bluetail, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus (3). Bunting, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina (2). Bunting, Gray, Emberiza variabilis (2). Bunting, Little, Emberiza pusilla (2). [see Reed-Bunting, Pallas'] Bunting, Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi (8). Bunting, Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos (3). [see Reed-Bunting, Common] Bunting, Reed, Emberiza schoeniculus (8). Bunting, Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola (3). Bunting, Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans (3). Carib, Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis (3). Caracara, Crested, Polyborus plancus
(9)Caracara, Crested, Caracara cheriway (9). Catbird, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris (3). Chaffinch, Common, Fringilla coelebs (2). Chickadee, Black-capped, Parus atricapillus
(9)Chickadee, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus (9). Chickadee, Boreal, Parus hudsonicus
(9)Chickadee, Boreal, Poecile hudsonica (9). Chickadee, Carolina, Parus carolinensis
(9)Chickadee, Carolina, Poecile carolinensis (9). Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Parus rufescens
(9)Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens (9). [see Tit, Siberian] Chickadee, Gray-headed, Poecile cincta (10). Chickadee, Mexican, Parus sclateri
(9)Chickadee, Mexican, Poecile sclateri (9). Chickadee, Mountain, Parus gambeli
(9)Chickadee, Mountain, Poecile gambeli (9). Coot, Hawaiian, Fulica alai (5). Cormorant, Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos (4). Cormorant, Olivaceous, Phalacrocorax olivaceus
(10)Cormorant, Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus (10). Crake, Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops (2). Crake, Spotless, Porzana tabuensis (4). Crow, Mariana, Corvus kubaryi (4). Crow, Mexican, Corvus imparatus
(8)Crow, Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus (8). Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus saturatus
(9)Cuckoo, Oriental, Cuculus optatus (9). Curlew, Eurasian, Numenius arquata (2). Curlew, Least, Numenius minutus
(8)Curlew, Little, Numenius minutus (8). [see Teal, Falcated] Duck, Falcated, Anas falcata (8). [see Oldsquaw] Duck, Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis (8). Duck, Masked, Oxyura dominica
(9)Duck, Masked, Nomonyx dominicus (9). Duck, Muscovy, Cairina moschata (3). Duck, Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa (4). Duck, Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha (1). Egret, Great, Casmerodius albus
(9)Egret, Great, Ardea alba (9). Egret, Plumed, Egretta intermedia
(10)Egret, Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia (10). Egret, Little, Egretta garzetta (3). Elaenia, Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata (3). [Falcon, Barbary, Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides (=Falco pelegrinoides)] (14). Finch, Rosy, Leucosticte arctoa (6). [see Rosy-Finch] Flicker, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides (5). Flycatcher, Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis (5). Flycatcher, Gray-spotted, Muscicapa griseisticta
(8)Flycatcher, Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta (8). Flycatcher, La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae (2). Flycatcher, Narcissus, Muscicapa narcissina
(9)Flycatcher, Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina (9). Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus borealis
(9)Flycatcher, Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi (9). Flycatcher, Western, Empidonax difficilis
(8)Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis (8). Flycatcher, Piratic, Legatus leucophalus (3). Flycatcher, Social, Myiozetetes similes (3). Flycatcher, Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus (3). Flycatcher, Variegated, Empidonomus varius (2). Forest-Falcon, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus (3). Frog-Hawk, Gray, Accipiter soloensis (3). Fruit-Dove, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus (4). Fruit-Dove, Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii (4). Fruit-Dove, Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla (4). Gallinule, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris (3). Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrula martinica
(9)Gallinule, Purple, Porphyrio martinica (9). Gannet, Northern, Sula bassanus
(9)Gannet, Northern, Morus bassanus (9). Gnatcatcher, California, Polioptila californica (5). Golden-Plover, Lesser, Pluvialis dominica
(8)Golden-Plover, American, Pluvialis dominica (8). Golden-Plover, Pacific, Pluvialis fulva (5). Goose, Cackling, Branta hutchensii (5). Goose, Hawaiian, Nesochen sandvicensis
(9)Goose, Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis (9). Goose, Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus (3). Goose, Ross', Chen rossii
(8)Goose, Ross's, Chen rossii (8). Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivacea
(9)Grassquit, Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus (9). Grebe, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii (5). Greenshank, Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer (4). Grosbeak, Blue, Guiraca caerulea
(9)Grosbeak, Blue, Passerina caerulea (9). Ground-Dove, Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi (4). Ground-Dove, White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura (4). Gull, Belcher's, Larus belcheri (2). Gull, Common Black-headed, Larus ridibundus
(8)Gull, Black-headed, Larus ridibundus (8). Gull, Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris (1). Gull, Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus (3). Gull, Kelp, Larus dominicanus (3). Gull, Ross', Rhodostethia rosea
(8)Gull, Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea (8). Gull, Yellow-legged, Larus cachinnans (3). Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, Accipiter gularis
(8)[see Sparrowhawk, Japanese] Hawk, Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens (3). Hawk, Harris', Parabuteo unicinctus
(8)Hawk, Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus (8). Hawk, Roadside, Buteo magnirostris (2). Hawk-Owl, Northern, Surnia ulula
(8)[see Owl, Northern Hawk] Heron, Gray, Ardea cinerea (4). Heron, Green, Butorides virescens (5). Heron, Green-backed, Butorides striatus
(6)[see Heron, Green]. Heron, Pacific Reef, Egretta sacra
(8)[see Reef-Egret, Pacific]. Hobby, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo (3). Hoopoe, Upupa epops
(8)Hoopoe, Eurasian, Upupa epops (8). House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbica
(9)House-Martin, Common, Delichon urbicum (9). Hummingbird, Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa (2). Hummingbird, Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila (3). Hummingbird, Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii (3). Imperial-Pigeon, Pacific, Ducula pacifica (4). Jay, Gray-breasted, Aphelocoma ultramarina
(8)Jay, Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina (8). Jay, Scrub, Aphelocoma coerulescens
(8)[see Scrub-Jay, Florida]. Kamao, Myadestes myadestinus (5). Kingbird, Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
(6)Kingfisher, Collared, Todirhamphus chloris (4). Kingfisher, Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus (4). Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquata
(9)Kingfisher, Ringed, Ceryle torquatus (9). Kite, American Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
(8)Kite, Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus (8). Kite, Black-shouldered, Elanus caeruleus
(6)[see Kite, White-tailed]. Kite, White-tailed, Elanus leucurus (5). Kittiwake, Black-legged, Larus tridactyla
(11)Kittiwake, Black-legged, Rissa trydactyla (11). Kittiwake, Red-legged, Larus brevirostris
(11)Kittiwake, ed-legged, Rissa brevirostris (11). [see Skylark, Eurasian] Lark, Sky, Alauda arvensis (8). Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Saurothera vieilloti
(9)Lizard-Cuckoo, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti (9). Loon, Pacific, Gavia pacifica (5). Magpie, Black-billed (=Eurasian), Pica pica
(6)[see Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia]. Magpie, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia (5). Mango, Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii (3). Martin, Brown-chested, Progne tapera (3). Martin, Southern, Progne elegans (2). Mockingbird, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii (2). Mockingbird, Blue, Melanotis caerulescens (3). Murrelet, Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix (3). Murrelet, Xantus', Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
(8)Murrelet, Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus (8). Night-Heron, Japanese, Nycticorax goisagi
(9)Night-Heron, Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi (9). Night-Heron, Malay, Nycticorax melanolophus
(10)Night-Heron, Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus (10). Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nycticorax violaceus
(9)Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea (9). Nightjar, Jungle, Caprimulgus indicus
(8)Nightjar, Gray, Caprimulgus indicus (8). Nightingale-Thrush, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus (3). Nightingale-Thrush, Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris (3). Noddy, Lesser, Anous tenuirostris
(6)Oldsquaw, Clangula hyemalis
(8)[see Duck, Long-tailed]. Olomao, Myadestes lanaiensis (5). [see Thrush, Hawaiian] Omao, Myadestes obscurus (10). Oriole, Northern, Icterus galbula
(8)Oriole, Baltimore, Icterus galbula (8). Oriole, Bullock's, Icterus bullockii (5). Oriole, Black-cowled, Icterus dominicensis
(8)Oriole, Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis (8). Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus
(9)Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla (9). [see Barn-Owl, Common] Owl, Barn, Tyto alba (8). Owl, Mottled, Ciccaba virgata (3). [see Hawk-Owl, Northern] Owl, Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula (8). Owl, Snowy, Nyctea scandiaca
(9)Owl, Snowy, Bubo scandiaca (9). Owl, Stygian, Asio stygius (3). Oystercatcher, Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus (4). [see Swift, Antillean Palm] Palm-Swift, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia (8). Petrel, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow (3). Petrel, Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis (2). Petrel, Dark-rumped, Pterodroma phaeopygia
(6)[see Petrel, Hawaiian] Petrel, Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera (4). Petrel, Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera (3). Petrel, Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis (5). Petrel, Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax (2). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma externa
(8)Petrel, Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa (8). Petrel, Phoenix, Pterodroma alba (4). Petrel, Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris (3). Petrel, Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata (4). Petrel, White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis (5). Pewee, Cuban, Contopus caribeaus (3). Pewee, Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis (2). Phalarope, Red, Phalaropus fulicaria
(9)Red Phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (9). Pigeon, Band-tailed, Columba fasciata
(9)Pigeon, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata (9). Pigeon, Plain, Columba inornata
(9)Pigeon, Plain, Patagioenas inornata (9). Pigeon, Red-billed, Columba flavirostris
(9)Pigeon, Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris (9). Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Columba squamosa
(9)Pigeon, Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa (9). Pigeon, White-crowned, Columba leucocephala
(9)Pigeon, White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala (9). Pipit, Water, Anthus spinoletta
(6)[see Pipit, American]. Pipit, American, Anthus rubescens (5). [see Tree-Pipit, Olive] Pipit, Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni (8). Pipit, Tree, Anthus trivialis (2). Plover, Collared, Charadrius collaris (3). Plover, Great Sand, Charadrius leschenaultii
(8)[see Sand-Plover, Greater]. Plover, Mongolian, Charadrius mongolus
(8)[see Sand-Plover, Lesser]. Pond-Heron, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus (3). [see Thrush, Small Kauai] Puaiohi, Myadestes palmeri (10). [see Trogon, Eared] Quetzel, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus (8). Rail, Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis (4). Rail, Guam, Gallirallus owstoni (4). Rail, Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus (2). Redstart, Slaty-throated, Myioborus miniatus
(12)Redstart, Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus (12). Reed-Bunting, Common, Emberiza schoeniculus
(8)[see Bunting, Reed]. Reed-Bunting, Pallas', Emberiza pallasi
(8)[see Bunting, Pallas's]. [see Heron, Pacific Reef] Reef-Egret, Pacific, Egretta sacra (8). Reef-Heron, Western, Egretta gularis (3). Robin, Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane (3). Robin, White-throated, Turdus assimilis (3). Rosy-Finch, Black, Leucosticte atrata (5). Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis (5). Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis (5). Sandpiper, Green, Tringa ochropus (3). Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
(8)Sandpiper, Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (8). Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularia
(9)Sandpiper, Spotted, Actitis macularius (9). [see Plover, Great Sand] Sand-Plover, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii (8). [see Plover, Mongolian] Sand-Plover, Lesser, Charadrius mongolus (8). Sapsucker, Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis (5). Scops-Owl, Oriental, Otus sunia (2). Screech-Owl, Eastern, Otus asio
(9)Screech-Owl, Eastern, Megascops asio (9). Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Otus nudipes
(9)Screech-Owl, Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes (9). Screech-Owl, Western, Otus kennicottii
(9)Screech-Owl, Western, Megascops kennicottii (9). Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Otus trichopsis
(9)Screech-Owl, Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis (9). [see Jay, Scrub] Scrub-Jay, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens (8). Scrub-Jay, Island, Aphelocoma insularis (5). Scrub-Jay, Western, Aphelocoma californica (5). Shearwater, Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii (3). Shearwater, Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas (2). Shrike, Brown, Lanius cristatus (2). Silky-flycatcher, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus (3). Siskin, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus (3). Skimmer, Black, Rhynchops niger
(11)Skimmer, Black, Rynchops niger (11). Skua, Great, Catharacta skua
(9)Skua, Great, Stercorarius skua (9). Skua, South Polar, Catharacta maccormicki
(9)Skua, South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki (9). Skylark, Eurasian, Alauda arvensis
(8)[see Lark, Sky]. Snipe, Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (5). Sparrow, Five-striped, Amphispiza quinquestriata
(9)Sparrow, Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata (9). Sparrow, Harris', Zonotrichia querula
(8)Sparrow, Harris's, Zonotrichia querula (8). Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni (5). Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus
(8)Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus (8). [see Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow] Sparrowhawk, Japanese, Accipiter gularis (8). Spindalis, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis (5). [see Tanager, Stripe-headed] Spindalis, Western, Spindalis zena (8). Spoonbill, Roseate, Ajaia ajaja
(9)Spoonbill, Roseate, Platalea ajaja (9). Starling, Violet-backed, Sturnus philippensis
(8)Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis (8). Starling, Ashy, Sturnus cineraceus
(8)Starling, White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus (8). Stilt, Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus (3). Stint, Rufous-necked, Calidris ruficollis
(8)Stint, Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis (8). Stonechat, Saxicola torquatus (3). Storm-Petrel, Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica (3). Storm-Petrel, Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae (4). Storm-Petrel, Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa (4). Storm-Petrel, Sooty, Oceanodroma tristrami
(8)Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami (8). Storm-Petrel, White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria (4). Swallow, Cave, Hirundo fulva
(9)Swallow, Cave, Petrochelidon fulva (9). Swallow, Cliff, Hirundo pyrrhonota
(9)Swallow, Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (9). Swallow, Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea (3). Swamphen, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio (4). Swift, Alpine, Apus melba (3). Swift, Antillean Palm, Tachornis phoenicobia
(8)[see Palm-Swift, Antillean]. Swift, Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura (2). Tanager, Stripe-headed, Spindalis zena (8). [see Spindalis, Western]. Swiftlet, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi (4). Swiftlet, White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius (4). Tanager, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata (3). Tattler, Gray-tailed, Heteroscelus brevipes
(9)Tattler, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes (9). Tattler, Wandering, Heteroscelus incanus
(9)Tattler, Wandering, Tringa incana (9). Teal, Falcated, Anas falcata
(8)[see Duck, Falcated]. Tern, Aleutian, Sterna aleutica
(9)Tern, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus (9). Tern, Bridled, Sterna anaethetus
(9)Tern, Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus (9). Tern, Caspian, Sterna caspia
(9)Tern, Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia (9). Tern, Elegant, Sterna elegans
(9)Tern, Elegant, Thalasseus elegans (9). Tern, Gray-backed, Sterna lunata
(9)Tern, Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus (9). Tern, Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii (3). Tern, Gull-billed, Sterna nilotica
(9)Tern, Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica (9). Tern, Least, Sterna antillarum
(9)Tern, Least, Sternula antillarum (9). Tern, Little, Sterna albifrons
(9)Tern, Little, Sternula albifrons (9). Tern, Royal, Sterna maxima
(9)Tern, Royal, Thalasseus maximus (9). Tern, Sandwich, Sterna sandvicensis
(9)Tern, Sandwich, Thalasseus sandvicensis (9). Tern, Sooty, Sterna fuscata
(9)Tern, Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus (9). Tern, Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida (3). Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma dorsale
(9)Thrasher, Crissal, Toxostoma crissale (9). Thrush, Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli (5). Thrush, Eye-browed, Turdus obscurus
(8)Thrush, Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus (8). Thrush, Hawaiian, Phaeornis obscurus
(10)[see Omao]. Thrush, Small Kauai, Phaeornis palmeri
(10)[see Puaiohi]. Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla minima
(11)Thrush, Wood, Hylocichla mustelina (11). Tit, Siberian, Parus cinctus
(10)[see Chickadee, Gray-headed]. Titmouse, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus (5). Titmouse, Bridled, Parus wollweberi
(9)Titmouse, Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi (9). Titmouse, Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi (5). Titmouse, Plain, Parus inornatus
(10)Titmouse, Oak, Baeolophus inornatus (10). Titmouse, Tufted, Parus bicolor
(9)Titmouse, Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor (9). Tityra, Masked, Tityra semifasciata (3). Towhee, California, Pipilo crissalis (5). Towhee, Brown, Pipilo fuscus
(8)Towhee, Canyon, Pipilo fuscus (8). Towhee, Rufous-sided, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
(8)Towhee, Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (8). Towhee, Spotted, Pipilo maculatus (5). Tree-Pipit, Olive, Anthus hodgsoni
(8)[see Pipit, Olive-backed]. Trogon, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus
(8)[see Quetzel, Eared]. Turtle-Dove, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis (3). Vireo, Solitary, Vireo solitarius
(8)Vireo, Blue-headed, Vireo solitarius (8). Vireo, Cassin's, Vireo cassinii (5). Vireo, Plumbeous, Vireo plumbeus (5). Vireo, Thick-billed, Vireo crassirostris (2). Vireo, Yellow-green, Vireo flavoviridis (5). Vireo, Yucatan, Vireo magister (3). Wagtail, Black-backed, Motacilla lugens
(7)Wagtail, Citrine, Motacilla citreola (3). Wagtail, Yellow, Motacilla flava
(6)[see Wagtail, Eastern Yellow]. Wagtail, Eastern Yellow, Motacilla tschutschensis (5). Warbler, Crescent-chested, Parula superciliosa (3). Warbler, Elfin Woods, Dendroica angelae
(8)Warbler, Elfin-woods, Dendroica angelae (8). Warbler, Fan-tailed, Euthlypis lachrymosa (2). Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivora
(9)Warbler, Worm-eating, Helmitheros vermivorus (9). Willet, Catoptrophorus semipalmatus
(9)Willet, Tringa semipalmata (9). Woodpecker, American Three-toed, Picoides dorsalis (5). Woodpecker, Arizona, Picoides arizonae (5). Woodpecker, Great Spotted, Dendrocopos major (3). Woodpecker, Lewis', Melanerpes lewis
(8)Woodpecker, Lewis's, Melanerpes lewis (8). Woodpecker, Strickland's, Picoides stricklandi
(6)[see Woodpecker, Arizona]. Woodpecker, Three-toed, Picoides tridactylis
(6)[see Woodpecker, American Three-toed]. How Do the Changes Proposed Here Differ From Those Discussed in the 2001 Proposed Rule? We propose adding another 85 species (88 species in the current proposed rule versus 3 species in the 2001 proposed rule) based on documented evidence of their occurrence in the United States, Puerto Rico, or the U.S. Virgin Islands. We propose adding 28 species (28 versus 0) that belong to families covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties that occur naturally in the United States only in the Pacific island territories of American Samoa, Baker and Howland Islands, Guam, or the Northern Mariana Islands. We propose adding an additional 11 species (37 versus 26) because of recent taxonomic changes in which taxa formerly treated as subspecies have been elevated to the status of full species. We propose removing an additional 11 species (12 versus 1) based on revised taxonomic treatments and new distributional information. We propose changing the common and/or scientific names of an additional 25 species (103 versus 78). We propose correcting errors in the common or scientific names of an additional 8 species (9 versus 1). How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species are listed by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the English group name. This format, which is similar to that used in modern telephone directories, will be most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format, which follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998, 2004), will be most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The MBTA does not apply to species that fall into any of the following three categories:
(1)Nonnative species introduced into the United States or its territories by means of intentional or unintentional human assistance that belong to families or groups covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, in accordance with the MBTRA. See 70 FR 12710 (March 15, 2005) for a partial list of nonnative human-introduced bird species in this category.
