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Code · REGISTER · 2001-10-12 · Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior · Rules and Regulations

Rules and Regulations. Proposed rule

12,902 words·~59 min read·/register/2001/10/12/01-25525

A research copy — for the controlling text, always check the official state or federal source. Not legal advice.

BILLING CODE 4910-13-M 66 198 Friday, October 12, 2001 Proposed Rules Part V Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds; Proposed Rule DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 10 RIN 1018-AB72 General Provisions; Revised List of Migratory Birds AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. SUMMARY: We propose to revise the List of Migratory Birds by
(1)adding 1 species that belongs to a family covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties and that is now known to occur and breed regularly in the United States;
(2)adding 2 species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists;
(3)adding 1 species of regular occurrence in the United States that now belongs to a protected family as a result of a recent taxonomic revision;
(4)adding 26 newly recognized species;
(5)removing 1 species that is no longer considered valid;
(6)changing the English (common) and scientific names of 78 species to conform with modern nomenclature; and
(7)correcting an error in the common (English) name of 1 species. The net result of these proposed changes is the addition of 29 species (25 by name only), which will bring the total number of protected species to 861; only 4 of the 29 proposed additions are not currently covered by the existing list as former subspecies of a listed species. DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before November 13, 2001. ADDRESSES: Written comments may be mailed to the Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 634, Arlington, VA 22203. Alternatively, comments may be e-mailed, with Migratory Birds in the subject line, to John L. Trapp ( *john_trapp@fws.gov* ). The complete file for this rule will be available for public inspection during normal business hours, by appointment, at the above address. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Jon Andrew, Chief, Division of Migratory Bird Management, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, telephone:
(703)358-1714. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: What Statutory Authority Does the Service Have for This Rulemaking? We have statutory authority and responsibility for enforcing the Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;
(2)Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;
(3)Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T., 3329 T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4)Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703-712. What Is the Purpose of The Proposed Rulemaking? Our purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations are found in Title 50, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Parts 10, 20, and 21. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds. An accurate and up-to-date list of species protected by the MBTA is essential for regulatory purposes. Why Is The Proposed Amendment to the List of Migratory Birds Necessary? The proposed amendment is needed to
(1)add a species that belongs to a protected family and that is now known to occur and breed regularly in the United States,
(2)add two species covered by the Japanese and Russian treaties that were mistakenly omitted from previous lists,
(3)add a species of regular occurrence in the United States that now belongs to a protected family as a result of recent taxonomic revisions,
(4)add 26 newly recognized species by name,
(5)remove a species that is no longer considered valid,
(6)change the common (English) and scientific names of 78 species to conform with modern nomenclature, and
(7)correct an error in the existing list. Twenty-nine species will be added by name, but in fact only four will be newly covered (the other 25 having previously been covered as subspecies of a listed species). The List of Migratory Birds (50 CFR 10.13) was last revised on April 5, 1985 (50 FR 13710). In a proposed rule published May 9, 1995 (60 FR 24686), we suggested adding 20 species, removing 1 species, and revising the common (English) or scientific names of 23 previously listed species to conform with the most recent nomenclature. The proposed amendments were a response to five published supplements to the 6th
(1983)edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's (AOU's) *Check-list of North American birds* . Knowing that additional amendments would be necessary following the anticipated publication of a 7th edition of the *Check-list* , we elected to delay publication of a final rule until after the appearance of the revised *Check-list* . The 1995 proposed rule generated just two public comments, from the American Ornithologists' Union and the Association of Scientific Collections. The comments of those organizations, mostly editorial in nature, are incorporated into this document, as appropriate. Following publication of the 7th edition of the *Check-list* in July 1998, administrative workloads and staff shortages prevented work on a final rule until September 2000. Because of the 5-year delay since publication of the proposed rule, plus the many new changes necessitated by the 7th edition of the *Check-list* , we are issuing another proposed rule. This will provide the public with an opportunity to review and comment on all of the desired changes that have come to light since publication of the 1995 proposed rule. What Scientific Authorities Does the Service Use To Amend the List of Migratory Birds? Although bird names (common and scientific) are relatively stable, there is still a need for standardized usage to avoid confusion in communications. We follow the *Check-list of North American birds* (AOU 1998), as amended (AOU 1999, 2000), on matters of taxonomy, nomenclature, and the sequence of species and other higher taxonomic categories (orders, families, subfamilies). For the few species that occur outside the geographic area covered by the *Check-list* (AOU 1998, 1999, and 2000), we follow Monroe and Sibley (1993). Citations for these authorities follow: American Ornithologists' Union. 1998. *Check-list of North American birds* . 7th Edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC. 829 pp. American Ornithologists' Union. 1999. Notice from the Committee on Classification and Nomenclature. Auk 116: 282-283. American Ornithologists' Union. 2000. Forty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union *Check-list of North American birds* . Auk 117: 847-858. Monroe, B. L., Jr., and C. G. Sibley. 1993. *A world checklist of birds* . Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. 