(2)Nonnative human-introduced species that belong to families or groups not covered by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including Tinamidae (tinamous), Cracidae (chachalacas), Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Turnicidae (buttonquails), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Pteroclididae (sandgrouse), Psittacidae (parrots), Dicruridae (drongos), Rhamphastidae (toucans), Musophagidae (turacos), Bucerotidae (hornbills), Bucorvidae (ground-hornbills), Pycnonotidae (bulbuls), Pittidae (pittas), Irenidae (fairy-bluebirds), Timaliidae (wrentits), Zosteropidae (white-eyes), Sturnidae (starlings; except as listed in the Japanese treaty), Passeridae (Old World sparrows), Ploceidae (weavers), Estrildidae (estrildid finches), and numerous other families not currently represented in the United States or its territories.
(3)Native species that belong to families or groups represented in the United States, but which are not expressly mentioned by the Canadian, Mexican, or Russian treaties, including the Megapodiidae (megapodes), Phasianidae (grouse, ptarmigan, and turkeys), Odontophoridae (New World quail), Burhinidae (thick-knees), Glareolidae (pratincoles), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), Coerebidae (bananaquits), and Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers). Partial lists of the species included in categories 2 and 3 are available at *http://migratorybirds.fws.gov/issues/nonnative/MBTA-Protected&NonprotectedSpecies.htm.* Does This Rule Comply With NEPA? Given that the proposed revision of 50 CFR 10.13 is strictly administrative in nature and does not constitute a Federal action in the context of NEPA it is categorically excluded from further NEPA requirements, as provided by Department of the Interior Manual 516 DM 2, Appendix 1.10. Does This Rule Comply With the Endangered Species Act? Yes. Eighty of the species on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened in all or some portion of their U.S. range under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, *et seq.;* see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. Because the proposed rule is strictly administrative in nature, it does not require ESA consultation. Does This Rule Affect Energy Supplies, Distribution, or Use? On May 18, 2001, the President issued Executive Order 13211 on regulations that significantly effect energy supply, distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 requires agencies to prepare Statements of Energy Effects when undertaking certain actions. Because this rule is only making revisions to existing regulations that are strictly administrative in nature, it is not a significant regulatory action under Executive Order 12866 and is not expected to significantly affect energy supplies, distribution, and use. Therefore, this action is not a significant energy action, and no Statement of Energy Effects is required. Clarity of the Rule Executive Order 12866 requires each agency to write regulations/notices that are easy to understand. We invite your comments on how to make this proposed rule easier to understand, including answers to questions such as the following:
(1)Are the requirements in the proposed rule clearly stated?
(2)Does the proposed rule contain unnecessary technical language or jargon that interferes with the clarity?
(3)Does the format of the proposed rule (grouping and order of sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) aid or reduce its clarity?
(4)Is the description of the proposed rule in the Supplementary Information section of the preamble helpful in understanding the proposed rule?
(5)What else could we do to make the proposed rule easier to understand? Send a copy of any comments that concern how we could make this proposed rule easier to understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 C Street NW., Washington, DC 20240. You may e-mail your comments to the following address: *Execsec@ios.doi.gov.* What About Other Required Determinations? Because the revision to the List of Migratory Birds merely re-describes the birds already protected by Federal treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia, we determined that this document does not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.* ). This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under E.O. 12866. In accordance with the criteria in Executive Order 12866, this rule is not a significant regulatory action. This rule is not a major rule under the terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act. The rule does not contain information collection requirements that must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 *et seq.* ). We find and certify, in compliance with the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1501 *et seq.* ), that the rule is not a significant regulatory action and will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State government or private entities. As noted above, the rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment under Executive Order 13132. We have determined that these regulations meet the applicable standards provided in Sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for civil justice reform. This rule does not have significant takings implications for private property, as defined in Executive Order 12630. A takings implication assessment is not required because migratory birds are a Federally managed resource under laws implementing international treaties and are not personal property. Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, these revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources. References Cited American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair—deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1982. Thirty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 99: 1CC-16CC. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Eugene Eisenmann (chair—deceased), Burt L. Monroe Jr. (acting chair), Kenneth C. Parkes, Lester L. Short, Richard C. Banks, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, and Robert W. Storer]. 1983. *Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands.* 6th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 877 pp. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1985. Thirty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 102: 680-686. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, James V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1987. Thirty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 104: 591-596. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1989. Thirty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 106: 532-538. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1991. Thirty-eighth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 108: 750-754. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair), Richard C. Banks, John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1993. Thirty-ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union * Check- list of North American birds. * Auk 110: 675-682. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Richard C. Banks (acting chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Henri Ouelet, J. V. Remsen, and Robert W. Storer]. 1995. Fortieth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 112: 819-830. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1997. Forty-first supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 114: 542-552. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), John W. Fitzpatrick, Thomas R. Howell, Ned K. Johnson, Burt L. Monroe Jr. (chair-deceased), Henri Ouellet, J. V. Remsen Jr., and Robert W. Storer]. 1998. *Check-list of North American birds: the species of birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands.* 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. 829 pp. American Ornithologists' Union. 1999. Notice from the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: 282-283. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Henri Ouellet (deceased), Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James A. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 117:847-858. American Ornithologists' Union. 2002 [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. Forty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 119: 897-906. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2003. Forty-fourth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 120:923-931. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2004. Forty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 121:985-995. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2005. Forty-sixth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 122:1026-1031. American Ornithologists' Union [=AOU Committee on Classification and Nomenclature: Richard C. Banks (chair), Carla Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, Andrew W. Kratter, Pamela C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen Jr., James D. Rising, and Douglas F. Stotz]. 2006. Forty-seventh supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds.* Auk 123:926-936. Monroe, Burt. L., Jr., and Charles G. Sibley. 1993. *A world checklist of birds.* Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. 393 pp. Pratt, H. Douglas, Phillip L. Bruner, and Delwyn G. Berrett. 1987. *A field guide to the birds of Hawaii and the tropical Pacific.* Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. 409 pp. Public Comments Invited We invite interested parties to submit written comments or suggestions regarding the draft revised list of migratory birds protected by the MBTA by any one of the means identified in the ADDRESSES section. Duplicate submissions are discouraged. The complete file for this notice will be available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment, at the location identified in the ADDRESSES section. E-mail comments should be submitted as an ASCII file with “Revised List of Migratory Birds” in the subject line. Avoid the use of special characters and any form of encryption. While all comments will be considered, we encourage reviewers to focus on the following questions:
(1)Do the five criteria used to identify individual species protected by the MBTA accurately reflect the language and intentions of the MBTA and the underlying conventions? If not, what changes would you recommend?
(2)Have we included any species that doesn't meet any of the criteria for protection under the MBTA? Please be specific, and provide as much detail as possible.
(3)Have we omitted any species that should be protected by the MBTA because they meet one or more of the specified criteria? Following review and consideration of the comments, we will publish a final list in the **Federal Register** . Author John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Mail Stop 4107, Arlington, VA 22203. List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10—[AMENDED] 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378. 2. Revise § 10.13 to read as follows: § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(a)*What is the legal authority for this list?* The Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;
(2)Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;
(3)Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4)Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.
(b)*What is the purpose of this list?* The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c)*What species are protected as migratory birds?* Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's *Check-list of North American birds* (1998, as amended through 2004); for species not treated by the AOU *Check-list,* we follow Monroe and Sibley's *A World Checklist of Birds* (1993).