393 pp. What Criteria Does the Service Use To Identify Species Eligible for Protection by the MBTA? The treaties with Canada and Mexico indicate, by scientific names of families or groups or by the common (English) names of species or groups of species, which birds were intended to be covered. We generally do not include species of purely accidental or casual occurrence in the United States, even if they belong to one of the named families or groups. Similarly, we do not list species whose occurrence in the United States is strictly the result of intentional human introduction(s). The Japanese and Russian treaties list individual species of birds that are covered. For 35 of these species, the scientific (genus or species) name currently recognized by scientific authorities (AOU 1998 and 1999, Monroe and Sibley 1993) differs from that which appears in the treaties. The following cross-reference provides a linkage between the scientific names used in this list and those that appear in the appendices to the Japanese and Russian treaties. The first name is the modern equivalent adopted here, and the second name is that which appears in one or another of the treaties. These changes do not revise the appendices to either the Japanese or the Russian treaty (indicated by J or R): *Accipiter gularis* (Japanese Sparrowhawk) is listed as *Accipiter virgatus* (J & R); *Actitis hypoleucos* (Common Sandpiper) is listed as *Tringa hypoleucos* (J & R); *Aethia psittacula* (Parakeet Auklet) is listed as *Cyclorrhynchus psittacula* (R); *Anas americana* (American Wigeon) is listed as *Mareca americana* (J); *Anas clypeata* (Northern Shoveler) is listed as *Spatula clypeata* (J); *Anas penelope* (Eurasian Wigeon) is listed as *Mareca penelope* (J); *Anthus rubescens* (American Pipit) is listed as *Anthus spinoletta* (J & R); *Branta bernicla* (Brant) incorporates *Branta nigricans * (R); *Calidris alba* (Sanderling) is listed as *Crocethia alba * (J); *Calidris subminuta* (Long-toed Stint) is listed as part of *Calidris minutilla * (J); *Carduelis flammea* (Common Redpoll) is listed as *Acanthis flammea * (J); *Carduelis hornemanni* (Hoary Redpoll) is included as part of *Carduelis flammea * (J), and is listed as *Acanthis hornemanni * (R); *Charadrius morinellus* (Eurasian Dotterel) is listed as *Eudromias morinellus * (J & R); *Chen canagica* (Emperor Goose) is listed as *Anser canagicus * (J), and *Philacte canagica * (R); *Chen caerulescens* (Snow Goose) is listed as *Anser caerulescens * (J); *Cygnus columbianus* (Tundra Swan) incorporates *Cygnus bewickii * (R); *Egretta sacra* (Pacific Reef-Egret) is listed as *Demigretta sacra * (J); *Fratercula cirrhata* (Tufted Puffin) is listed as *Lunda cirrhata * (J & R); *Gallinago gallinago* (Common Snipe) is listed as *Capella gallinago * (R); *Gallinago megala * (Swinhoe's Snipe) is listed as *Capella megala * (R); *Gallinago stenura* (Pin-tailed Snipe) is listed as *Capella stenura * (R); *Heterosceles brevipes* (Gray-tailed Tattler) is included as part of *Tringa incana * (J); *Heterosceles incanus* (Wandering Tattler) is listed as *Tringa incana * (J); *Luscinia calliope* (Siberian Rubythroat) is listed as *Erithacus calliope * (J); *Melanitta fusca* (White-winged Scoter) incorporates *Melanitta deglandi * (J); *Mergellus albellus*
(Smew)is listed as *Mergus albellus * (J & R); *Milvus migrans* (Black Kite) is listed as *Milvus korschun * (R); *Motacilla lugens* (Black-backed Wagtail) is included as part of *Motacilla alba * (J & R); *Numenius borealis* (Eskimo Curlew) is included as part of *Numenius minutus * (J); *Phalaropus lobatus* (Red-necked Phalarope) is listed as *Lobipes lobatus * (R); *Phoebastria albatrus* (Short-tailed Albatross) is listed as *Diomedea albatrus * (J & R); *Phoebastria immutabilis* (Laysan Albatross) is listed as *Diomedea immutabilis * (J & R); *Phoebastria nigripes* (Black-footed Albatross) is listed as *Diomedea nigripes * (J & R); *Pterodroma hypoleuca* (Bonin Petrel) is listed as *Pterodroma leucoptera * (R); *Tachycineta bicolor* (Tree Swallow) is listed as *Iridoprocne bicolor * (R); and *Turdus obscurus* (Eyebrowed Thrush) is listed as *Turdus pallidus *
(R)How Will the Changes Proposed Here Affect the List of Migratory Birds? The proposed amendments address a grand total of 109 species and would result in a net addition of 30 species to the List of Migratory Birds, bringing the species total to 862. Only four species, though, are not already covered. Under these amendments, as proposed:
(1)One species would be added because of recent evidence that it occurs regularly in the United States: Tanager, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata*
(2)Two species would be added because they are included in the Appendix of the Russian treaty and in the Annex to the Japanese treaty, respectively; the omission of these species in previous lists is considered an oversight: Duck, Spot-billed, *Anas poecilorhyncha;* and Gull, Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris*
(3)One species would be added because it occurs regularly in the United States, and recent taxonomic changes place it in a family (Sylviidae) covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties: Millerbird, *Acrocephalus familiaris*
(4)Twenty-six species would be added because of recent taxonomic changes; what was once considered a single species is now recognized by authorities as two or more species. These additions will not change the protective status of these taxa, only the names by which they are known: Coot, Hawaiian, *Fulica alai* (formerly included in *Fulica americana,* American Coot); Flicker, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides* (formerly included in *Colaptes auratus,* Northern Flicker); Flycatcher, Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis* (formerly included in *Empidonax difficilis,* Western Flycatcher); Gnatcatcher, California, *Polioptila californica* (formerly included in *Polioptila melanura,* Black-tailed Gnatcatcher); Golden-Plover, Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva* (formerly included in *Pluvialis dominica,* Lesser Golden-Plover); Grebe, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii* (formerly included in *Aechmophorus occidentalis,* Western Grebe); Kamao, *Myadestes myadestinus* (formerly included in *Phaeornis obscurus,* Hawaiian Thrush); Loon, Pacific, *Gavia pacifica* (formerly included in *Gavia arctica,* Arctic Loon); Olomao, *Myadestes lanaiensis* (formerly included in *Phaeornis obscurus,* Hawaiian Thrush); Oriole, Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii* (formerly included in *Icterus galbula,* Northern Oriole); Petrel, White-necked, *Pterodroma cervicalis* (formerly included in *Pterodroma externa,* White-necked Petrel, currently known as Juan Fernandez Petrel); Rosy-Finch, Black, *Leucosticte atrata* (formerly included in *Leucosticte arctoa,* Rosy Finch); Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis* (formerly included in *Leucosticte arctoa,* Rosy Finch); Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* (formerly included in *Leucosticte arctoa,* Rosy Finch); Sapsucker, Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* (formerly included in *Sphyrapicus varius,* Yellow-bellied Sapsucker); Scrub-Jay, Island, *Aphelocoma insularis* (formerly included in *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Scrub Jay); Scrub-Jay, Western, *Aphelocoma californica* (formerly included in *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Scrub Jay); Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus nelsoni* (formerly included in *Ammodramus caudacutus,* Sharp-tailed Sparrow); Thrush, Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli* (formerly included in *Catharus minimus,* Gray-cheeked Thrush); Titmouse, Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi* (formerly included in *Parus inornatus,* Plain Titmouse); Towhee, California, *Pipilo crissalis* (formerly included in *Pipilo fuscus,* Brown Towhee); Towhee, Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus* (formerly included in *Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* Rufous-sided Towhee); Vireo, Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii* (formerly included in *Vireo solitarius,* Solitary Vireo); Vireo, Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus* (formerly included in *Vireo solitarius,* Solitary Vireo); Vireo, Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis* (formerly included in *Vireo olivaceus,* Red-eyed Vireo); and Woodpecker, Arizona, *Picoides arizonae* (formerly included in *Picoides stricklandi,* Strickland's Woodpecker)