(1)*Alphabetical listing.* Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: “DUCK, Falcated;” and “[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)]”. Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way. ACCENTOR, Siberian, *Prunella montanella* ALBATROSS, Black-browed, *Thalassarche melanophris* Black-footed, *Phoebastria nigripes* Laysan, *Phoebastria immutabilis* Light-mantled, *Phoebetria palpebrata* Short-tailed, *Phoebastria albatrus* Shy, *Thalassarche cauta* Wandering, *Diomedea exulans* Yellow-nosed, *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* ANHINGA, *Anhinga anhinga* ANI, Groove-billed, *Crotophaga sulcirostris* Smooth-billed, *Crotophaga ani* AUKLET, Cassin's, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* Crested, *Aethia cristatella* Least, *Aethia pusilla* Parakeet, *Aethia psittacula* Rhinoceros, *Cerorhinca monocerata* Whiskered, *Aethia pygmaea* AVOCET, American, *Recurvirostra americana* [BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, Barn)]. BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, *Camptostoma imberbe* BECARD, Rose-throated, *Pachyramphus aglaiae* BITTERN, American, *Botaurus lentiginosus* Black, *Ixobrychus flavicollis* [Chinese (see Yellow)] Least, *Ixobrychus exilis* Schrenck's, *Ixobrychus eurhythmus* Yellow, *Ixobrychus sinensis* BLACK-HAWK, Common, *Buteogallus anthracinus* BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, *Euphagus cyanocephalus* Red-winged, *Agelaius phoeniceus* Rusty, *Euphagus carolinus* Tawny-shouldered, *Agelaius humeralis* Tricolored, *Agelaius tricolor* Yellow-headed, *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus* Yellow-shouldered, *Agelaius xanthomus* BLUEBIRD, Eastern, *Sialia sialis* Mountain, *Sialia currucoides* Western, *Sialia mexicana* BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, *Tarsiger cyanurus* BLUETHROAT, *Luscinia svecica* BOBOLINK, *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* BOOBY, Blue-footed, *Sula nebouxii* Brown, *Sula leucogaster* Masked, *Sula dactylatra* Red-footed, *Sula sula* BRAMBLING, *Fringilla montifringilla* BRANT, *Branta bernicla* BUFFLEHEAD, *Bucephala albeola* BULLFINCH, Eurasian, *Pyrrhula pyrrhula* Puerto Rican, *Loxigilla portoricensis* BUNTING, Blue, *Cyanocompsa parellina* Gray, *Emberiza variabilis* Indigo, *Passerina cyanea* Little, *Emberiza pusilla* Lark, *Calamospiza melanocorys* Lazuli, *Passerina amoena* McKay's, *Plectrophenax hyperboreus* Painted, *Passerina ciris* Pallas's, *Emberiza pallasi* Pine, *Emberiza leucocephalos* Reed, *Emberiza schoeniculus* Rustic, *Emberiza rustica* Snow, *Plectrophenax nivalis* Varied, *Passerina versicolor* Yellow-breasted, *Emberiza aureola* Yellow-throated, *Emberiza elegans* BUSHTIT, *Psaltriparus minimus* CANVASBACK, *Aythya valisineria* CARACARA, Crested, *Caracara cheriway* CARDINAL, Northern, *Cardinalis cardinalis* CARIB, Green-throated, *Eulampis holosericeus* Purple-throated, *Eulampis jugularis* CATBIRD, Black, *Melanoptila glabrirostris* Gray, *Dumetella carolinensis* CHAFFINCH, Common, *Fringilla coelebs* CHAT, Yellow-breasted, *Icteria virens* CHICKADEE, Black-capped, *Poecile atricapillus* Boreal, *Poecile hudsonica* Carolina, *Poecile carolinensis* Chestnut-backed, *Poecile rufescens* Gray-headed, *Poecile cincta* Mexican, *Poecile sclateri* Mountain, *Poecile gambeli* CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, *Caprimulgus carolinensis* CONDOR, California, *Gymnogyps californianus* COOT, American, *Fulica americana* Caribbean, *Fulica caribaea* Eurasian, *Fulica atra* Hawaiian, *Fulica alai* CORMORANT, Brandt's, *Phalacrocorax penicillatus* Double-crested, *Phalacrocorax auritus* Great, *Phalacrocorax carbo* Little Pied, *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos* Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus* [Olivaceous (see Neotropic)] Pelagic, *Phalacrocorax pelagicus* Red-faced, *Phalacrocorax urile* COWBIRD, Bronzed, *Molothrus aeneus* Brown-headed, *Molothrus ater* Shiny, *Molothrus bonariensis* CRAKE, Corn, *Crex crex* Paint-billed, *Neocrex erythrops* Spotless, *Porzana tabuensis* Yellow-breasted, *Porzana flaviventer* CRANE, Common, *Grus grus* Sandhill, *Grus canadensis* Whooping, *Grus americana* CREEPER, Brown, *Certhia americana* CROSSBILL, Red, *Loxia curvirostra* White-winged, *Loxia leucoptera* CROW, American, *Corvus brachyrhynchos* Fish, *Corvus ossifragus* Hawaiian, *Corvus hawaiiensis* Mariana, *Corvus kubaryi* [Mexican (see Tamaulipas)] Northwestern, *Corvus caurinus* Tamaulipas, *Corvus imparatus* White-necked, *Corvus leucognaphalus* CUCKOO, Black-billed, *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* Common, *Cuculus canorus* Mangrove, *Coccyzus minor* Oriental, *Cuculus optatus* Yellow-billed, *Coccyzus americanus* CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, *Numenius tahitiensis* Eskimo, *Numenius borealis* Eurasian, *Numenius arquata* Far Eastern, *Numenius madagascariensis* [Least (see Little)] Little, *Numenius minutus* Long-billed, *Numenius americanus* DICKCISSEL, *Spiza americana* DIPPER, American, *Cinclus mexicanus* DOTTEREL, Eurasian, *Charadrius morinellus* DOVE, Inca, *Columbina inca* Mourning, *Zenaida macroura* White-tipped, *Leptotila verreauxi* White-winged, *Zenaida asiatica* Zenaida, *Zenaida aurita* DOVEKIE, *Alle alle* DOWITCHER, Long-billed, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* Short-billed, *Limnodromus griseus* DUCK, American Black, *Anas rubripes* Falcated, *Anas falcata* Harlequin, *Histrionicus histrionicus* Hawaiian, *Anas wyvilliana* Laysan, *Anas laysanensis* Long-tailed, *Clangula hyemalis* Masked, *Nomonyx dominicus* Mottled, *Anas fulvigula* Muscovy, *Cairina moschata* Pacific Black, *Anas superciliosa* Ring-necked, *Aythya collaris* Ruddy, *Oxyura jamaicensis* Spot-billed, *Anas poecilorhyncha* Tufted, *Aythya fuligula* Wood, *Aix sponsa* DUNLIN, *Calidris alpina* EAGLE, Bald, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* Golden, *Aquila chrysaetos* White-tailed, *Haliaeetus albicilla* EGRET, Cattle, *Bubulcus ibis* Chinese, *Egretta eulophotes* Great, *Ardea alba* Intermediate, *Mesophoyx intermedia* Little, *Egretta garzetta* [Plumed (see Intermediate)] Reddish, *Egretta rufescens* Snowy, *Egretta thula* EIDER, Common, *Somateria mollissima* King, *Somateria spectabilis* Spectacled, *Somateria fischeri* Steller's, *Polysticta stelleri* ELAENIA, Caribbean, *Elaenia martinica* Greenish, *Myiopagis viridicata* EMERALD, Puerto Rican, *Chlorostilbon maugaeus* EUPHONIA, Antillean, *Euphonia musica* FALCON, Aplomado, *Falco femoralis* Peregrine, *Falco peregrinus* Prairie, *Falco mexicanus* FIELDFARE, *Turdus pilaris* FINCH, Cassin's, *Carpodacus cassinii* House, *Carpodacus mexicanus* Purple, *Carpodacus purpureus* [Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)] FLAMINGO, Greater, *Phoenicopterus ruber* FLICKER, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides* Northern, *Colaptes auratus* FLYCATCHER, Acadian, *Empidonax virescens* Alder, *Empidonax alnorum* Ash-throated, *Myiarchus cinerascens* Brown-crested, *Myiarchus tyrannulus* Buff-breasted, *Empidonax fulvifrons* Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis* Dusky, *Empidonax oberholseri* Dusky-capped, *Myiarchus tuberculifer* Fork-tailed, *Tyrannus savana* Gray, *Empidonax wrightii* [Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)] Gray-streaked, *Muscicapa griseisticta* Great Crested, *Myiarchus crinitus* Hammond's, *Empidonax hammondii* La Sagra's, *Myiarchus sagrae* Least, *Empidonax minimus* Narcissus, *Ficedula narcissina* Nutting's, *Myiarchus nuttingi* Olive-sided, *Contopus cooperi* Pacific-slope, *Empidonax difficilis* Piratic, *Legatus leucophalus* Puerto Rican, *Myiarchus antillarum* Scissor-tailed, *Tyrannus forficatus* Social, *Myiozetetes similis* Sulphur-bellied, *Myiodynastes luteiventris* Tufted, *Mitrephanes phaeocercus* Variegated, *Empidonomus varius* Vermilion, *Pyrocephalus rubinus* [Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)] Willow, *Empidonax traillii* Yellow-bellied, *Empidonax flaviventris* FOREST-FALCON, Collared, *Micrastur semitorquatus* FRIGATEBIRD, Great, *Fregata minor* Lesser, *Fregata ariel* Magnificent, *Fregata magnificens* FROG-HAWK, Gray, *Accipiter soloensis* FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, *Ptilinopus porphyraceus* Many-colored, *Ptilinopus perousii* Mariana, *Ptilinopus roseicapilla* FULMAR, Northern, *Fulmarus glacialis* GADWALL, *Anas strepera* GALLINULE, Azure, *Porphyrio flavirostris* Purple, *Porphyrio martinica* GANNET, Northern, *Morus bassanus* GARGANEY, *Anas querquedula* GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, *Polioptila nigriceps* Black-tailed, *Polioptila melanura* Blue-gray, *Polioptila caerulea* California, *Polioptila californica* GODWIT, Bar-tailed, *Limosa lapponica* Black-tailed, *Limosa limosa* Hudsonian, *Limosa haemastica* Marbled, *Limosa fedoa* GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, *Pluvialis dominica* [Lesser (see American)] Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva* GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, *Bucephala islandica* Common, *Bucephala clangula* GOLDFINCH, American, *Carduelis tristis* Lawrence's, *Carduelis lawrencei* Lesser, *Carduelis psaltria* GOOSE, Barnacle, *Branta leucopsis* Bean, *Anser fabalis* Cackling, *Branta hutchinsii* Canada, *Branta canadensis* Emperor, *Chen canagica* Greater White-fronted, *Anser albifrons* Hawaiian, *Branta sandvicensis* Lesser White-fronted, *Anser erythropus* Ross's, *Chen rossii* Snow, *Chen caerulescens* GOSHAWK, Northern, *Accipiter gentilis* GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, *Quiscalus major* Common, *Quiscalus quiscula* Great-tailed, *Quiscalus mexicanus* Greater Antillean, *Quiscalus niger* GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, *Locustella ochotensis* GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, *Tiaris bicolor* Yellow-faced, *Tiaris olivaceus* GREBE, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii* Eared, *Podiceps nigricollis* Horned, *Podiceps auritus* Least, *Tachybaptus dominicus* Pied-billed, *Podilymbus podiceps* Red-necked, *Podiceps grisegena* Western, *Aechmophorus occidentalis* GREENFINCH, Oriental, *Carduelis sinica* GREENSHANK, Common, *Tringa nebularia* Nordmann's, *Tringa guttifer* GROSBEAK, Black-headed, *Pheucticus melanocephalus* Blue, *Passerina caerulea* Crimson-collared, *Rhodothraupis celaeno* Evening, *Coccothraustes vespertinus* Pine, *Pinicola enucleator* Rose-breasted, *Pheucticus ludovicianus* Yellow, *Pheucticus chrysopeplus* GROUND-DOVE, Common, *Columbina passerina* Friendly, *Gallicolumba stairi* Ruddy, *Columbina talpacoti* White-throated, *Gallicolumba xanthonura* GUILLEMOT, Black, *Cepphus grylle* Pigeon, *Cepphus columba* GULL, Belcher's, *Larus belcheri* Black-headed, *Larus ridibundus* Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris* Bonaparte's, *Larus philadelphia* California, *Larus californicus* [Common Black-headed (see Black-headed)] Franklin's, *Larus pipixcan* Glaucous, *Larus hyperboreus* Glaucous-winged, *Larus glaucescens* Gray-hooded, *Larus cirrocephalus* Great Black-backed, *Larus marinus* Heermann's, *Larus heermanni* Herring, *Larus argentatus* Iceland, *Larus glaucoides* Ivory, *Pagophila eburnea* Kelp, *Larus dominicanus* Laughing, *Larus atricilla* Lesser Black-backed, *Larus fuscus* Little, *Larus minutus* Mew, *Larus canus* Ring-billed, *Larus delawarensis* Ross's, *Rhodostethia rosea* Sabine's, *Xema sabini* Slaty-backed, *Larus schistisagus* Thayer's, *Larus thayeri* Western, *Larus occidentalis* Yellow-footed, *Larus livens* Yellow-legged, *Larus cachinnans* GYRFALCON, *Falco rusticolus* HARRIER, Northern, *Circus cyaneus* HAWFINCH, *Coccothraustes coccothraustes* HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)] Broad-winged, *Buteo platypterus* Cooper's, *Accipiter cooperii* Crane, *Geranospiza caerulescens* Ferruginous, *Buteo regalis* Gray, *Buteo nitidus* Harris's, *Parabuteo unicinctus* Hawaiian, *Buteo solitarius* Red-shouldered, *Buteo lineatus* Red-tailed, *Buteo jamaicensis* Roadside, *Buteo magnirostris* Rough-legged, *Buteo lagopus* Sharp-shinned, *Accipiter striatus* Short-tailed, *Buteo brachyurus* Swainson's, *Buteo swainsoni* White-tailed, *Buteo albicaudatus* Zone-tailed, *Buteo albonotatus* HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, *Cuculus fugax* [HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Northern Hawk)] HERON, Gray, *Ardea cinerea* Great Blue, *Ardea herodias* Green, *Butorides virescens* [Green-backed (see Green)] Little Blue, *Egretta caerulea* [Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)] Tricolored, *Egretta tricolor* HOBBY, Eurasian, *Falco subbuteo* HOOPOE, Eurasian, *Upupa epops* HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, *Delichon urbicum* HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, *Selasphorus sasin* Anna's, *Calypte anna* Antillean Crested, *Orthorhynchus cristatus* Berylline, *Amazilia beryllina* Black-chinned, *Archilochus alexandri* Blue-throated, *Lampornis clemenciae* Broad-billed, *Cynanthus latirostris* Broad-tailed, *Selasphorus platycercus* Buff-bellied, *Amazilia yucatanensis* Bumblebee, *Atthis heloisa* Calliope, *Stellula calliope* Cinnamon, *Amazilia rutila* Costa's, *Calypte costae* Lucifer, *Calothorax lucifer* Magnificent, *Eugenes fulgens* Ruby-throated, *Archilochus colubris* Rufous, *Selasphorus rufus* Violet-crowned, *Amazilia violiceps* White-eared, *Hylocharis leucotis* Xantus's, *Hylocharis xantusii* IBIS, Glossy, *Plegadis falcinellus* Scarlet, *Eudocimus ruber* White, *Eudocimus albus* White-faced, *Plegadis chihi* IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, *Ducula