(5)One species would be removed because of uncertainty about its biological authenticity (but remain protected as the Black Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch, and Brown-capped Rosy-Finch; see above): Finch, Rosy, *Leucosticte arctoa*
(6)The common (English) or scientific (genus or species) names of 78 species will be revised to conform with the most recent nomenclature. These revisions will not change the protective status of any of these taxa, only the names by which they are known: Albatross, Black-footed, *Diomedea nigripes,* will be changed to *Phoebastria nigripes;* Albatross, Laysan, *Diomedea immutabilis,* will be changed to *Phoebastria immutabilis;* Albatross, Short-tailed, *Diomedea albatrus,* will be changed to *Phoebastria albatrus;* Albatross, Yellow-nosed, *Diomedea chlororhynchos,* will be changed to *Thalassarche chlororhynchos;* Auklet, Parakeet, *Cyclorrhynchus psittacula,* will be changed to *Aethia psittacula;* Barn-Owl, Common, will be changed to Owl, Barn; Bittern, Chinese, will be changed to Bittern, Yellow; Caracara, Crested, *Polyborus plancus,* will be changed to *Caracara cheriway* (this supersedes the proposed change to *Caracara plancus* ); Chickadee, Black-capped, *Parus atricapillus,* will be changed to *Poecile atricapilla;* Chickadee, Boreal, *Parus hudsonicus,* will be changed to *Poecile hudsonica;* Chickadee, Carolina, *Parus carolinensis,* will be changed to *Poecile carolinensis;* Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, *Parus rufescens,* will be changed to *Poecile rufescens;* Chickadee, Mexican, *Parus sclateri,* will be changed to *Poecile sclateri;* Chickadee, Mountain, *Parus gambeli,* will be changed to *Poecile gambeli;* Cormorant, Olivaceous, *Phalacrocorax olivaceus,* will be changed to Cormorant, Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus;* Crow, Mexican, will be changed to Crow, Tamaulipas; Curlew, Least, will be changed to Curlew, Little; Duck, Masked, *Oxyura dominica,* will be changed to *Nomonyx dominica;* Egret, Great, *Casmerodius albus,* will be changed to *Ardea alba;* Egret, Plumed, *Egretta intermedia,* will be changed to Egret, Intermediate, *Mesophoyx intermedia;* Flycatcher, Olive-sided, *Contopus borealis,* will be changed to *Contopus cooperi;* Flycatcher, Western, will be changed to Flycatcher, Pacific-slope; Gannet, Northern, *Sula bassanus* , will be changed to *Morus bassanus* ; Golden-Plover, Lesser, will be changed to Golden-Plover, American; Goose, Hawaiian, *Nesochen sandvicensis* , will be changed to *Branta sandvicensis* ; Goose, Ross', will be changed to Goose, Ross's; Gull, Common Black-headed, will be changed to Gull, Black-headed; Gull, Ross', will be changed to Gull, Ross's; Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, will be changed to Sparrowhawk, Japanese; Hawk, Gray, *Buteo nitidus* , will be changed to *Asturina nitida* ; Hawk, Harris', will be changed to Hawk, Harris's; Hawk-Owl, Northern, will be changed to Owl, Northern Hawk; Heron, Green-backed, *Butorides striatus* , will be changed to Heron, Green, *Butorides virescens* ; Heron, Pacific Reef, *Egretta sacra* , will be changed to Reef-Egret, Pacific; Hoopoe will be changed to Hoopoe, Eurasian; Jay, Gray-breasted, will be changed to Jay, Mexican; Jay, Scrub, will be changed to Scrub-Jay, Florida; Kite, American Swallow-tailed, will be changed to Kite, Swallow-tailed; Kite, Black-shouldered, *Elanus caeruleus* , will be changed to Kite, White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus* ; Magpie, Black-billed, *Pica pica* , will be changed to *Pica hudsonia* ; Murrelet, Xantus', will be changed to Murrelet, Xantus's; Night-Heron, Japanese, *Nycticorax goisagi* , will be changed to *Gorsachius goisagi* Night-Heron, Malay, *Nycticorax melanolophus* , will be changed to Night-Heron, Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus* ; Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, *Nycticorax violaceus* , will be changed to *Nyctanassa violacea* ; Oldsquaw will be changed to Duck, Long-tailed; Oriole, Black-cowled, will be changed to Oriole, Greater Antillean; Oriole, Northern, will be changed to Oriole, Baltimore; Petrel, White-necked, *Pterodroma externa* , will be changed to Petrel, Juan Fernandez; Pipit, Water, *Anthus spinoletta* , will be changed to Pipit, American, *Anthus rubescens* ; Reed-Bunting, Common, will be changed to Bunting, Reed; Reed-Bunting, Pallas', will be changed to Bunting, Pallas's; Skua, Great, *Catharacta skua* , will be changed to *Stercorarius skua* ; Skua, South Polar, *Catharacta maccormicki* , will be changed to *Stercorarius maccormicki* ; Skylark, Eurasian, will be changed to Lark, Sky; Sparrow, Five-striped, *Amphispiza quinquestriata* , will be changed to *Aimophila quinquestriata* ; Sparrow, Harris', will be changed to Sparrow, Harris's; Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus caudacutus* , will be changed to Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed; Starling, Ashy, will be changed to Starling, White-cheeked; Starling, Violet-backed, will be changed to Starling, Chestnut-cheeked; Storm-Petrel, Sooty, will be changed to Storm-Petrel, Tristram's; Swallow, Cave, *Hirundo fulva* , will be changed to *Petrochelidon fulva;* Swallow, Cliff, *Hirundo pyrrhonota* , will be changed to *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* ; Swift, Antillean Palm, will be changed to Palm-Swift, Antillean; Tanager, Stripe-headed, *Spindalis zena* , will be changed to *Spindalis* , Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis* ; Teal, Falcated, will be changed to Duck, Falcated; Thrush, Eye-browed, will be changed to Thrush, Eyebrowed; Thrush, Hawaiian, *Phaeornis obscurus* , will be changed to Omao, *Myadestes obscurus* ; Thrush, Small Kauai, *Phaeornis palmeri* , will be changed to Puaiohi, *Myadestes palmeri* ; Tit, Siberian, *Parus cinctus* , will be changed to Chickadee, Gray-headed, *Poecile cincta* ; Titmouse, Bridled, *Parus wollweberi* , will be changed to *Baeolophus wollweberi* ; Titmouse, Plain, *Parus inornatus* , will be changed to Titmouse, Oak, *Baeolophus inornatus* ; Titmouse, Tufted, *Parus bicolor* , will be changed to *Baeolophus bicolor* ; Towhee, Brown, will be changed to Towhee, Canyon; Towhee, Rufous-sided, will be changed to Towhee, Eastern; Tree-Pipit, Olive, will be changed to Pipit, Olive-backed; Vireo, Solitary, will be changed to Vireo, Blue-headed; Warbler, Elfin Woods, will be changed to Warbler, Elfin-woods; and Woodpecker, Lewis', will be changed to Woodpecker, Lewis's.