pacifica* JABIRU, *Jabiru mycteria* JACANA, Northern, *Jacana spinosa* JAEGER, Long-tailed, *Stercorarius longicaudus* Parasitic, *Stercorarius parasiticus* Pomarine, *Stercorarius pomarinus* JAY, Blue, *Cyanocitta cristata* Brown, *Cyanocorax morio* Gray, *Perisoreus canadensis* [Gray-breasted (see Mexican)] Green, *Cyanocorax yncas* Mexican, *Aphelocoma ultramarina* Pinyon, *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus* [Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)] Steller's, *Cyanocitta stelleri* JUNCO, Dark-eyed, *Junco hyemalis* Yellow-eyed, *Junco phaeonotus* KAMAO, *Myadestes myadestinus* KESTREL, American, *Falco sparverius* Eurasian, *Falco tinnunculus* KILLDEER, *Charadrius vociferus* KINGBIRD, Cassin's, *Tyrannus vociferans* Couch's, *Tyrannus couchii* Eastern, *Tyrannus tyrannus* Gray, *Tyrannus dominicensis* Thick-billed, *Tyrannus crassirostris* Tropical, *Tyrannus melancholicus* Western, *Tyrannus verticalis* KINGFISHER, Belted, *Ceryle alcyon* Collared, *Todirhamphus chloris* Green, *Chloroceryle americana* Micronesian, *Todirhamphus cinnamominus* Ringed, *Ceryle torquatus* KINGLET, Golden-crowned, *Regulus satrapa* Ruby-crowned, *Regulus calendula* KISKADEE, Great, *Pitangus sulphuratus* KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see Swallow-tailed)] Black, *Milvus migrans* [Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)] Hook-billed, *Chondrohierax uncinatus* Mississippi, *Ictinia mississippiensis* Snail, *Rostrhamus sociabilis* Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus* White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus* KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, *Rissa tridactyla* Red-legged, *Rissa brevirostris* KNOT, Great, *Calidris tenuirostris* Red, *Calidris canutus* LAPWING, Northern, *Vanellus vanellus* LARK, Horned, *Eremophila alpestris* Sky, *Alauda arvensis* LIMPKIN, *Aramus guarauna* LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, *Coccyzus vieilloti* LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, *Calcarius ornatus* Lapland, *Calcarius lapponicus* McCown's, *Calcarius mccownii* Smith's, *Calcarius pictus* LOON, Arctic, *Gavia arctica* Common, *Gavia immer* Pacific, *Gavia pacifica* Red-throated, *Gavia stellata* Yellow-billed, *Gavia adamsii* MAGPIE, Black-billed, *Pica hudsonia* Yellow-billed, *Pica nuttalli* MALLARD, *Anas platyrhynchos* MANGO, Antillean, *Anthracothorax dominicus* Green, *Anthracothorax viridis* Green-breasted, *Anthracothorax prevostii* MARTIN, Brown-chested, *Progne tapera* Caribbean, *Progne dominicensis* Cuban, *Progne cryptoleuca* Gray-breasted, *Progne chalybea* Purple, *Progne subis* [?USGPO Galley Info Start:! PROPOSED RULES P22 PC\J\208001-A24AU2-047-*****-*****- -Name: -Payroll No: -Folios: -Date: 08/22/2006?][FEDREG][VOL]*[/VOL][NO]*[/NO][DATE]*[/DATE][PRORULES][PRORULE][PREAMB][AGENCY]*[/AGENCY][SUBJECT]*[/SUBJECT][/PREAMB][SUPLINF][HED]*[/HED] Southern, *Progne elegans* MEADOWLARK, Eastern, *Sturnella magna* Western, *Sturnella neglecta* MERGANSER, Common, *Mergus merganser* Hooded, *Lophodytes cucullatus* Red-breasted, *Mergus serrator* MERLIN, *Falco columbarius* MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, *Mimus gundlachii* Blue, *Melanotis caerulescens* Northern, *Mimus polyglottos* MOORHEN, Common, *Gallinula chloropus* MURRE, Common, *Uria aalge* Thick-billed, *Uria lomvia* MURRELET, Ancient, *Synthliboramphus antiquus* Craveri's, *Synthliboramphus craveri* Kittlitz's, *Brachyramphus brevirostris* Long-billed, *Brachyramphus perdix* Marbled, *Brachyramphus marmoratus* Xantus's, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, *Hirundapus caudacutus* NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, *Nycticorax nycticorax* Japanese, *Gorsachius goisagi* [Malay (see Malayan)] Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus* Yellow-crowned, *Nyctanassa violacea* NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, *Chordeiles gundlachii* Common, *Chordeiles minor* Lesser, *Chordeiles acutipennis* NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, *Catharus mexicanus* Orange-billed, *Catharus aurantiirostris* NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, *Caprimulgus ridgwayi* Gray, *Caprimulgus indicus* [Jungle (see Gray)] Puerto Rican, *Caprimulgus noctitherus* NODDY, Black, *Anous minutus* Blue-gray, *Procelsterna cerulea* Brown, *Anous stolidus* [Lesser (see Black)] NUTCRACKER, Clark's, *Nucifraga columbiana* NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, *Sitta pusilla* Pygmy, *Sitta pygmaea* Red-breasted, *Sitta canadensis* White-breasted, *Sitta carolinensis* [OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)] OLOMAO, *Myadestes lanaiensis* OMAO, *Myadestes obscurus* ORIOLE, Altamira, *Icterus gularis* Audubon's, *Icterus graduacauda* Baltimore, *Icterus galbula* [Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)] Black-vented, *Icterus wagleri* Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii* Greater Antillean, *Icterus dominicensis* Hooded, *Icterus cucullatus* [Northern (see Baltimore and Bullock's)] Orchard, *Icterus spurius* Scott's, *Icterus parisorum* Streak-backed, *Icterus pustulatus* OSPREY, *Pandion haliaetus* OVENBIRD, *Seiurus aurocapilla* OWL, Barn, *Tyto alba* Barred, *Strix varia* Boreal, *Aegolius funereus* Burrowing, *Athene cunicularia* Elf, *Micrathene whitneyi* Flammulated, *Otus flammeolus* Great Gray, *Strix nebulosa* Great Horned, *Bubo virginianus* Long-eared, *Asio otus* Mottled, *Ciccaba virgata* Northern Hawk, *Surnia ulula* Northern Saw-whet, *Aegolius acadicus* Short-eared, *Asio flammeus* Snowy, *Bubo scandiaca* Spotted, *Strix occidentalis* Stygian, *Asio stygius* OYSTERCATCHER, American, *Haematopus palliatus* Black, *Haematopus bachmani* Eurasian, *Haematopus ostralegus* PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, *Tachornis phoenicobia* PARULA, Northern, *Parula americana* Tropical, *Parula pitiayumi* PAURAQUE, Common, *Nyctidromus albicollis* PELICAN, American White, *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* Brown, *Pelecanus occidentalis* PETREL, Bermuda, *Pterodroma cahow* Black-capped, *Pterodroma hasitata* Black-winged, *Pterodroma nigripennis* Bonin, *Pterodroma hypoleuca* Bulwer's, *Bulweria bulwerii* Cook's, *Pterodroma cookii* [Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)] Gould's, *Pterodroma leucoptera* Great-winged, *Pterodroma macroptera* Hawaiian, *Pterodroma sandwichensis* Herald, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* Jouanin's, *Bulweria fallax* Juan Fernandez, *Pterodroma externa* Kermadec, *Pterodroma neglecta* Mottled, *Pterodroma inexpectata* Murphy's, *Pterodroma ultima* Phoenix, *Pterodroma alba* Stejneger's, *Pterodroma longirostris* Tahiti, *Pterodroma rostrata* White-necked, *Pterodroma cervicalis* [White-necked, *Pterodroma externa* (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)] PEWEE, Cuban, *Contopus caribeaus* Greater, *Contopus pertinax* Hispaniolan, *Contopus hispaniolensis* Lesser Antillean, *Contopus latirostris* PHAINOPEPLA, *Phainopepla nitens* PHALAROPE, Red, *Phalaropus fulicarius* Red-necked, *Phalaropus lobatu* s Wilson's, *Phalaropus tricolor* PHOEBE, Black, *Sayornis nigricans* Eastern, *Sayornis phoebe* Say's, *Sayornis saya* PIGEON, Band-tailed, *Patagioenas fasciata* Plain, *Patagioenas inornata* Red-billed, *Patagioenas flavirostris* Scaly-naped, *Patagioenas squamosa* White-crowned, *Patagioenas leucocephala* PINTAIL, Northern, *Anas acuta* White-cheeked, *Anas bahamensis* PIPIT, American, *Anthus rubescens* Olive-backed, *Anthus hodgsoni* Pechora, *Anthus gustavi* Red-throated, *Anthus cervinus* Sprague's, *Anthus spragueii* Tree, *Anthus trivialis* [Water (see American)] PLOVER, Black-bellied, *Pluvialis squatarola* Collared, *Charadrius collaris* Common Ringed, *Charadrius hiaticula* [Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, Greater)] Little Ringed, *Charadrius dubius* [Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)] Mountain, *Charadrius montanus* Piping, *Charadrius melodus* Semipalmated, * Charadrius semipalmatus* Snowy, *Charadrius alexandrinus* Wilson's, *Charadrius wilsonia* POCHARD, Baer's, *Aythya baeri* Common, *Aythya ferina* POND-HERON, Chinese, *Ardeola bacchus* POORWILL, Common, *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* PUAIOHI, *Myadestes palmeri* PUFFIN, Atlantic, *Fratercula arctica* Horned, *Fratercula corniculata* Tufted, *Fratercula cirrhata* PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, *Glaucidium brasilianum* Northern, *Glaucidium gnoma* PYRRHULOXIA, *Cardinalis sinuatus* QUAIL-DOVE, *Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea* Key West, *Geotrygon chrysia* Ruddy, *Geotrygon montana* QUETZEL, Eared, *Euptilotis neoxenus* RAIL, Black *Laterallus jamaicensis* Buff-banded, *Gallirallus philippensis* Clapper, *Rallus longirostris* Guam, *Gallirallus owstoni* King, *Rallus elegans* Spotted, *Pardirallus maculatus* Virginia, *Rallus limicola* Yellow, *Coturnicops noveboracensis* RAVEN, Chihuahuan, *Corvus cryptoleucus* Common, *Corvus corax* RAZORBILL, *Alca torda* REDHEAD, *Aythya americana* REDPOLL, Common, *Carduelis flammea* Hoary, *Carduelis hornemanni* REDSHANK, Spotted, *Tringa erythropus* REDSTART, American, *Setophaga ruticilla* Painted, *Myioborus pictus* Slate-throated, *Myioborus miniatus* [REED-BUNTING, Common (see BUNTING, Reed)] [Pallas' (see BUNTING, Pallas's)] REEF-EGRET, Pacific, *Egretta sacra* REEF-HERON, Western, *Egretta gularis* ROADRUNNER, Greater, *Geococcyx californianus* ROBIN, American, *Turdus migratorius* Clay-colored, *Turdus grayi* Rufous-backed, *Turdus rufopalliatus* Siberian Blue, *Luscinia cyane* White-throated, *Turdus assimilis* ROSEFINCH, Common, *Carpodacus erythrinus* ROSY-FINCH, Black, *Leucosticte atrata* Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis* Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* [ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW, Northern (see SWALLOW, Northern Rough-winged)] RUBYTHROAT, *Siberian, Luscinia calliope* RUFF, *Philomachus pugnax* SANDERLING, *Calidris alba* SANDPIPER, Baird's, *Calidris bairdii* Broad-billed, *Limicola falcinellus* Buff-breasted, *Tryngites subruficollis* Common, * Actitis hypoleucos* Curlew, *Calidris ferruginea* Green, *Tringa ochropus* Least, *Calidris minutilla* Marsh, *Tringa stagnatilis* Pectoral, *Calidris melanotos* Purple, *Calidris maritima* Rock, *Calidris ptilocnemis* Semipalmated, *Calidris pusilla* Sharp-tailed, *Calidris acuminata* Solitary, *Tringa solitaria* [Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)] Spoon-billed, *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus* Spotted, *Actitis macularius* Stilt, *Calidris himantopus* Terek, *Xenus cinereus* Upland, *Bartramia longicauda* Western, *Calidris mauri* White-rumped, *Calidris fuscicollis* Wood, *Tringa glareola* SAND-PLOVER, Greater, *Charadrius leschenaultii* Lesser, *Charadrius mongolus* SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, *Sphyrapicus ruber* Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* Williamson's, *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* Yellow-bellied, *Sphyrapicus varius* SCAUP, Greater, *Aythya marila* Lesser, *Aythya affinis* SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, *Otus sunia* SCOTER, Black, *Melanitta nigra* Surf, *Melanitta perspicillata* White-winged, *Melanitta fusca* SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, *Megascops asio* Puerto Rican, *Megascops nudipes* Western, *Megascops kennicottii* Whiskered, *Megascops trichopsis* SCRUB-JAY, Florida, *Aphelocoma coerulescens* Island, *Aphelocoma insularis* Western, *Aphelocoma californica* SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, *Haliaeetus pelagicus* SEEDEATER, White-collared, *Sporophila torqueola* SHEARWATER, Audubon's, *Puffinus lherminieri* Black-vented, *Puffinus opisthomelas* Buller's, *Puffinus bulleri* Cape Verde, *Calonectris edwardsii* Christmas, *Puffinus nativitatis* Cory's, *Calonectris diomedea* Flesh-footed, *Puffinus carneipes* Greater, * Puffinus gravis* Little *Puffinus assimilis* Manx, *Puffinus puffinus* Pink-footed, *Puffinus creatopus* Short-tailed, *Puffinus tenuirostris* Sooty, *Puffinus griseus* Streaked, *Calonectris leucomelas* Townsend's, *Puffinus auricularis* Wedge-tailed, *Puffinus pacificus* SHOVELER, Northern, *Anas clypeata* SHRIKE, Brown, *Lanius cristatus* Loggerhead, *Lanius ludovicianus* Northern, *Lanius excubitor* SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, *Ptilogonys cinereus* SISKIN, Eurasian, *Carduelis spinus* Pine, *Carduelis pinus* SKIMMER, Black, *Rynchops niger* [SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)] SKUA, Great, *Stercorarius skua* South Polar, *Stercorarius maccormicki* SMEW, *Mergellus albellus* SNIPE, Common, *Gallinago gallinago* (restricted to Alaska; also see SNIPE, Wilson's) Jack, *Lymnocryptes minimus* Pin-tailed, *Gallinago stenura* Swinhoe's, *Gallinago megala* Wilson's, *Gallinago delicata* (the “common” snipe hunted in most of the U.S.) SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, *Myadestes townsendi* SORA, *Porzana carolina* SPARROW, American Tree, *Spizella arborea* Bachman's, *Aimophila aestivalis* Baird's, *Ammodramus bairdii* Black-chinned, *Spizella atrogularis* Black-throated, *Amphispiza bilineata* Botteri's, *Aimophila botterii* Brewer's, *Spizella breweri* Cassin's, *Aimophila cassinii* Chipping, *Spizella passerina* Clay-colored, *Spizella pallida* Field, *Spizella pusilla* Five-striped, A *imophila quinquestriata* Fox, *Passerella iliaca* Golden-crowned, *Zonotrichia atricapilla* Grasshopper, *Ammodramus savannarum* Harris's, *Zonotrichia querula* Henslow's, *Ammodramus