(7)The common (English) name of one species will be revised to correct a misspelling: Redstart, Slaty-throated, will be changed to Redstart, Slate-throated. For ease of comparison, the proposed changes are summarized in the following table: Remove Add (alphabetically) Albatross, Black-footed, *Diomedea nigripes* Albatross, Black-footed, *Phoebastria nigripes.* Albatross, Laysan, *Diomedea immutabilis* Albatross, Laysan, *Phoebastria immutabilis.* Albatross, Short-tailed, *Diomedea albatrus* Albatross, Short-tailed, *Phoebastria albatrus.* Albatross, Yellow-nosed, *Diomedea chlororhynchos* Albatross, Yellow-nosed, *Thalassarche chlororhynchos.* Auklet, Parakeet, *Cyclorrhynchus psittacula* Auklet, Parakeet, *Aethia psittacula.* Barn-Owl, Common, *Tyto alba* Bittern, Chinese, *Ixobrychus sinensis* Bittern, Yellow, *Ixobrychus sinensis.* Bunting, Pallas's, *Emberiza pallasi.* Bunting, Reed, *Emberiza schoeniculus.* Caracara, Crested, *Polyborus plancus* Caracara, Crested, *Caracara cheriway.* Chickadee, Black-capped, *Parus atricapillus* Chickadee, Black-capped, *Poecile atricapillus.* Chickadee, Boreal, *Parus hudsonicus* Chickadee, Boreal, *Poecile hudsonicus.* Chickadee, Carolina, *Parus carolinensis* Chickadee, Carolina, *Poecile carolinensis.* Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, *Parus rufescens* Chickadee, Chestnut-backed, *Poecile rufescens.* Chickadee, Gray-headed, *Poecile cincta.* Chickadee, Mexican, *Parus sclateri* Chickadee, Mexican, *Poecile sclateri.* Chickadee, Mountain, *Parus gambeli* Chickadee, Mountain, *Poecile gambeli.* Coot, Hawaiian, *Fulica alai.* Cormorant, Olivaceous, *Phalacrocorax olivaceus* Cormorant, Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus.* Crow, Mexican, *Corvus imparatus* Crow, Tamaulipas, *Corvus imparatus.* Curlew, Least, *Numenius minutus* Curlew, Little, *Numenius minutus.* Duck, Falcated, *Anas falcata.* Duck, Long-tailed, *Clangula hyemalis.* Duck, Masked, *Oxyura dominica* Duck, Masked, *Nomonyx dominica.* Duck, Spot-billed, *Anas poecilorhyncha.* Egret, Great, *Casmerodius albus* Egret, Great, *Ardea alba.* Egret, Plumed, *Egretta intermedia* Egret, Intermediate, *Mesophoyx intermedia.* Finch, Rosy, *Leucosticte arctoa* Flicker, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides.* Flycatcher, Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis.* Flycatcher, Olive-sided, *Contopus borealis* Flycatcher, Olive-sided, *Contopus cooperi.* Flycatcher, Western, *Empidonax difficilis* Flycatcher, Pacific-slope, *Empidonax difficilis.* Gannet, Northern, *Sula bassanus* Gannet, Northern, *Morus bassanus.* Gnatcatcher, California, *Polioptila californica.* Golden-Plover, Lesser, *Pluvialis dominica* Golden-Plover, American, *Pluvialis dominica.* Golden-Plover, Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva.* Goose, Hawaiian, *Nesochen sandvicensis* Goose, Hawaiian, *Branta sandvicensis.* Goose, Ross', *Chen rossii* Goose, Ross's, *Chen rossii.* Grebe, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii.* Gull, Common Black-headed, *Larus ridibundus* Gull, Black-headed, *Larus ridibundus.* Gull, Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris.* Gull, Ross', *Rhodostethia rosea* Gull, Ross's, *Rhodostethia rosea.* Hawk, Asiatic Sparrow, *Accipiter gularis* Hawk, Gray, *Buteo nitidus* Hawk, Gray, *Asturina nitida.* Hawk, Harris', *Parabuteo unicinctus* Hawk, Harris's, *Parabuteo unicinctus.* Hawk-Owl, Northern, *Surnia ulula* Heron, Green-backed, *Butorides striatus* Heron, Green, *Butorides virescens.* Heron, Pacific Reef, *Egretta sacra* Hoopoe, *Upupa epops* Hoopoe, Eurasian, *Upupa epops.* Jay, Gray-breasted, *Aphelocoma ultramarina* Jay, Mexican, *Aphelocoma ultramarina.* Jay, Scrub, *Aphelocoma coerulescens* Kamao, *Myadestes myadestinus.* Kite, American Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus* Kite, Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus.* Kite, Black-shouldered, *Elanus caeruleus* Kite, White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus.* Lark, Sky, *Alauda arvensis.* Loon, Pacific, *Gavia pacifica.* Magpie, Black-billed, *Pica pica* Magpie, Black-billed, *Pica hudsonia.* Millerbird, *Acrocephalus familiaris.* Murrelet, Xantus', *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* Murrelet, Xantus's, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus.* Night-Heron, Japanese, *Nycticorax goisagi* Night-Heron, Japanese, *Gorsachius goisagi.* Night-Heron, Malay, *Nycticorax melanolophus* Night-Heron, Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus.* Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, *Nycticorax-violaceus* Night-Heron, Yellow-crowned, *Nyctanassa violacea.* Oldsquaw, *Clangula hyemalis* Olomao, *Myadestes lanaiensis.* Omao, *Myadestes obscurus.* Oriole, Black-cowled, *Icterus dominicensis* Oriole, Northern, *Icterus galbula* Oriole, Baltimore, *Icterus galbula.* Oriole, Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii.* Oriole, Greater Antillean, *Icterus dominicensis.* Owl, Barn, *Tyto alba.* Owl, Northern Hawk, *Surnia ulula.* Palm-Swift, Antillean, *Tachornis phoenicobia.* Petrel, White-necked, *Pterodroma externa* Petrel, Juan Fernandez, *Pterodroma externa.* Petrel, White-necked, *Pterodroma cervicalis.* Pipit, Water, *Anthus spinoletta* Pipit, American, *Anthus rubescens.* Pipit, Olive-backed, *Anthus hodgsoni.* Puaiohi, *Myadestes palmeri.* Redstart, Slaty-throated, *Myioborus miniatus* Redstart, Slate-throated, *Myioborus miniatus.* Reed-Bunting, Common, *Emberiza schoeniculus* Reed-Bunting, Pallas', *Emberiza pallasi* Reef-Egret, Pacific, *Egretta sacra.* Rosy-Finch, Black, *Leucosticte atrata.* Rosy-Finch, Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis.* Rosy-Finch, Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis.* Sapsucker, Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis.* Scrub-Jay, Florida, *Aphelocoma coerulescens.* Scrub-Jay, Island, *Aphelocoma insularis.* Scrub-Jay, Western, *Aphelocoma californica.* Skua, Great, *Catharacta skua* Skua, Great, *Stercorarius skua.* Skua, South Polar, *Catharacta maccormicki* Skua, South Polar, *Stercorarius maccormicki.* Skylark, Eurasian, *Alauda arvensis* Sparrow, Five-striped, *Amphispiza quinquestriata* Sparrow, Five-striped, *Aimophila quinquestriata.* Sparrow, Harris', *Zonotrichia querula* Sparrow, Harris's, *Zonotrichia querula.* Sparrow, Nelson's Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus nelsoni.* Sparrow, Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus caudacutus* Sparrow, Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus caudacutus.* Sparrowhawk, Japanese, *Accipiter gularis.* Spindalis, Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis.* Starling, Ashy, *Sturnus cineraceus* Starling, White-cheeked, *Sturnus cineraceus.* Starling, Violet-backed, *Sturnus philippensis* Starling, Chestnut-cheeked, *Sturnus philippensis.* Storm-Petrel, Sooty, *Oceanodroma tristrami* Storm-Petrel, Tristram's, *Oceanodroma tristrami.* Swallow, Cave, *Hirundo fulva* Swallow, Cave, *Petrochelidon fulva.* Swallow, Cliff, *Hirundo pyrrhonota* Swallow, Cliff, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota.* Swift, Antillean Palm, *Tachornis phoenicobia* Tanager, Stripe-headed, *Spindalis zena* Tanager, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata.* Teal, Falcated, *Anas falcata* Thrush, Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli.* Thrush, Eye-browed, *Turdus obscurus* Thrush, Eyebrowed, *Turdus obscurus.* Thrush, Hawaiian, *Phaeornis obscurus* Thrush, Small Kauai, *Phaeornis palmeri* Tit, Siberian, *Parus cinctus* Titmouse, Bridled, *Parus wollweberi* Titmouse, Bridled, *Baeolophus wollweberi.* Titmouse, Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi.* Titmouse, Plain, *Parus inornatus* Titmouse, Oak, *Baelophus inornatus.* Titmouse, Tufted, *Parus bicolor* Titmouse, Tufted, *Baelophus bicolor.* Towhee, California, *Pipilo crissalis.* Towhee, Brown, *Pipilo fuscus* Towhee, Canyon, *Pipilo fuscus.* Towhee, Rufous-sided, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Towhee, Eastern, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus.* Towhee, Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus.* Tree-Pipit, Olive, *Anthus hodgsoni* Vireo, Solitary, *Vireo solitarius* Vireo, Blue-headed, *Vireo solitarius.* Vireo, Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii.* Vireo, Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus.* Vireo, Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis.* Warbler, Elfin Woods, *Dendroica angelae* Warbler, Elfin-woods, *Dendroica angelae.* Woodpecker, Arizona, *Picoides arizonae.* Woodpecker, Lewis', *Melanerpes lewis* Woodpecker, Lewis's, *Melanerpes lewis.* How Do the Changes Proposed Here Differ From Those Discussed in the 1995 Proposed Rule? The proposal to add Green Sandpiper ( *Tringa ochropus* ) and Oriental Turtle-Dove ( *Streptopelia orientalis* ) on the basis of recent distributional records is withdrawn pending additional evidence that they occur regularly in the United States. We propose adding the Flame-colored Tanager to the list on the basis of recent evidence that it occurs and breeds regularly in the United States, and because it belongs to a family (Thraupidae) covered by the Canadian and Mexican treaties. As a result of taxonomic and nomenclatural changes incorporated into the 7th edition of the *Check-list of North American birds* , as amended (AOU 1998, 1999, and 2000), we propose adding 11 more newly recognized species (Arizona Woodpecker, Bicknell's Thrush, Bullock's Oriole, Cassin's Vireo, Gilded Flicker, Plumbeous Vireo, Island Scrub-Jay, Juniper Titmouse, Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Spotted Towhee, and Western Scrub-Jay). These birds were formerly covered by the MBTA as subspecies of other species. We also propose to revise the common (English) or scientific names of an additional 57 species previously listed in 50 CFR 10.13. The proposal to shorten the English name of the Common Pauraque ( *Nyctidromus albicollis* ) to Pauraque is no longer necessary due to a name change adopted by the AOU (2000). How Is the List of Migratory Birds Organized? The species are listed in two formats to suit the needs of different segments of the public: alphabetically in Section 10.13(c)(1) and taxonomically in Section 10.13(c)(2). In the alphabetical listing, species will be listed by common (English) name groups, with the scientific name of each species following the English name. This format, which is similar to that used in modern telephone directories, will be most useful to members of the lay public. In the taxonomic listing, species will be listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the English name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we will also list the higher level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. This format, which follows the sequence adopted by the AOU (1998), will be most useful to ornithologists and other scientists. What Species Are Not Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act? The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and our predecessors have interpreted the MBTA and the underlying treaties as applying only to species of natural (but not accidental or casual) occurrence in North America or United States territory outside North America, and not to non-native species. One of the reasons for this is that the MBTA and the treaties are silent regarding the inclusion of non-native species and none of the four treaties expressly lists any non-native species. The treaties list only species, families, or groups of birds containing members native to the United States. An example is the fact that the treaty with Canada, in elaborating on a family that is large enough to include species not native to North America, references only those species or groups of species that are native to North America. Also, this treaty does not list any of the many groups of insectivorous birds that are native only to areas outside North America; rather, all of the groups of this type that are listed occur in North America. The later treaties also are consistent with this interpretation. The treaties with Japan and Russia actually list the species covered (as opposed to listing families or groups) and all of the species exist naturally in United States territory. This interpretation is also based on the overall purposes and goals of the treaties, which are to protect birds from extinction, protect their value as a food supply, and protect agricultural interests and forests from pests controlled by birds. If the MBTA were applied to protect introduced non-native birds it would likely not further any of these goals. Moreover, it would promote competition with native species for resources needed for survival. A species is not protected by the MBTA if it falls into one or more of the following categories:
(1)Species intentionally or unintentionally introduced into the United States, even those that belong to a family or group covered by the Canadian or Mexican treaties. Examples include Mute Swan ( *Cygnus olor* ), a member of the family Anatidae, and Rock Dove ( *Columba livia* ), a member of the family Columbidae.
(2)Species that may have been sighted but are of purely accidental occurrence in the United States, unless either the Japanese or Russian treaty (both of which list birds by individual species) specifically includes it. Examples include Green Sandpiper and Japanese Turtle-Dove.
(3)Members of families or groups not specified by the Canadian or Mexican treaties. Examples include species in the families Phasianidae (grouse and turkeys), Odontophoridae (quail), Psittacidae (parrots), Todidae (todies), Meliphagidae (honeyeaters), Monarchidae (monarchs), Timaliidae (wrentits), and Coerebidae (bananaquits); and the subfamily Drepanidinae (Hawaiian honeycreepers). Does the Proposed Rule Comply With NEPA? This regulation is categorically excluded from further National Environmental Policy Act requirements under Part 516 of the Department Manual, Chapter 2, Appendix 1.10. Does the Proposed Rule Comply With the Endangered Species Act? Yes. A number of species appearing on the List of Migratory Birds are also designated as endangered or threatened under provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1531, *et seq.* ; see 50 CFR 17.11). No legal complications arise from the dual listing since the two lists are developed under separate authorities and for different purposes. What About Other Required Determinations? Because the proposed revision to the List of Migratory Birds will merely re-describe the birds already protected by Federal treaties with Canada, Japan, Mexico, and Russia, we determined that this document will not have a significant economic effect on a substantial number of small entities under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.* ). This document has not been reviewed by the Office of Management and Budget under Executive Order 12866. In accordance with the criteria in Executive Order 12866, this proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action. This proposed rule is not a major rule under the terms of 5 U.S.C. 804(2), the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act. The proposed rule does not contain information collection requirements that must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 *et seq.* ). We find and certify, in compliance with the requirements of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1502 *et seq.* ), that the proposed rule is not a significant regulatory action and will not impose a cost of $100 million or more in any given year on local or State government or private entities. As noted above, the proposed rule will not have sufficient federalism implications to warrant the preparation of a Federalism Assessment under Executive Order 13132. We have determined that these regulations will meet the applicable standards provided in sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of Executive Order 12988 for civil justice reform. This rule will not have significant takings implications for private property, as defined in Executive Order 12630. A takings implication assessment is not required because migratory birds are a Federally managed resource under laws implementing international treaties and are not personal property. Regarding Government-to-Government relationships with Tribes (59 FR 22951) and Executive Order 13175, the proposed revisions to existing regulations are purely administrative in nature. They will have no effect on Federally recognized Tribes or Tribal trust resources. Public Comments Invited We invite interested parties to submit written comments, suggestions, or objections regarding this proposal to one of the locations identified in the Addresses section above. Following review and consideration of the comments, we will issue a final rule on these proposed amendments to the List of Migratory Birds. Author John L. Trapp, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Division of Migratory Bird Management, 4401 North Fairfax Drive, Room 634, Arlington, VA 22203. List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 10 Exports, Fish, Imports, Law enforcement, Plants, Transportation, Wildlife. Regulation Promulgation For the reasons discussed in the preamble, we propose to amend title 50, chapter I, subchapter B, part 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as follows: PART 10—[PROPOSED] 1. The authority citation for part 10 continues to read as follows: Authority: 18 U.S.C. 42; 16 U.S.C. 703-712; 16 U.S.C. 668a-d; 19 U.S.C. 1202; 16 U.S.C. 1531-1543; 16 U.S.C. 1361-1384, 1401-1407; 16 U.S.C. 742a-742j-l; 16 U.S.C. 3371-3378. 2. Revise Section 10.13 to read as follows: § 10.13 List of Migratory Birds.