henslowii* Lark, *Chondestes grammacus* Le Conte's, *Ammodramus leconteii* Lincoln's, *Melospiza lincolnii* Nelson's Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus nelsoni* Olive, *Arremonops rufivirgatus* Rufous-crowned, *Aimophila ruficeps* Rufous-winged, *Aimophila carpalis* Sage, *Amphispiza belli* Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus caudacutus* Savannah, *Passerculus sandwichensis* Seaside, *Ammodramus maritimus* [Sharp-tailed (see Nelson's Sharp-tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)] Song, *Melospiza melodia* Swamp, *Melospiza georgiana* Vesper, *Pooecetes gramineus* White-crowned, *Zonotrichia leucophrys* White-throated, *Zonotrichia albicollis* Worthen's, *Spizella wortheni* SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, *Accipiter gularis* SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis* Western, *Spindalis zena* SPOONBILL, Roseate, *Platalea ajaja* STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)] Chestnut-cheeked, *Sturnus philippensis* [Violet-backed (see Chestnut-cheeked)] White-cheeked, *Sturnus cineraceus* STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, *Heliomaster constantii* STILT, Black-necked, *Himantopus mexicanus* Black-winged, *Himantopus himantopus* STINT, Little, *Calidris minuta* Long-toed, *Calidris subminuta* Red-necked, *Calidris ruficollis* [Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)] Temminck's, *Calidris temminckii* STONECHAT, *Saxicola torquatus* STORK, Wood, *Mycteria americana* STORM-PETREL, Ashy, *Oceanodroma homochroa* Band-rumped, *Oceanodroma castro* Black, *Oceanodroma melania* Black-bellied, *Fregetta tropica* Fork-tailed, *Oceanodroma furcata* Leach's, *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* Least, *Oceanodroma microsoma* Matsudaira's, *Oceanodroma matsudairae* Polynesian, *Nesofregata fuliginosa* [Sooty (see Tristram's)] Tristram's, *Oceanodroma tristrami* Wedge-rumped, *Oceanodroma tethys* White-faced, *Pelagodroma marina* White-bellied, *Fregetta grallaria* Wilson's, *Oceanites oceanicus* SURFBIRD, *Aphriza virgata* SWALLOW, Bahama, *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis* Bank, *Riparia riparia* Barn, *Hirundo rustica* Cave, *Petrochelidon fulva* Cliff, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* Mangrove, *Tachycineta albilinea* Northern Rough-winged, *Stelgidopteryx serripennis* Tree, *Tachycineta bicolor* Violet-green, *Tachycineta thalassina* SWAMPHEN, Purple, *Porphyrio porphyrio* SWAN, Trumpeter, *Cygnus buccinator* Tundra, *Cygnus columbianus* Whooper, *Cygnus cygnus* SWIFT, Alpine, *Apus melba* [Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Antillean)] Black, *Cypseloides niger* Chimney, *Chaetura pelagica* Common, *Apus apus* Fork-tailed, *Apus pacificus* Short-tailed, *Chaetura brachyura* Vaux's, *Chaetura vauxi* White-collared, *Streptoprocne zonaris* White-throated, *Aeronautes saxatalis* SWIFTLET, Mariana, *Aerodramus bartschi* White-rumped, *Aerodramus spodiopygius* TANAGER, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata* Hepatic, *Piranga flava* Puerto Rican, *Neospingus speculiferus* Scarlet, *Piranga olivacea* [Stripe-headed Tanager (see SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and Western)] Summer, *Piranga rubra* Western, *Piranga ludoviciana* TATTLER, Gray-tailed, *Tringa brevipes* Wandering, *Tringa incana* TEAL, Baikal, *Anas formosa* Blue-winged, *Anas discors* Cinnamon, *Anas cyanoptera* [Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)] Green-winged, *Anas crecca* TERN, Aleutian, *Onychoprion aleuticus* Arctic, *Sterna paradisaea* Black, *Chlidonias niger* Black-naped, *Sterna sumatrana* Bridled, *Onychoprion anaethetus* Caspian, *Hydroprogne caspia* Common, *Sterna hirundo* Elegant, *Thalasseus elegans* Forster's, *Sterna forsteri* Gray-backed, *Onychoprion lunatus* Great Crested, *Thalasseus bergii* Gull-billed, *Gelochelidon nilotica* Least, *Sternula antillarum* Little, *Sternula albifrons* Roseate, *Sterna dougallii* Royal, *Thalleseus maximus* Sandwich, *Thalleseus sandvicensis* Sooty, *Onychoprion fuscatus* Whiskered, *Chlidonias hybrida* White, *Gygis alba* White-winged, *Chlidonias leucopterus* THRASHER, Bendire's, *Toxostoma bendirei* Brown, *Toxostoma rufum* California, *Toxostoma redivivum* Crissal, *Toxostoma crissale* Curve-billed, *Toxostoma curvirostre* Le Conte's, *Toxostoma lecontei* Long-billed, *Toxostoma longirostre* Pearly-eyed, *Margarops fuscatus* Sage, *Oreoscoptes montanus* THRUSH, Aztec, *Ridgwayia pinicola* Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli* Blue Rock, *Monticola solitarius* Dusky, *Turdus naumanni* Eyebrowed, *Turdus obscurus* Gray-cheeked, *Catharus minimus* [Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, and OMAO)] Hermit, *Catharus guttatus* Red-legged, *Turdus plumbeus* [Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)] Swainson's, *Catharus ustulatus* Varied, *Ixoreus naevius* Wood, *Hylocichla mustelina* [TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray-headed)] TITMOUSE, Black-crested, *Baeolophus atricristatus* Bridled, *Baeolophus wollweberi* Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi* Oak, *Baeolophus inornatus* [Plain (see Juniper and Oak)] Tufted, *Baeolophus bicolor* TITYRA, Masked, *Tityra semifasciata* TOWHEE, Abert's, *Pipilo aberti* [Brown (see California and Canyon)] California, *Pipilo crissalis* Canyon, *Pipilo fuscus* Eastern, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Green-tailed, *Pipilo chlorurus* [Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Spotted)] Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus* [TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive-backed)] TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, Eared)] Elegant, *Trogon elegans* TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, *Phaethon aethereus* Red-tailed, *Phaethon rubricauda* White-tailed, *Phaethon lepturus* TURNSTONE, Black, *Arenaria melanocephala* Ruddy, *Arenaria interpres* TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, *Streptopelia orientalis* VEERY, *Catharus fuscescens* VERDIN, *Auriparus flaviceps* VIOLET-EAR, Green, *Colibri thalassinus* VIREO, Bell's, *Vireo bellii* Black-capped, *Vireo atricapillus* Black-whiskered, *Vireo altiloquus* Blue-headed, *Vireo solitarius* Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii* Gray, *Vireo vicinior* Hutton's, *Vireo huttoni* Philadelphia, *Vireo philadelphicus* Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus* Puerto Rican, *Vireo latimeri* Red-eyed, *Vireo olivaceus* [Solitary (see Blue-headed, Cassin's, and Plumbeous)] Thick-billed, *Vireo crassirostris* Warbling, *Vireo gilvus* White-eyed, *Vireo griseus* Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis* Yellow-throated, *Vireo flavifrons* Yucatan, *Vireo magister* VULTURE, Black, *Coragyps atratus* Turkey, *Cathartes aura* WAGTAIL, [Black-backed (see White)] Citrine, *Motacilla citreola* Eastern Yellow, *Motacilla tschutschensis* Gray, *Motacilla cinerea* White, *Motacilla alba* [Yellow (see Eastern Yellow)] WARBLER, Adelaide's, *Dendroica adelaidae* Arctic, *Phylloscopus borealis* Bachman's, *Vermivora bachmanii* Bay-breasted, *Dendroica castanea* Black-and-white, *Mniotilta varia* Black-throated Blue, *Dendroica caerulescens* Black-throated Gray, *Dendroica nigrescens* Black-throated Green, *Dendroica virens* Blackburnian, *Dendroica fusca* Blackpoll, *Dendroica striata* Blue-winged, *Vermivora pinus* Canada, *Wilsonia canadensis* Cape May, *Dendroica tigrina* Cerulean, *Dendroica cerulea* Chestnut-sided, *Dendroica pensylvanica* Colima, *Vermivora crissalis* Connecticut, *Oporornis agilis* Crescent-chested, *Parula superciliosa* Elfin-woods, *Dendroica angelae* Fan-tailed, *Euthlypis lachrymosa* Golden-cheeked, *Dendroica chrysoparia* Golden-crowned, *Basileuterus culicivorus* Golden-winged, *Vermivora chrysoptera* Grace's, *Dendroica graciae* Hermit, *Dendroica occidentalis* Hooded, *Wilsonia citrina* Kentucky, *Oporornis formosus* Kirtland's, *Dendroica kirtlandii* Lucy's, *Vermivora luciae* MacGillivray's, *Oporornis tolmiei* Magnolia, *Dendroica magnolia* Mourning, *Oporornis philadelphia* Nashville, *Vermivora ruficapilla* Olive, *Peucedramus taeniatus* Orange-crowned, *Vermivora celata* Palm, *Dendroica palmarum* Pine, *Dendroica pinus* Prairie, *Dendroica discolor* Prothonotary, *Protonotaria citrea* Red-faced, *Cardellina rubrifrons* Rufous-capped, *Basileuterus rufifrons* Swainson's, *Limnothlypis swainsonii* Tennessee, *Vermivora peregrina* Townsend's, *Dendroica townsendi* Virginia's, *Vermivora virginiae* Willow, *Phylloscopus trochilus* Wilson's, *Wilsonia pusilla* Worm-eating, *Helmitheros vermivorus* Yellow, *Dendroica petechia* Yellow-rumped, *Dendroica coronata* Yellow-throated, *Dendroica dominica* WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, *Seiurus motacilla* Northern, *Seiurus noveboracensis* WAXWING, Bohemian, *Bombycilla garrulus* Cedar, *Bombycilla cedrorum* WHEATEAR, Northern, *Oenanthe oenanthe* WHIMBREL, *Numenius phaeopus* WHIP-POOR-WILL, *Caprimulgus vociferus* WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, *Dendrocygna autumnalis* Fulvous, *Dendrocygna bicolor* West Indian, *Dendrocygna arborea* WIGEON, American, *Anas americana* Eurasian, *Anas penelope* WILLET, *Tringa semipalmata* WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, *Contopus virens* Western, *Contopus sordidulus* WOODCOCK, American, *Scolopax minor* Eurasian, *Scolopax rusticola* WOODPECKER, Acorn, *Melanerpes formicivorus* American Three-toed, *Picoides dorsalis* Arizona, *Picoides arizonae* Black-backed, *Picoides arcticus* Downy, *Picoides pubescens* Gila, *Melanerpes uropygialis* Golden-fronted, *Melanerpes aurifrons* Great Spotted, *Dendrocopos major* Hairy, *Picoides villosus* Ivory-billed, *Campephilus principalis* Ladder-backed, *Picoides scalaris* Lewis's, *Melanerpes lewis* Nuttall's, *Picoides nuttallii* Pileated, *Dryocopus pileatus* Puerto Rican, *Melanerpes portoricensis* Red-bellied, *Melanerpes carolinus* Red-cockaded, *Picoides borealis* Red-headed, *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* [Strickland's (see Arizona)] [Three-toed (see American Three-toed)] White-headed, *Picoides albolarvatus* WOODSTAR, Bahama, *Calliphlox evelynae* WREN, Bewick's *Thryomanes bewickii* Cactus, *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus* Canyon, *Catherpes mexicanus* Carolina, *Thryothorus ludovicianus* House, *Troglodytes aedon* Marsh, *Cistothorus palustris* Rock, *Salpinctes obsoletus* Sedge, *Cistothorus platensis* Winter, *Troglodytes troglodytes* WRYNECK, Eurasian, *Jynx torquilla* YELLOWLEGS, Greater, *Tringa melanoleuca* Lesser, *Tringa flavipes* YELLOWTHROAT, Common, *Geothlypis trichas* Gray-crowned, *Geothlypis poliocephala*
(2)*Taxonomic listing.* Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily DENDROCYGNINAE *Dendrocygna autumnalis* , Black-bellied Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna arborea* , West Indian Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna bicolor* , Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily ANSERINAE *Anser fabalis* , Bean Goose *Anser albifrons* , Greater White-fronted Goose *Anser erythropus* , Lesser White-fronted Goose *Chen canagica* , Emperor Goose *Chen caerulescens* , Snow Goose *Chen rossii* , Ross's Goose *Branta bernicla* , Brant *Branta leucopsis* , Barnacle Goose *Branta hutchinsii* , Cackling Goose *Branta canadensis* , Canada Goose *Branta sandvicensis* , Hawaiian Goose *Cygnus buccinator* , Trumpeter Swan *Cygnus columbianus* , Tundra Swan *Cygnus cygnus* , Whooper Swan Subfamily ANATINAE *Cairina moschata* , Muscovy Duck *Aix sponsa* , Wood Duck *Anas strepera* , Gadwall *Anas falcata* , Falcated Duck *Anas penelope* , Eurasian Wigeon *Anas americana* , American Wigeon *Anas rubripes* , American Black Duck *Anas platyrhynchos* , Mallard *Anas fulvigula* , Mottled Duck *Anas wyvilliana* , Hawaiian Duck *Anas laysanensis* , Laysan Duck *Anas poecilorhyncha* , Spot-billed Duck *Anas superciliosa* , Pacific Black Duck *Anas discors* , Blue-winged Teal *Anas cyanoptera* , Cinnamon Teal *Anas clypeata* , Northern Shoveler *Anas bahamensis* , White-cheeked Pintail *Anas acuta* , Northern Pintail *Anas querquedula* , Garganey *Anas formosa* , Baikal Teal *Anas crecca* , Green-winged Teal *Aythya valisineria* , Canvasback *Aythya americana* , Redhead *Aythya ferina* , Common Pochard *Aythya baeri* , Baer's Pochard *Aythya collaris* , Ring-necked Duck *Aythya fuligula* , Tufted Duck *Aythya marila* , Greater Scaup *Aythya affinis* , Lesser Scaup *Polysticta stelleri* , Steller's Eider *Somateria fischeri* , Spectacled Eider *Somateria spectabilis* , King Eider *Somateria mollissima* , Common Eider *Histrionicus histrionicus* , Harlequin Duck *Melanitta perspicillata* , Surf Scoter *Melanitta fusca* , White-winged Scoter *Melanitta nigra* , Black Scoter *Clangula hyemalis* , Long-tailed Duck *Bucephala albeola* , Bufflehead *Bucephala clangula* , Common Goldeneye *Bucephala islandica* , Barrow's Goldeneye *Mergellus albellus* , Smew *Lophodytes cucullatus* , Hooded Merganser *Mergus merganser* , Common Merganser *Mergus serrator* , Red-breasted Merganser *Nomonyx dominicus* , Masked Duck *Oxyura jamaicensis* , Ruddy Duck Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE *Gavia stellata* , Red-throated Loon *Gavia arctica* , Arctic Loon *Gavia pacifica* , Pacific Loon *Gavia immer* , Common Loon *Gavia adamsii* , Yellow-billed Loon Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE *Tachybaptus dominicus* , Least Grebe *Podilymbus podiceps* , Pied-billed Grebe *Podiceps auritus* , Horned Grebe *Podiceps grisegena* , Red-necked Grebe *Podiceps nigricollis* , Eared Grebe *Aechmophorus