(a)*What is the legal authority for this list?* The Migratory Bird Treaty Act
(MBTA)in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements treaties between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1)Canada: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628;
(2)Mexico: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912;
(3)Japan: Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T., 3329 T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4)Russia: Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.
(b)*What is the purpose of this list?* The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations are found in Parts 10, 20, and 21 of this Chapter. We regulate most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c)*What species are protected as migratory birds?* The species are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in section (c)(2). Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the 7th
(1998)edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's *Check-list of North American birds,* as amended. Species not listed here, and therefore not protected by the MBTA, include any species introduced in the United States or any of its territory by humans, regardless of whether the introduction was intentional or unintentional. Also generally not listed and thus not protected are species of purely accidental or casual occurrence in the United States or its territory unless it is a particular species specifically referenced in a treaty. A species of accidental or casual occurrence is one whose the normal range is far enough removed from the United States as to make regular occurrence unlikely or “improbable” (The A.O.U. Check-list of North American birds, 6th edition, 1983:xxv).
(1)*Alphabetical listing.* Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) name groups, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. ACCENTOR, Siberian, *Prunella montanella* ALBATROSS, Black-footed, *Phoebastria nigripes* Laysan, *Phoebastria immutabilis* Short-tailed, *Phoebastria albatrus* Yellow-nosed, *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* ANHINGA, *Anhinga anhinga* ANI, Groove-billed, *Crotophaga sulcirostris* Smooth-billed, *Crotophaga ani* AUKLET, Cassin's, *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* Crested, *Aethia cristatella* Least, *Aethia pusilla* Parakeet, *Aethia psittacula* Rhinoceros, *Cerorhinca monocerata* Whiskered, *Aethia pygmaea* AVOCET, American, *Recurvirostra americana* BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, *Northern, Camptostoma imberbe* BECARD, Rose-throated, *Pachyramphus aglaiae* BITTERN, American, *Botaurus lentiginosus* Least, *Ixobrychus exilis* Schrenk's, *Ixobrychus eurhythmus* Yellow, *Ixobrychus sinensis* BLACK-HAWK, Common, *Buteogallus anthracinus* BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, *Euphagus cyanocephalus* Red-winged, *Agelaius phoeniceus* Rusty, *Euphagus carolinus* Tawny-shouldered, *Agelaius humeralis* Tricolored, *Agelaius tricolor* Yellow-headed, *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus* Yellow-shouldered, *Agelaius xanthomus* BLUEBIRD, Eastern, *Sialia sialis* Mountain, *Sialia currucoides* Western, *Sialia mexicana* BLUETHROAT, *Luscinia svecica* BOBOLINK, *Dolichonyx oryzivorus* BOOBY, Blue-footed, *Sula nebouxii* Brown, *Sula leucogaster* Masked, *Sula dactylatra* Red-footed, *Sula sula* BRAMBLING, *Fringilla montifringilla* BRANT, *Branta bernicla* BUFFLEHEAD, *Bucephala albeola* BULLFINCH, Eurasian, *Pyrrhula pyrrhula* Puerto Rican, *Loxigilla portoricensis* BUNTING, Indigo, *Passerina cyanea* Lark, *Calamospiza melanocorys* Lazuli, *Passerina amoena* McKay's, *Plectrophenax hyperboreus* Painted, *Passerina ciris* Pallas's, *Emberiza pallasi* Reed, *Emberiza schoeniculus* Rustic, *Emberiza rustica* Snow, *Plectrophenax nivalis* Varied, *Passerina versicolor* BUSHTIT, *Psaltriparus minimus* CANVASBACK, *Aythya valisneria* CARACARA, Crested, *Caracara cheriway* CARDINAL, Northern, *Cardinalis cardinalis* CARIB, Green-throated, *Eulampis holosericeus* CATBIRD, Gray, *Dumetella carolinensis* CHAT, Yellow-breasted, *Icteria virens* CHICKADEE, Black-capped, *Poecile atricapilla* Boreal, *Poecile hudsonica* Carolina, *Poecile carolinensis* Chestnut-backed, *Poecile rufescens* Gray-headed, *Poecile cincta* Mexican, *Poecile sclateri* Mountain, *Poecile gambeli* CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, *Caprimulgus carolinensis* CONDOR, California, *Gymnogyps californianus* COOT, American, *Fulica americana* Caribbean, *Fulica caribaea* Eurasian, *Fulica atra* Hawaiian, *Fulica alai* CORMORANT, Brandt's, *Phalacrocorax penicillatus* Double-crested, *Phalacrocorax auritus* Great, *Phalacrocorax carbo* Neotropic, *Phalacrocorax brasilianus* Pelagic, *Phalacrocorax pelagicus* Red-faced, *Phalacrocorax urile* COWBIRD, Bronzed, *Molothrus aeneus* Brown-headed, *Molothrus ater* Shiny, *Molothrus bonariensis* CRAKE, Corn, *Crex crex* Yellow-breasted, *Porzana flaviventer* CRANE, Common, *Grus grus* Sandhill, *Grus canadensis* Whooping, *Grus americana* CREEPER, Brown, *Certhia americana* CROSSBILL, Red, *Loxia curvirostra* White-winged, *Loxia leucoptera* CROW, American, *Corvus brachyrhynchos* Fish, *Corvus ossifragus* Hawaiian, *Corvus hawaiiensis* Northwestern, *Corvus caurinus* Tamaulipas, *Corvus imparatus* White-necked, *Corvus leucognaphalus* CUCKOO, Black-billed, *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* Common, *Cuculus canorus* Mangrove, *Coccyzus minor* Oriental, *Cuculus saturatus* Yellow-billed, *Coccyzus americanus* CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, *Numenius tahitiensis* Eskimo, *Numenius borealis* Far Eastern, *Numenius madagascariensis* Little, *Numenius minutus* Long-billed, *Numenius americanus* DICKCISSEL, *Spiza americana* DIPPER, American, *Cinclus mexicanus* DOTTEREL, Eurasian, *Charadrius morinellus* DOVE, Inca, *Columbina inca* Mourning, *Zenaida macroura* White-tipped, *Leptotila