occidentalis* , Western Grebe *Aechmophorus clarkii* , Clark's Grebe Order PROCELLARIIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* , Yellow-nosed Albatross *Thalassarche cauta* , Shy Albatross *Thalassarche melanophris* , Black-browed Albatross *Phoebetria palpebrata* , Light-mantled Albatross *Diomedea exulans* , Wandering Albatross *Phoebastria immutabilis* , Laysan Albatross *Phoebastria nigripes* , Black-footed Albatross *Phoebastria albatrus* , Short-tailed Albatross Family PROCELLARIIDAE *Fulmarus glacialis* , Northern Fulmar *Pterodroma macroptera* , Great-winged Petrel *Pterodroma neglecta* , Kermadec Petrel *Pterodroma arminjoniana* , Herald Petrel *Pterodroma ultima* , Murphy's Petrel *Pterodroma inexpectata* , Mottled Petrel *Pterodroma cahow* , Bermuda Petrel *Pterodroma hasitata* , Black-capped Petrel *Pterodroma externa* , Juan Fernandez Petrel *Pterodroma sandwichensis* , Hawaiian Petrel *Pterodroma cervicalis* , White-necked Petrel *Pterodroma hypoleuca* , Bonin Petrel *Pterodroma nigripennis* , Black-winged Petrel *Pterodroma cookii* , Cook's Petrel *Pterodroma longirostris* , Stejneger's Petrel *Pterodroma alba* , Phoenix Petrel *Pterodroma leucoptera* , Gould's Petrel *Pterodroma rostrata* , Tahiti Petrel *Bulweria bulwerii* , Bulwer's Petrel *Bulweria fallax* , Jouanin's Petrel *Calonectris leucomelas* , Streaked Shearwater *Calonectris diomedea* , Cory's Shearwater *Calonectris edwardsii* , Cape Verde Shearwater *Puffinus creatopus* , Pink-footed Shearwater *Puffinus carneipes* , Flesh-footed Shearwater *Puffinus gravis* , Greater Shearwater *Puffinus pacificus* , Wedge-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus bulleri* , Buller's Shearwater *Puffinus griseus* , Sooty Shearwater *Puffinus tenuirostris* , Short-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus nativitatis* , Christmas Shearwater *Puffinus puffinus* , Manx Shearwater *Puffinus auricularis* , Townsend's Shearwater *Puffinus opisthomelas* , Black-vented Shearwater *Puffinus lherminieri* , Audubon's Shearwater *Puffinus assimilis* , Little Shearwater Family HYDROBATIDAE *Oceanites oceanicus* , Wilson's Storm- Petrel *Pelagodroma marina* , White-faced Storm-Petrel *Fregetta tropica* , Black-bellied Storm-Petrel *Fregetta grallaria* , White-bellied Storm-Petrel *Nesofregetta fuiginosa* , Polynesian Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma furcata* , Fork-tailed Storcm-Petrel *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* , Leach's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma homochroa* , Ashy Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma castro* , Band-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tethys* , Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma matsudairae* , Matsudaira's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma melania* , Black Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tristrami* , Tristram's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma microsoma* , Least Storm-Petrel Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE *Phaethon lepturus* , White-tailed Tropicbird *Phaethon aethereus* , Red-billed Tropicbird *Phaethon rubricauda* , Red-tailed Tropicbird Family SULIDAE *Sula dactylatra* , Masked Booby *Sula nebouxii* , Blue-footed Booby *Sula leucogaster* , Brown Booby *Sula sula* , Red-footed Booby *Morus bassanus* , Northern Gannet Family PELECANIDAE *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* , American White Pelican *Pelecanus occidentalis* , Brown Pelican Family PHALACROCORACIDAE *Phalacrocorax melanoleucos* , Little Pied Cormorant. *Phalacrocorax penicillatus* , Brandt's Cormorant *Phalacrocorax brasilianus* , Neotropic Cormorant *Phalacrocorax auritus* , Double-crested Cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo* , Great Cormorant *Phalacrocorax urile* , Red-faced Cormorant *Phalacrocorax pelagicus* , Pelagic Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE *Anhinga anhinga* , Anhinga Family FREGATIDAE *Fregata magnificens* , Magnificent Frigatebird *Fregata minor* , Great Frigatebird *Fregata ariel* , Lesser Frigatebird Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE *Botaurus lentiginosus* , American Bittern *Ixobrychus sinensis* , Yellow Bittern *Ixobrychus exilis* , Least Bittern *Ixobrychus eurhythmus* , Schrenck's Bittern *Ixobrychus flavicollis* , Black Bittern *Ardea cinerea* , Gray Heron *Ardea herodias* , Great Blue Heron *Ardea alba* , Great Egret *Mesophoyx intermedia* , Intermediate Egret *Egretta eulophotes* , Chinese Egret *Egretta garzetta* , Little Egret *Egretta sacra* , Pacific Reef-Egret *Egretta gularis* , Western Reef-Heron *Egretta thula* , Snowy Egret *Egretta caerulea* , Little Blue Heron *Egretta tricolor* , Tricolored Heron *Egretta rufescens* , Reddish Egret *Bubulcus ibis* , Cattle Egret *Ardeola bacchus* , Chinese Pond-Heron *Butorides virescens* , Green Heron *Nycticorax nycticorax* , Black-crowned Night-Heron *Nyctanassa violacea* , Yellow-crowned Night-Heron *Gorsachius goisagi* , Japanese Night-Heron *Gorsachius melanolophus* , Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily THRESKIORNITHINAE *Eudocimus albus* , White Ibis *Eudocimus ruber* , Scarlet Ibis *Plegadis falcinellus* , Glossy Ibis *Plegadis chihi* , White-faced Ibis Subfamily PLATALEINAE *Platalea ajaja* , Roseate Spoonbill Family CICONIIDAE *Jabiru mycteria* , Jabiru *Mycteria americana* , Wood Stork Family CATHARTIDAE *Coragyps atratus* , Black Vulture *Cathartes aura* , Turkey Vulture *Gymnogyps californianus* , California Condor Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE *Phoenicopterus ruber* , Greater Flamingo Order FALCONIFORMES Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily PANDIONINAE *Pandion haliaetus* , Osprey Subfamily ACCIPITRINAE *Chondrohierax uncinatus* , Hook-billed Kite *Elanoides forficatus* , Swallow-tailed Kite *Elanus leucurus* , White-tailed Kite *Rostrhamus sociabilis* , Snail Kite *Ictinia mississippiensis* , Mississippi Kite *Milvus migrans* , Black Kite *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* , Bald Eagle *Haliaeetus albicilla* , White-tailed Eagle *Haliaeetus pelagicus* , Steller's Sea-Eagle *Circus cyaneus* , Northern Harrier *Accipiter soloensis* , Gray Frog-Hawk *Accipiter gularis* , Japanese Sparrowhawk *Accipiter striatus* , Sharp-shinned Hawk *Accipiter cooperii* , Cooper's Hawk *Accipiter gentilis* , Northern Goshawk *Geranospiza caerulescens* , Crane Hawk *Buteogallus anthracinus* , Common Black-Hawk *Parabuteo unicinctus* , Harris's Hawk *Buteo magnirostris* , Roadside Hawk *Buteo lineatus* , Red-shouldered Hawk *Buteo platypterus* , Broad-winged Hawk *Buteo nitidus* , Gray Hawk *Buteo brachyurus* , Short-tailed Hawk *Buteo swainsoni* , Swainson's Hawk *Buteo albicaudatus* , White-tailed Hawk *Buteo albonotatus* , Zone-tailed Hawk *Buteo solitarius* , Hawaiian Hawk *Buteo jamaicensis* , Red-tailed Hawk *Buteo regalis* , Ferruginous Hawk *Buteo lagopus* , Rough-legged Hawk *Aquila chrysaetos* , Golden Eagle Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily MICRASTURINAE *Micrastur semitorquatus* , Collared Forest-Falcon Subfamily CARACARINAE *Caracara cheriway* , Crested Caracara Subfamily FALCONINAE *Falco tinnunculus* , Eurasian Kestrel *Falco sparverius* , American Kestrel *Falco columbarius* , Merlin *Falco subbuteo* , Eurasian Hobby *Falco femoralis* , Aplomado Falcon *Falco rusticolus* , Gyrfalcon *Falco peregrinus* , Peregrine Falcon *Falco mexicanus* , Prairie Falcon Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE *Coturnicops noveboracensis* , Yellow Rail *Laterallus jamaicensis* , Black Rail *Gallirallus philippensis* , Buff-banded Rail *Gallirallus owstoni* , Guam Rail *Crex crex* , Corn Crake *Rallus longirostris* , Clapper Rail *Rallus elegans* , King Rail *Rallus limicola* , Virginia Rail *Porzana carolina* , Sora *Porzana tabuensis* , Spotless Crake *Porzana flaviventer* , Yellow-breasted Crake *Neocrex erythrops* , Paint-billed Crake *Pardirallus maculatus* , Spotted Rail *Porphyrio martinica* , Purple Gallinule *Porphyrio porphyrio* , Purple Swamphen *Porphyrio flavirostris* , Azure Gallinule *Gallinula chloropus* , Common Moorhen *Fulica atra* , Eurasian Coot *Fulica alai* , Hawaiian Coot *Fulica americana* , American Coot *Fulica caribaea* , Caribbean Coot Family ARAMIDAE *Aramus guarauna,* Limpkin Family GRUIDAE *Grus canadensis,* Sandhill Crane *Grus grus,* Common Crane *Grus americana,* Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily VANELLINAE *Vanellus vanellus,* Northern Lapwing Subfamily CHARADRIINAE *Pluvialis squatarola,* Black-bellied Plover *Pluvialis dominica,* American Golden-Plover *Pluvialis fulva,* Pacific Golden-Plover *Charadrius mongolus,* Lesser Sand-Plover *Charadrius leschenaultii,* Greater Sand-Plover *Charadrius collaris,* Collared Plover *Charadrius alexandrinus* , Snowy Plover *Charadrius wilsonia,* Wilson's Plover *Charadrius hiaticula,* Common Ringed Plover *Charadrius semipalmatus,* Semipalmated Plover *Charadrius melodus,* Piping Plover *Charadrius dubius,* Little Ringed Plover *Charadrius vociferus,* Killdeer *Charadrius montanus,* Mountain Plover *Charadrius morinellus,* Eurasian Dotterel Family HAEMATOPODIDAE *Haematopus ostralegus,* Eurasian Oystercatcher *Haematopus palliatus,* American Oystercatcher *Haematopus bachmani,* Black Oystercatcher Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE *Himantopus himantopus,* Black-winged Stilt *Himantopus mexicanus,* Black-necked Stilt *Recurvirostra americana,* American Avocet Family JACANIDAE *Jacana spinosa,* Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily SCOLOPACINAE *Xenus cinereus,* Terek Sandpiper *Actitis hypoleucos,* Common Sandpiper *Actitis macularius,* Spotted Sandpiper *Tringa ochropus,* Green Sandpiper *Tringa solitaria,* Solitary Sandpiper *Tringa brevipes,* Gray-tailed Tattler *Tringa incana,* Wandering Tattler *Tringa erythropus,* Spotted Redshank *Tringa melanoleuca,* Greater Yellowlegs *Tringa nebularia,* Common Greenshank *Tringa guttifer,* Nordmann's Greenshank *Tringa semipalmata,* Willet *Tringa flavipes,* Lesser Yellowlegs *Tringa stagnatilis,* Marsh Sandpiper *Tringa glareola,* Wood Sandpiper *Bartramia longicauda,* Upland Sandpiper *Numenius minutus,* Little Curlew *Numenius borealis,* Eskimo Curlew *Numenius phaeopus,* Whimbrel *Numenius tahitiensis,* Bristle-thighed Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis,* Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius arquata,* Eurasian Curlew *Numenius americanus,* Long-billed Curlew *Limosa limosa,* Black-tailed Godwit *Limosa haemastica,* Hudsonian Godwit *Limosa lapponica,* Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa fedoa,* Marbled Godwit *Arenaria interpres,* Ruddy Turnstone *Arenaria melanocephala,* Black Turnstone *Aphriza virgata* , Surfbird *Calidris tenuirostris,* Great Knot *Calidris canutus,* Red Knot *Calidris alba,* Sanderling *Calidris pusilla,* Semipalmated Sandpiper *Calidris mauri,* Western Sandpiper *Calidris ruficollis,* Red-necked Stint *Calidris minuta,* Little Stint *Calidris temminckii,* Temminck's Stint *Calidris subminuta,* Long-toed Stint *Calidris minutilla,* Least Sandpiper *Calidris fuscicollis,* White-rumped Sandpiper *Calidris bairdii,* Baird's Sandpiper *Calidris melanotos,* Pectoral Sandpiper *Calidris acuminata,* Sharp-tailed Sandpiper *Calidris maritima,* Purple Sandpiper *Calidris ptilocnemis,* Rock Sandpiper *Calidris alpina,* Dunlin *Calidris ferruginea,* Curlew Sandpiper *Calidris himantopus,* Stilt Sandpiper *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus,* Spoon-billed Sandpiper *Limicola falcinellus* , Broad-billed Sandpiper *Tryngites subruficollis* , Buff-breasted Sandpiper *Philomachus pugnax,* Ruff *Limnodromus griseus,* Short-billed Dowitcher *Limnodromus scolopaceus,* Long-billed Dowitcher *Lymnocryptes minimus,* Jack Snipe *Gallinago delicata,* Wilson's Snipe (the “common” snipe hunted in most of the U.S.) *Gallinago gallinago* , Common Snipe (restricted to Alaska; also see Gallinago delicata) *Gallinago stenura,* Pin-tailed Snipe *Gallinago megala,* Swinhoe's Snipe *Scolopax rusticola,* Eurasian Woodcock *Scolopax minor,* American Woodcock Subfamily PHALAROPODINAE *Phalaropus tricolor,* Wilson's Phalarope *Phalaropus lobatus,* Red-necked Phalarope *Phalaropus fulicarius,* Red Phalarope Family LARIDAE Subfamily LARINAE *Larus atricilla,* Laughing Gull *Larus pipixcan,* Franklin's Gull *Larus minutus,* Little Gull *Larus ridibundus,* Black-headed Gull *Larus philadelphia,* Bonaparte's Gull *Larus heermanni,* Heermann's Gull *Larus cirrocephalus,* Gray-hooded Gull *Larus belcheri,* Belcher's Gull *Larus crassirostris,* Black-tailed Gull *Larus canus,* Mew Gull *Larus delawarensis,* Ring-billed Gull *Larus californicus,* California Gull *Larus argentatus,* Herring Gull *Larus cachinnans,* Yellow-legged Gull *Larus thayeri,* Thayer's Gull *Larus glaucoides,* Iceland Gull *Larus fuscus,* Lesser Black-backed Gull *Larus schistisagus,* Slaty-backed Gull *Larus livens,* Yellow-footed Gull *Larus occidentalis,* Western Gull *Larus glaucescens,* Glaucous-winged Gull *Larus hyperboreus,* Glaucous Gull *Larus marinus,* Great Black-backed Gull *Larus dominicanus,* Kelp Gull *Xema sabini,* Sabine's Gull *Rissa tridactyla,* Black-legged Kittiwake *Rissa brevirostris,* Red-legged Kittiwake *Rhodostethia rosea,* Ross's Gull *Pagophila eburnea,* Ivory Gull Subfamily STERNINAE *Anous stolidus,* Brown Noddy *Anous minutus,* Black Noddy *Procelsterna cerulea,* Blue-gray Noddy *Gygis alba,* White Tern *Onychoprion fuscatus,* Sooty Tern *Onychoprion lunatus,* Gray-backed Tern *Onychoprion anaethetus,* Bridled Tern *Onychoprion aleuticus,* Aleutian Tern *Sternula albifrons,* Little Tern *Sternula antillarum,* Least Tern *Gelochelidon nilotica,* Gull-billed Tern *Hydroprogne caspia,* Caspian Tern *Chlidonias niger,* Black Tern *Chlidonias leucopterus,* White-winged Tern *Chlidonias hybridus,* Whiskered Tern *Sterna dougallii,* Roseate Tern *Sterna hirundo,* Common Tern *Sterna paradisaea,* Arctic Tern *Sterna forsteri,* Forster's Tern *Sterna sumatrana,* Black-naped Tern *Thalasseus maximus,* Royal Tern *Thalasseus bergii,* Great Crested Tern *Thalasseus sandvicensis,* Sandwich Tern *Thalasseus elegans,* Elegant Tern Subfamily RYNCHOPINAE *Rynchops niger,* Black Skimmer Family STERCORARIIDAE *Stercorarius skua,* Great Skua *Stercorarius maccormicki,* South Polar Skua *Stercorarius pomarinus,* Pomarine Jaeger *Stercorarius parasiticus,* Parasitic Jaeger *Stercorarius longicaudus,* Long-tailed Jaeger Family ALCIDAE *Alle alle,* Dovekie *Uria aalge,* Common Murre *Uria lomvia,* Thick-billed Murre *Alca torda,* Razorbill *Cepphus grylle,* Black Guillemot *Cepphus columba,* Pigeon Guillemot *Brachyramphus perdix,* Long-billed Murrelet *Brachyramphus marmoratus,* Marbled Murrelet *Brachyramphus brevirostris,* Kittlitz's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus,* Xantus's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus craveri,* Craveri's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus antiquus,* Ancient Murrelet *Ptychoramphus aleuticus,* Cassin's Auklet *Aethia psittacula,* Parakeet Auklet *Aethia pusilla,* Least Auklet *Aethia pygmaea,* Whiskered Auklet *Aethia cristatella,* Crested Auklet *Cerorhinca monocerata,* Rhinoceros Auklet *Fratercula arctica,* Atlantic Puffin *Fratercula corniculata,* Horned Puffin *Fratercula cirrhata,* Tufted Puffin Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE *Patagioenas squamosa,* Scaly-naped Pigeon *Patagioenas leucocephala,* White-crowned Pigeon *Patagioenas flavirostris,* Red-billed Pigeon *Patagioenas inornata,* Plain Pigeon *Patagioenas fasciata,* Band-tailed Pigeon *Streptopelia orientalis,* Oriental Turtle-Dove *Zenaida asiatica,* White-winged Dove *Zenaida aurita,* Zenaida Dove *Zenaida macroura,* Mourning Dove *Columbina inca,* Inca Dove *Columbina passerina,* Common Ground-Dove *Columbina talpacoti,* Ruddy Ground-Dove *Leptotila verreauxi,* White-tipped Dove *Geotrygon chrysia,* Key West Quail-Dove *Geotrygon mystacea,* Bridled Quail-Dove *Geotrygon montana,* Ruddy Quail-Dove *Gallicolumba xanthonura,* White-throated Ground-Dove *Gallicolumba stairi,* Friendly Ground-Dove *Ptilinopus perousii,* Many-colored Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus roseicapilla,* Mariana Fruit-Dove *Ptilinopus porphyraceus,* Crimson-crowned Fruit-Dove *Ducula pacifica,* Pacific Imperial-Pigeon Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily CUCULINAE *Cuculus canorus,* Common Cuckoo *Cuculus optatus,* Oriental Cuckoo *Cuculus fugax,* Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo *Coccyzus americanus,* Yellow-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus minor,* Mangrove Cuckoo *Coccyzus erythropthalmus,* Black-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus vieilloti,* Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Subfamily NEOMORPHINAE *Geococcyx californianus,* Greater Roadrunner Subfamily CROTOPHAGINAE *Crotophaga ani,* Smooth-billed Ani *Crotophaga sulcirostris,* Groove-billed Ani Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE *Tyto alba,* Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE *Otus flammeolus,* Flammulated Owl *Otus sunia,* Oriental Scops-Owl *Megascops kennicottii,* Western Screech-Owl *Megascops asio,* Eastern Screech-Owl *Megascops trichopsis,* Whiskered Screech-Owl *Megascops nudipes,* Puerto Rican Screech-Owl *Bubo virginianus,* Great Horned Owl *Bubo scandiaca,* Snowy Owl *Surnia ulula,* Northern Hawk Owl *Glaucidium gnoma,* Northern Pygmy-Owl *Glaucidium brasilianum,* Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl *Micrathene whitneyi,* Elf Owl *Athene cunicularia,* Burrowing Owl *Ciccaba virgata,* Mottled Owl *Strix occidentalis,* Spotted Owl *Strix varia,* Barred Owl *Strix nebulosa,* Great Gray Owl *Asio otus,* Long-eared Owl *Asio stygius,* Stygian Owl *Asio flammeus,* Short-eared Owl *Aegolius funereus,* Boreal Owl *Aegolius acadicus,* Northern Saw-whet Owl Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily CHORDEILINAE *Chordeiles acutipennis,* Lesser Nighthawk *Chordeiles minor,* Common Nighthawk *Chordeiles gundlachii,* Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily CAPIMULGINAE *Nyctidromus albicollis,* Common Pauraque *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii,* Common Poorwill *Caprimulgus carolinensis,* Chuck-will's-widow *Caprimulgus ridgwayi,* Buff-collared Nightjar *Caprimulgus vociferus,* Whip-poor-will *Caprimulgus noctitherus,* Puerto Rican Nightjar *Caprimulgus indicus,* Gray Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily CYPSELOIDINAE *Cpseloides niger,* Black Swift *Streptoprocne zonaris,* White-collared Swift Subfamily CHAETURINAE *Chaetura pelagica,* Chimney Swift *Chaetura vauxi,* Vaux's Swift *Chaetura brachyura,* Short-tailed Swift *Hirundapus caudacutus,* White-throated Needletail *Aerodramus spodiopygius,* White-rumped Swiftlet *Aerodramus bartschi,* Mariana Swiftlet Subfamily APODINAE *Apus apus,* Common Swift *Apus pacificus,* Fork-tailed Swift *Apus melba,* Alpine Swift *Aeronautes saxatalis,* White-throated Swift *Tachornis phoenicobia,* Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily TROCHILINAE *Colibri thalassinus,* Green Violet-ear *Anthracothorax prevostii,* Green-breasted Mango *Anthracothorax dominicus,* Antillean Mango *Anthracothorax viridis,* Green Mango *Eulampis jugularis,* Purple-throated Carib *Eulampis holosericeus,* Green-throated Carib *Orthorhynchus cristatus,* Antillean Crested Hummingbird *Chlorostilbon maugaeus,* Puerto Rican Emerald *Cynanthus latirostris,* Broad-billed Hummingbird *Hylocharis leucotis,* White-eared Hummingbird *Hylocharis xantusii,* Xantus's Hummingbird *Amazilia beryllina,* Berylline Hummingbird *Amazilia yucatanensis,* Buff-bellied Hummingbird *Amazilia rutila,* Cinnamon Hummingbird *Amazilia violiceps,* Violet-crowned Hummingbird *Lampornis clemenciae,* Blue-throated Hummingbird *Eugenes fulgens,* Magnificent Hummingbird *Heliomaster constantii,* Plain-capped Starthroat *Calliphlox evelynae,* Bahama Woodstar *Calothorax lucifer,* Lucifer Hummingbird *Archilochus colubris,* Ruby-throated Hummingbird *Archilochus alexandri,* Black-chinned Hummingbird *Calypte anna,* Anna's Hummingbird *Calypte costae,* Costa's Hummingbird *Stellula calliope,* Calliope Hummingbird *Atthis heloisa,* Bumblebee Hummingbird *Selasphorus platycercus,* Broad-tailed Hummingbird *Selasphorus rufus,* Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus sasin,* Allen's Hummingbird Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily TROGONINAE *Trogon elegans,* Elegant Trogon *Euptilotis neoxenus,* Eared Quetzel Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE *Upupa epops,* Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily HALCYONINAE *Todirhamphus cinnamominus,* Micronesian Kingfisher *Todirhamphus chloris,* Collared Kingfisher Subfamily CERYLINAE *Ceryle torquatus,* Ringed Kingfisher *Ceryle alcyon,* Belted Kingfisher *Chloroceryle americana,* Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily JYNGINAE *Jynx torquilla,* Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily PICINAE *Melanerpes lewis,* Lewis's Woodpecker *Melanerpes portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Woodpecker *Melanerpes erythrocephalus,* Red-headed Woodpecker *Melanerpes formicivorus,* Acorn Woodpecker *Melanerpes uropygialis,* Gila Woodpecker *Melanerpes aurifrons,* Golden-fronted Woodpecker *Melanerpes carolinus,* Red-bellied Woodpecker *Sphyrapicus thyroideus,* Williamson's Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus varius,* Yellow-bellied Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus nuchalis,* Red-naped Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus ruber,* Red-breasted Sapsucker *Dendrocopos major,* Great Spotted Woodpecker *Picoides scalaris,* Ladder-backed Woodpecker *Picoides nuttallii,* Nuttall's Woodpecker *Picoides pubescens,* Downy Woodpecker *Picoides villosus,* Hairy Woodpecker *Picoides arizonae,* Arizona Woodpecker *Picoides borealis,* Red-cockaded Woodpecker *Picoides albolarvatus,* White-headed Woodpecker *Picoides dorsalis,* American Three-toed Woodpecker *Picoides arcticus,* Black-backed Woodpecker *Colaptes auratus,* Northern Flicker *Colaptes chrysoides,* Gilded Flicker *Dryocopus pileatus,* Pileated Woodpecker *Campephilus principalis,* Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order PASSERIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily ELAENIINAE *Camptostoma imberbe,* Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet *Myiopagis viridicata,* Greenish Elaenia *Elaenia martinica,* Caribbean Elaenia Subfamily FLUVICOLINAE *Mitrephanes phaeocercus,* Tufted Flycatcher *Contopus cooperi,* Olive-sided Flycatcher *Contopus pertinax,* Greater Pewee *Contopus sordidulus,* Western Wood-Pewee *Contopus virens,* Eastern Wood-Pewee *Contopus caribeaus,* Cuban Pewee *Contopus hispaniolensis,* Hispaniolan Pewee *Contopus latirostris,* Lesser Antillean Pewee *Empidonax flaviventris,* Yellow-bellied Flycatcher *Empidonax virescens,* Acadian Flycatcher *Empidonax alnorum,* Alder Flycatcher *Empidonax traillii,* Willow Flycatcher *Empidonax minimus,* Least Flycatcher *Empidonax hammondii,* Hammond's Flycatcher *Empidonax wrightii,* Gray Flycatcher *Empidonax oberholseri,* Dusky Flycatcher *Empidonax difficilis,* Pacific-slope Flycatcher *Empidonax occidentalis,* Cordilleran Flycatcher *Empidonax fulvifrons,* Buff-breasted Flycatcher *Sayornis nigricans,* Black Phoebe *Sayornis phoebe,* Eastern Phoebe *Sayornis saya,* Say's Phoebe *Pyrocephalus rubinus,* Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily TYRANNINAE *Myiarchus tuberculifer,* Dusky-capped Flycatcher *Myiarchus cinerascens,* Ash-throated Flycatcher *Myiarchus nuttingi,* Nutting's Flycatcher *Myiarchus crinitus,* Great Crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus tyrannulus,* Brown-crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus sagrae,* La Sagra's Flycatcher *Myiarchus antillarum,* Puerto Rican Flycatcher *Pitangus sulphuratus,* Great Kiskadee *Myiozetetes similes,* Social Flycatcher *Myiodynastes luteiventris,* Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher *Legatus leucophalus,* Piratic Flycatcher *Empidonomus varius,* Variegated Flycatcher *Tyrannus melancholicus,* Tropical Kingbird *Tyrannus couchii,* Couch's Kingbird *Tyrannus vociferans,* Cassin's Kingbird *Tyrannus crassirostris,* Thick-billed Kingbird *Tyrannus verticalis,* Western Kingbird *Tyrannus tyrannus,* Eastern Kingbird *Tyrannus dominicensis,* Gray Kingbird *Tyrannus forficatus,* Scissor-tailed Flycatcher *Tyrannus savana,* Fork-tailed Flycatcher *Pachyramphus aglaiae,* Rose-throated Becard *Tityra semifasciata,* Masked Tityra Family LANIIDAE *Lanius cristatus,* Brown Shrike *Lanius ludovicianus,* Loggerhead Shrike *Lanius excubitor,* Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE *Vireo griseus,* White-eyed Vireo *Vireo crassirostris,* Thick-billed Vireo *Vireo latimeri,* Puerto Rican Vireo *Vireo bellii,* Bell's Vireo *Vireo atricapillus,* Black-capped Vireo *Vireo vicinior,* Gray Vireo *Vireo flavifrons,* Yellow-throated Vireo *Vireo plumbeus,* Plumbeous Vireo *Vireo cassinii,* Cassin's Vireo *Vireo solitarius,* Blue-headed Vireo *Vireo huttoni,* Hutton's Vireo *Vireo gilvus,* Warbling Vireo *Vireo philadelphicus,* Philadelphia Vireo *Vireo olivaceus,* Red-eyed Vireo *Vireo flavoviridis,* Yellow-green Vireo *Vireo altiloquus,* Black-whiskered Vireo *Vireo magister,* Yucatan Vireo Family CORVIDAE *Perisoreus canadensis,* Gray Jay *Cyanocitta stelleri,* Steller's Jay *Cyanocitta cristata,* Blue Jay *Cyanocorax yncas,* Green Jay *Cyanocorax morio,* Brown Jay *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Florida Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma insularis,* Island Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma californica,* Western Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma ultramarina,* Mexican Jay *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus,* Pinyon Jay *Nucifraga columbiana,* Clark's Nutcracker *Pica hudsonia,* Black-billed Magpie *Pica nuttalli,* Yellow-billed Magpie *Corvus kubaryi,* Mariana Crow *Corvus brachyrhynchos,* American Crow *Corvus caurinus,* Northwestern Crow *Corvus leucognaphalus,* White-necked Crow *Corvus imparatus,* Tamaulipas Crow *Corvus ossifragus,* Fish Crow *Corvus hawaiiensis,* Hawaiian Crow *Corvus cryptoleucus,* Chihuahuan Raven *Corvus corax,* Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE *Alauda arvensis,* Sky Lark *Eremophila alpestris,* Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily HIRUNDININAE *Progne subis,* Purple Martin *Progne cryptoleuca,* Cuban Martin *Progne dominicensis,* Caribbean Martin *Progne chalybea,* Gray-breasted Martin *Progne elegans,* Southern Martin *Progne tapera,* Brown-chested Martin *Tachycineta bicolor,* Tree Swallow *Tachycineta albilinea,* Mangrove Swallow *Tachycineta thalassina,* Violet-green Swallow *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis,* Bahama Swallow *Stelgidopteryx serripennis,* Northern Rough-winged Swallow *Riparia riparia,* Bank Swallow *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota,* Cliff Swallow *Petrochelidon fulva,* Cave Swallow *Hirundo rustica,* Barn Swallow *Delichon urbicum,* Common House-Martin Family PARIDAE *Poecile carolinensis,* Carolina Chickadee *Poecile atricapillus,* Black-capped Chickadee *Poecile gambeli,* Mountain Chickadee *Poecile sclateri,* Mexican