verreauxi* White-winged, *Zenaida asiatica* Zenaida, *Zenaida aurita* DOVEKIE, *Alle alle* DOWITCHER, Long-billed, *Limnodromus scolopaceus* Short-billed, *Limnodromus griseus* DUCK, American Black, *Anas rubripes* Falcated, *Anas falcata* Harlequin, *Histrionicus histrionicus* Hawaiian, *Anas wyvilliana* Laysan, *Anas laysanensis* Long-tailed, *Clangula hyemalis* Masked, *Nomonyx dominica* Mottled, *Anas fulvigula* Ring-necked, *Aythya collaris* Ruddy, *Oxyura jamaicensis* Spot-billed, *Anas poecilorhyncha* Tufted, *Aythya fuligula* Wood, *Aix sponsa* DUNLIN, *Calidris alpina* EAGLE, Bald, *Haliaeetus leucocephalus* Golden, *Aquila chrysaetos* White-tailed, *Haliaeetus albicilla* EGRET, Cattle, *Bubulcus ibis* Chinese, *Egretta eulophotes* Great, *Ardea alba* Intermediate, *Mesophoyx intermedia* Reddish, *Egretta rufescens* Snowy, *Egretta thula* EIDER, Common, *Somateria mollissima* King, *Somateria spectabilis* Spectacled, *Somateria fischeri* Steller's, *Polysticta stelleri* ELAENIA, Caribbean, *Elaenia martinica* EMERALD, Puerto Rican, *Chlorostilbon maugaeus* EUPHONIA, Antillean, *Euphonia musica* FALCON, Aplomado, *Falco femoralis* Peregrine, *Falco peregrinus* Prairie, *Falco mexicanus* FIELDFARE, *Turdus pilaris* FINCH, Cassin's, *Carpodacus cassinii* House, *Carpodacus mexicanus* Purple, *Carpodacus purpureus* FLAMINGO, Greater, *Phoenicopterus ruber* FLICKER, Gilded, *Colaptes chrysoides* Northern, *Colaptes auratus* FLYCATCHER, Acadian, *Empidonax virescens* Alder, *Empidonax alnorum* Ash-throated, *Myiarchus cinerascens* Brown-crested, *Myiarchus tyrannulus* Buff-breasted, *Empidonax fulvifrons* Cordilleran, *Empidonax occidentalis* Dusky, *Empidonax oberholseri* Dusky-capped, *Myiarchus tuberculifer* Fork-tailed, *Tyrannus savana* Gray, *Empidonax wrightii* Gray-spotted, *Muscicapa griseisticta* Great Crested, *Myiarchus crinitus* Hammond's, *Empidonax hammondii* Least, *Empidonax minimus* Narcissus, *Muscicapa narcissina* Nutting's, *Myiarchus nuttingi* Olive-sided, *Contopus cooperi* Pacific-slope, *Empidonax difficilis* Puerto Rican, *Myiarchus antillarum* Scissor-tailed, *Tyrannus forficatus* Sulphur-bellied, *Myiodynastes luteiventris* Vermilion, *Pyrocephalus rubinus* Willow, *Empidonax traillii* Yellow-bellied, *Empidonax flaviventris* FRIGATEBIRD, Great, *Fregata minor* Lesser, *Fregata ariel* Magnificent, *Fregata magnificens* FULMAR, Northern, *Fulmarus glacialis* GADWALL, *Anas strepera* GALLINULE, Purple, *Porphyrula martinica* GANNET, Northern, *Morus bassanus* GARGANEY, *Anas querquedula* GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, *Polioptila nigriceps* Black-tailed, *Polioptila melanura* Blue-gray, *Polioptila caerulea* California, *Polioptila californica* GODWIT, Bar-tailed, *Limosa lapponica* Black-tailed, *Limosa limosa* Hudsonian, *Limosa haemastica* Marbled, *Limosa fedoa* GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, *Pluvialis dominica* Pacific, *Pluvialis fulva* GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, *Bucephala islandica* Common, *Bucephala clangula* GOLDFINCH, American, *Carduelis tristis* Lawrence's, *Carduelis lawrencei* Lesser, *Carduelis psaltria* GOOSE, Barnacle, *Branta leucopsis* Bean, *Anser fabalis* Canada, *Branta canadensis* Emperor, *Chen canagica* Greater White-fronted, *Anser albifrons* Hawaiian, *Branta sandvicensis* Ross's, *Chen rossii* Snow, *Chen caerulescens* GOSHAWK, Northern, *Accipiter gentilis* GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, *Quiscalus major* Common, *Quiscalus quiscula* Great-tailed, *Quiscalus mexicanus* Greater Antillean, *Quiscalus niger* GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, *Locustella ochotensis* GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, *Tiaris bicolor* Yellow-faced, *Tiaris olivacea* GREBE, Clark's, *Aechmophorus clarkii* Eared, *Podiceps nigricollis* Horned, *Podiceps auritus* Least, *Tachybaptus dominicus* Pied-billed, *Podilymbus podiceps* Red-necked, *Podiceps grisegena* Western, *Aechmophorus occidentallis* GREENFINCH, Oriental, *Carduelis sinica* GREENSHANK, Common, *Tringa nebularia* GROSBEAK, Black-headed, *Pheucticus melanocephalus* Blue, *Guiraca caerulea* Crimson-collared, *Rhodothraupis celaeno* Evening, *Coccothraustes vespertinus* Pine, *Pinicola enucleator* Rose-breasted, *Pheucticus ludovicianus* Yellow, *Pheucticus chrysopeplus* GROUND-DOVE, Common, *Columbina passerina* Ruddy, *Columbina talpacoti* GUILLEMOT, Black, *Cepphus grylle* Pigeon, *Cepphus columba* GULL, Black-headed, *Larus ridibundus* Black-tailed, *Larus crassirostris* Bonaparte's, *Larus philadelphia* California, *Larus californicus* Franklin's, *Larus pipixcan* Glaucous, *Larus hyperboreus* Glaucous-winged, *Larus glaucescens* Great Black-backed, *Larus marinus* Heermann's, *Larus heermanni* Herring, *Larus argentatus* Iceland, *Larus glaucoides* Ivory, *Pagophila eburnea* Laughing, *Larus atricilla* Lesser Black-headed, *Larus fuscus* Little, *Larus minutus* Mew, *Larus canus* Ring-billed, *Larus delawarensis* Ross's, *Rhodostethia rosea* Sabine's, *Xema sabini* Slaty-backed, *Larus schistisagus* Thayer's, *Larus thayeri* Western, *Larus occidentalis* Yellow-footed, *Larus livens* GYRFALCON, *Falco rusticolus* HARRIER, Northern, *Circus cyaneus* HAWFINCH, *Coccothraustes coccothraustes* HAWK, Broad-winged, *Buteo platypterus* Cooper's, *Accipiter cooperii* Ferruginous, *Buteo regalis* Gray, *Asturina nitidus* Harris's, *Parabuteo unicinctus* Hawaiian, *Buteo solitarius* Red-shouldered, *Buteo lineatus* Red-tailed, *Buteo jamaicensis* Rough-legged, *Buteo lagopus* Sharp-shinned, *Accipiter striatus* Short-tailed, *Buteo brachyurus* Swainson's, *Buteo swainsoni* White-tailed, *Buteo albicaudatus* Zone-tailed, *Buteo albonotatus* HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, *Cuculus fugax* HERON, Great Blue, *Ardea herodias* Green, *Butorides virescens* Little Blue, *Egretta caerulea* Tricolored, *Egretta tricolor* HOOPOE, Eurasian, *Upupa