Chickadee *Poecile rufescens,* Chestnut-backed Chickadee *Poecile hudsonica,* Boreal Chickadee *Poecile cincta,* Gray-headed Chickadee *Baeolophus wollweberi,* Bridled Titmouse *Baeolophus inornatus,* Oak Titmouse *Baeolophus ridgwayi,* Juniper Titmouse *Baeolophus bicolor,* Tufted Titmouse *Baeolophus atricristatus,* Black-crested Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE *Auriparus flaviceps,* Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE *Psaltriparus minimus,* Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily SITTINAE *Sitta canadensis,* Red-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta carolinensis,* White-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta pygmaea,* Pygmy Nuthatch *Sitta pusilla,* Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily CERTHIINAE *Certhia americana,* Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,* Cactus Wren *Salpinctes obsoletus,* Rock Wren *Catherpes mexicanus,* Canyon Wren *Thryothorus ludovicianus,* Carolina Wren *Thryomanes bewickii,* Bewick's Wren *Troglodytes aedon,* House Wren *Troglodytes troglodytes,* Winter Wren *Cistothorus platensis,* Sedge Wren *Cistothorus palustris,* Marsh Wren Family CINCLIDAE *Cinclus mexicanus,* American Dipper Family REGULIDAE *Regulus satrapa,* Golden-crowned Kinglet *Regulus calendula,* Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family SYLVIIDAE Subfamily SYLVIINAE *Locustella ochotensis,* Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler *Phylloscopus borealis,* Arctic Warbler *Phylloscopus trochilus,* Willow Warbler *Sylvia curruca,* Lesser Whitethroat Subfamily POLIOPTILINAE *Polioptila caerulea,* Blue-gray Gnatcatcher *Polioptila californica,* California Gnatcatcher *Polioptila melanura,* Black-tailed Gnatcatcher *Polioptila nigriceps,* Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family MUSCICAPIDAE *Muscicapa griseisticta,* Gray-streaked Flycatcher Family TURDIDAE *Luscinia calliope,* Siberian Rubythroat *Luscinia svecica,* Bluethroat *Luscinia cyane,* Siberian Blue Robin *Monticola solitarius,* Blue Rock Thrush *Tarsiger cyanurus,* Red-flanked Bluetail *Oenanthe oenanthe,* Northern Wheatear *Saxicola torquatus,* Stonechat *Sialia sialis,* Eastern Bluebird *Sialia mexicana,* Western Bluebird *Sialia currucoides,* Mountain Bluebird *Myadestes townsendi,* Townsend's Solitaire *Myadestes myadestinus,* Kamao *Myadestes lanaiensis,* Olomao *Myadestes obscurus,* Omao *Myadestes palmeri,* Puaiohi *Catharus aurantiirostris,* Orange-billed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus mexicanus,* Black-headed Nightingale-Thrush *Catharus fuscescens,* Veery *Catharus minimus,* Gray-cheeked Thrush *Catharus bicknelli,* Bicknell's Thrush *Catharus ustulatus,* Swainson's Thrush *Catharus guttatus,* Hermit Thrush *Hylocichla mustelina,* Wood Thrush *Turdus obscurus,* Eyebrowed Thrush *Turdus naumanni,* Dusky Thrush *Turdus pilaris,* Fieldfare *Turdus grayi,* Clay-colored Robin *Turdus assimilis,* White-throated Robin *Turdus rufopalliatus,* Rufous-backed Robin *Turdus migratorius,* American Robin *Turdus plumbeus,* Red-legged Thrush *Ixoreus naevius,* Varied Thrush *Ridgwayia pinicola,* Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE *Dumetella carolinensis,* Gray Catbird *Melanoptila glabrirostris,* Black Catbird *Mimus polyglottos,* Northern Mockingbird *Mimus gundlachii,* Bahama Mockingbird *Oreoscoptes montanus,* Sage Thrasher *Toxostoma rufum,* Brown Thrasher *Toxostoma longirostre,* Long-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma bendirei,* Bendire's Thrasher *Toxostoma curvirostre,* Curve-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma redivivum,* California Thrasher *Toxostoma crissale,* Crissal Thrasher *Toxostoma lecontei,* Le Conte's Thrasher *Melanotis caerulescens,* Blue Mockingbird *Margarops fuscatus,* Pearly-eyed Thrasher Family STURNIDAE *Sturnus philippensis,* Chestnut-cheeked Starling *Sturnus cineraceus,* White-cheeked Starling Family PRUNELLIDAE *Prunella montanella,* Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE *Motacilla tschutschensis,* Eastern Yellow Wagtail *Motacilla citreola,* Citrine Wagtail *Motacilla cinerea,* Gray Wagtail *Motacilla alba,* White Wagtail *Anthus trivialis,* Tree Pipit *Anthus hodgsoni,* Olive-backed Pipit *Anthus gustavi,* Pechora Pipit *Anthus cervinus,* Red-throated Pipit *Anthus rubescens,* American Pipit *Anthus spragueii,* Sprague's Pipit Family BOMBYCILLIDAE *Bombycilla garrulus,* Bohemian Waxwing *Bombycilla cedrorum,* Cedar Waxwing Family PTILOGONATIDAE *Ptilogonys cinereus,* Gray Silky-flycatcher *Phainopepla nitens,* Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE *Peucedramus taeniatus,* Olive Warbler Family PARULIDAE *Vermivora bachmanii,* Bachman's Warbler *Vermivora pinus,* Blue-winged Warbler *Vermivora chrysoptera,* Golden-winged Warbler *Vermivora peregrina,* Tennessee Warbler *Vermivora celata,* Orange-crowned Warbler *Vermivora ruficapilla,* Nashville Warbler *Vermivora virginiae,* Virginia's Warbler *Vermivora crissalis,* Colima Warbler *Vermivora luciae,* Lucy's Warbler *Parula superciliosa,* Crescent-chested Warbler *Parula americana,* Northern Parula *Parula pitiayumi,* Tropical Parula *Dendroica petechia,* Yellow Warbler *Dendroica pensylvanica,* Chestnut-sided Warbler *Dendroica magnolia,* Magnolia Warbler *Dendroica tigrina,* Cape May Warbler *Dendroica caerulescens,* Black-throated Blue Warbler *Dendroica coronata,* Yellow-rumped Warbler *Dendroica nigrescens,* Black-throated Gray Warbler *Dendroica chrysoparia,* Golden-cheeked Warbler *Dendroica virens,* Black-throated Green Warbler *Dendroica townsendi,* Townsend's Warbler *Dendroica occidentalis,* Hermit Warbler *Dendroica fusca,* Blackburnian Warbler *Dendroica dominica,* Yellow-throated Warbler *Dendroica graciae,* Grace's Warbler *Dendroica adelaidae,* Adelaide's Warbler *Dendroica pinus,* Pine Warbler *Dendroica kirtlandii,* Kirtland's Warbler *Dendroica discolor,* Prairie Warbler *Dendroica palmarum,* Palm Warbler *Dendroica castanea,* Bay-breasted Warbler *Dendroica striata,* Blackpoll Warbler *Dendroica cerulea,* Cerulean Warbler *Dendroica angelae,* Elfin-woods Warbler *Mniotilta varia,* Black-and-white Warbler *Setophaga ruticilla,* American Redstart *Protonotaria citrea,* Prothonotary Warbler *Helmitheros vermivorus,* Worm-eating Warbler *Limnothlypis swainsonii,* Swainson's Warbler *Seiurus aurocapilla,* Ovenbird *Seiurus noveboracensis,* Northern Waterthrush *Seiurus motacilla,* Louisiana Waterthrush *Oporornis formosus,* Kentucky Warbler *Oporornis agilis,* Connecticut Warbler *Oporornis philadelphia,* Mourning Warbler *Oporornis tolmiei,* MacGillivray's Warbler *Geothlypis trichas,* Common Yellowthroat *Geothlypis poliocephala,* Gray-crowned Yellowthroat *Wilsonia citrina,* Hooded Warbler *Wilsonia pusilla,* Wilson's Warbler *Wilsonia canadensis,* Canada Warbler *Cardellina rubrifrons,* Red-faced Warbler *Myioborus pictus,* Painted Redstart *Myioborus miniatus,* Slate-throated Redstart *Euthlypis lachrymosa,* Fan-tailed Warbler *Basileuterus culicivorus,* Golden-crowned Warbler *Basileuterus rufifrons,* Rufous-capped Warbler *Icteria virens,* Yellow-breasted Chat Family THRAUPIDAE *Neospingus speculiferus,* Puerto Rican Tanager *Piranga flava,* Hepatic Tanager *Piranga rubra,* Summer Tanager *Piranga olivacea,* Scarlet Tanager *Piranga ludoviciana,* Western Tanager *Piranga bidentata,* Flame-colored Tanager *Spindalis zena,* Western Spindalis *Spindalis portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Spindalis *Euphonia musica,* Antillean Euphonia Family EMBERIZIDAE *Sporophila torqueola,* White-collared Seedeater *Tiaris olivacea,* Yellow-faced Grassquit *Tiaris bicolor,* Black-faced Grassquit *Loxigilla portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Bullfinch *Arremonops rufivirgatus,* Olive Sparrow *Pipilo chlorurus,* Green-tailed Towhee *Pipilo maculatus,* Spotted Towhee *Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* Eastern Towhee *Pipilo fuscus,* Canyon Towhee *Pipilo crissalis,* California Towhee *Pipilo aberti,* Abert's Towhee *Aimophila carpalis,* Rufous-winged Sparrow *Aimophila cassinii,* Cassin's Sparrow *Aimophila aestivalis,* Bachman's Sparrow *Aimophila botterii,* Botteri's Sparrow *Aimophila ruficeps,* Rufous-crowned Sparrow *Aimophila quinquestriata,* Five-striped Sparrow *Spizella arborea,* American Tree Sparrow *Spizella passerina,* Chipping Sparrow *Spizella pallida,* Clay-colored Sparrow *Spizella breweri,* Brewer's Sparrow *Spizella pusilla,* Field Sparrow *Spizella wortheni,* Worthen's Sparrow *Spizella atrogularis,* Black-chinned Sparrow *Pooecetes gramineus,* Vesper Sparrow *Chondestes grammacus,* Lark Sparrow *Amphispiza bilineata,* Black-throated Sparrow *Amphispiza belli,* Sage Sparrow *Calamospiza melanocorys,* Lark Bunting *Passerculus sandwichensis,* Savannah Sparrow *Ammodramus savannarum,* Grasshopper Sparrow *Ammodramus bairdii,* Baird's Sparrow *Ammodramus henslowii,* Henslow's Sparrow *Ammodramus leconteii,* Le Conte's Sparrow *Ammodramus nelsoni,* Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow *Ammodramus caudacutus,* Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow *Ammodramus maritimus,* Seaside Sparrow *Passerella iliaca,* Fox Sparrow *Melospiza melodia,* Song Sparrow *Melospiza lincolnii,* Lincoln's Sparrow *Melospiza georgiana,* Swamp Sparrow *Zonotrichia albicollis,* White-throated Sparrow *Zonotrichia querula,* Harris's Sparrow *Zonotrichia leucophrys,* White-crowned Sparrow *Zonotrichia atricapilla,* Golden-crowned Sparrow *Junco hyemalis,* Dark-eyed Junco *Junco phaeonotus,* Yellow-eyed Junco *Calcarius mccownii,* McCown's Longspur *Calcarius lapponicus,* Lapland Longspur *Calcarius pictus,* Smith's Longspur *Calcarius ornatus,* Chestnut-collared Longspur *Emberiza leucocephalos,* Pine Bunting *Emberiza pusilla,* Little Bunting *Emberiza rustica,* Rustic Bunting *Emberiza elegans,* Yellow-throated Bunting *Emberiza aureola,* Yellow-breasted Bunting *Emberiza variabilis,* Gray Bunting *Emberiza pallasi,* Pallas's Bunting *Emberiza schoeniculus,* Reed Bunting *Plectrophenax nivalis,* Snow Bunting *Plectrophenax hyperboreus,* McKay's Bunting Family CARDINALIDAE *Rhodothraupis celaeno,* Crimson-collared Grosbeak *Cardinalis cardinalis,* Northern Cardinal *Cardinalis sinuatus,* Pyrrhuloxia *Pheucticus chrysopeplus,* Yellow Grosbeak *Pheucticus ludovicianus,* Rose-breasted Grosbeak *Pheucticus melanocephalus,* Black-headed Grosbeak *Cyanocompsa parellina,* Blue Bunting *Passerina caerulea,* Blue Grosbeak *Passerina amoena,* Lazuli Bunting *Passerina cyanea,* Indigo Bunting *Passerina versicolor,* Varied Bunting *Passerina ciris,* Painted Bunting *Spiza americana,* Dickcissel Family ICTERIDAE *Dolichonyx oryzivorus,* Bobolink *Agelaius phoeniceus,* Red-winged Blackbird *Agelaius tricolor,* Tricolored Blackbird *Agelaius humeralis,* Tawny-shouldered Blackbird *Agelaius xanthomus,* Yellow-shouldered Blackbird *Sturnella magna,* Eastern Meadowlark *Sturnella neglecta,* Western Meadowlark *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,* Yellow-headed Blackbird *Euphagus carolinus,* Rusty Blackbird *Euphagus cyanocephalus,* Brewer's Blackbird *Quiscalus quiscula,* Common Grackle *Quiscalus major,* Boat-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus mexicanus,* Great-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus niger,* Greater Antillean Grackle *Molothrus bonariensis,* Shiny Cowbird *Molothrus aeneus,* Bronzed Cowbird *Molothrus ater,* Brown-headed Cowbird *Icterus wagleri,* Black-vented Oriole *Icterus dominicensis,* Greater Antillean Oriole *Icterus spurius,* Orchard Oriole *Icterus cucullatus,* Hooded Oriole *Icterus pustulatus,* Streak-backed Oriole *Icterus bullockii,* Bullock's Oriole *Icterus gularis,* Altamira Oriole *Icterus graduacauda,* Audubon's Oriole *Icterus galbula,* Baltimore Oriole *Icterus parisorum,* Scott's Oriole Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily FRINGILLINAE *Fringilla coelebs,* Common Chaffinch *Fringilla montifringilla,* Brambling Subfamily CARDUELINAE *Leucosticte tephrocotis,* Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte atrata,* Black Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte australis,* Brown-capped Rosy-Finch *Pinicola enucleator,* Pine Grosbeak *Carpodacus erythrinus,* Common Rosefinch *Carpodacus purpureus,* Purple Finch *Carpodacus cassinii,* Cassin's Finch *Carpodacus mexicanus,* House Finch *Loxia curvirostra,* Red Crossbill *Loxia leucoptera,* White-winged Crossbill *Carduelis flammea,* Common Redpoll *Carduelis hornemanni,* Hoary Redpoll *Carduelis spinus,* Eurasian Siskin *Carduelis pinus,* Pine Siskin *Carduelis psaltria,* Lesser Goldfinch *Carduelis lawrencei,* Lawrence's Goldfinch *Carduelis tristis,* American Goldfinch *Carduelis sinica,* Oriental Greenfinch *Pyrrhula pyrrhula,* Eurasian Bullfinch *Coccothraustes vespertinus,* Evening Grosbeak *Coccothraustes coccothraustes,* Hawfinch Dated: August 8, 2006. David M. Verhey, Acting Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 06-7001 Filed 8-23-06; 8:45 am]
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U.S. Code
18 references not yet in our index
  • 50 CFR 10
  • 16 USC 703-711
  • 39 Stat. 1702
  • 50 Stat. 1311
  • 92 Stat. 3110
  • Pub. L. 108-447
  • 50 CFR 10.13
  • 275 F.3d 98
  • 374 F. Supp. 2d 91
  • 50 CFR 23.23
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(1)
  • 50 CFR 10.13(c)(2)
  • 50 CFR 17.11
  • 16 USC 703-712
  • 16 USC 1531-1543
  • 16 USC 1361-1384
  • 16 USC 742a-742j
  • 16 USC 3371-3378
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U.S.C.§ 601
U.S.C.§ 804
U.S.C.§ 3501
U.S.C.§ 1501
F. App'x275 F.3d 98
F. Supp.374 F. Supp. 2d 91
Cite50 CFR 10
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