epops* HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, *Delichon urbica* HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, *Selasphorus sasin* Anna's, *Calypte anna* Antillean Crested, *Orthorhynchus cristatus* Berylline, *Amazilia beryllina* Black-chinned, *Archilochus alexandri* Blue-throated, *Lampornis clemenciae* Broad-billed, *Cynanthus latirostris* Broad-tailed, *Selasphorus platycercus* Buff-bellied, *Amazilia yucatanensis* Calliope, *Stellula calliope* Costa's, *Calypte costae* Lucifer, *Calothorax lucifer* Magnificent, *Eugenes fulgens* Ruby-throated, *Archilochus colubris* Rufous, *Selasphorus rufus* Violet-crowned, *Amazilia violiceps* White-eared, *Hylocharis leucotis* IBIS, Glossy, *Plegadis falcinellus* Scarlet, *Eudocimus ruber* White, *Eudocimus albus* White-faced, *Plegadis chihi* JABIRU, *Jabiru mycteria* JACANA, Northern, *Jacana spinosa* JAEGER, Long-tailed, *Stercorarius longicaudus* Parasitic, *Stercorarius parasiticus* Pomarine, *Stercorarius pomarinus* JAY, Blue, *Cyanocitta cristata* Brown, *Cyanocorax morio* Gray, *Perisoreus canadensis* Green, *Cyanocorax yncas* Mexican, *Aphelocoma ultramarina* Pinyon, *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus* Steller's, *Cyanocitta stelleri* JUNCO, Dark-eyed, *Junco hyemalis* Yellow-eyed, *Junco phaeonotus* KAMAO, *Myadestes myadestinus* KESTREL, American, *Falco sparverius* Eurasian, *Falco tinnunculus* KILLDEER, *Charadrius vociferus* KINGBIRD, Cassin's, *Tyrannus vociferans* Couch's, *Tyrannus couchii* Eastern, *Tyrannus tyrannus* Gray, *Tyrannus dominicensis* Loggerhead, *Tyrannus caudifasciatus* Thick-billed, *Tyrannus crassirostris* Tropical, *Tyrannus melancholicus* Western, *Tyrannus verticalis* KINGFISHER, Belted, *Ceryle alcyon* Green, *Chloroceryle americana* Ringed, *Ceryle torquata* KINGLET, Golden-crowned, *Regulus satrapa* Ruby-crowned, *Regulus calendula* KISKADEE, Great, *Pitangus sulphuratus* KITE, Black, *Milvus migrans* Hook-billed, *Chondrohierax uncinatus* Mississippi, *Ictinia mississippiensis* Snail, *Rostrhamus sociabilis* Swallow-tailed, *Elanoides forficatus* White-tailed, *Elanus leucurus* KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, *Rissa tridactyla* Red-legged, *Rissa brevirostris* KNOT, Great, *Calidris tenuirostris* Red, *Calidris canutus* LAPWING, Northern, *Vanellus vanellus* LARK, Horned, *Eremophila alpestris* Sky, *Alauda arvensis* LIMPKIN, *Aramus guarauna* LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, *Saurothera vieilloti* LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, *Calcarius ornatus* Lapland, *Calcarius lapponicus* McCown's, *Calcarius mccownii* Smith's, *Calcarius pictus* LOON, Arctic, *Gavia arctica* Common, *Gavia immer* Pacific, *Gavia pacifica* Red-throated, *Gavia stellata* Yellow-billed, *Gavia adamsii* MAGPIE, Black-billed, *Pica hudsonia* Yellow-billed, *Pica nuttalli* MALLARD, *Anas platyrhynchos* MANGO, Antillean, *Anthracothorax dominicus* Green, *Anthracothorax viridis* MARTIN, Caribbean, *Progne dominicensis* Cuban, *Progne cryptoleuca* Gray-breasted, *Progne chalybea* Purple, *Progne subis* MEADOWLARK, Eastern, *Sturnella magna* Western, *Sturnella neglecta* MERGANSER, Common, *Mergus merganser* Hooded, *Lophodytes cucullatus* Red-breasted, *Mergus serrator* MERLIN, *Falco columbarius* MILLERBIRD, *Acrocephalus familiaris* MOCKINGBIRD, Northern, *Mimus polyglottos* MOORHEN, Common, *Gallinula chloropus* MURRE, Common, *Uria aalge* Thick-billed, *Uria lomvia* MURRELET, Ancient, *Synthliboramphus antiquus* Craveri's, *Synthliboramphus craveri* Kittlitz's, *Brachyramphus brevirostris* Marbled, *Brachyramphus marmoratus* Xantus's, *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus* NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, *Hirundapus caudacutus* NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, *Nycticorax nycticorax* Japanese, *Gorsachius goisagi* Malayan, *Gorsachius melanolophus* Yellow-crowned, *Nyctanassa violacea* NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, *Chordeiles gundlachii* Common, *Chordeiles minor* Lesser, *Chordeiles acutipennis* NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, *Caprimulgus ridgwayi* Puerto Rican, *Caprimulgus noctitherus* Jungle, *Caprimulgus indicus* NODDY, Black, *Anous minutus* Blue-gray, *Procelsterna cerulea* Brown, *Anous stolidus* Lesser, *Anous tenuirostris* NUTCRACKER, Clark's, *Nucifraga columbiana* NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, *Sitta pusilla* Pygmy, *Sitta pygmaea* Red-breasted, *Sitta canadensis* White-breasted, *Sitta carolinensis* OLOMAO, *Myadestes lanaiensis* OMAO, *Myadestes obscurus* ORIOLE, Altamira, *Icterus gularis* Audubon's, *Icterus graduacauda* Baltimore, *Icterus galbula* Black-vented, *Icterus wagleri* Bullock's, *Icterus bullockii* Greater Antillean, *Icterus dominicensis* Hooded, *Icterus cucullatus* Orchard, *Icterus spurius* Scott's, *Icterus parisorum* Streak-backed, *Icterus pustulatus* OSPREY, *Pandion haliaetus* OVENBIRD, *Seiurus aurocapillus* OWL, Barn, *Tyto alba* Barred, *Strix varia* Boreal, *Aegolius funereus* Burrowing, *Athene cunicularia* Elf, *Micrathene whitneyi* Flammulated, *Otus flammeolus* Great Gray, *Strix nebulosa* Great Horned, *Bubo virginianus* Long-eared, *Asio otus* Northern Hawk, *Surnia ulula* Northern Saw-whet, *Aegolius acadicus* Short-eared, *Asio flammeus* Snowy, *Nyctea scandiaca* Spotted, *Strix occidentalis* OYSTERCATCHER, American, *Haematopus palliatus* Black, *Haematopus bachmani* PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, *Tachornis phoenicobia* PARULA, Northern, *Parula americana* Tropical, *Parula pitiayumi* PAURAQUE, Common, *Nyctidromus albicollis* PELICAN, American White, *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos* Brown, *Pelecanus occidentalis* PETREL, Black-capped, *Pterodroma hasitata* Bonin, *Pterodroma hypoleuca* Bulwer's, *Bulweria bulwerii* Cook's, *Pterodroma cookii* Dark-rumped, *Pterodroma phaeopygia* Herald, *Pterodroma arminjoniana* Juan Fernandez, *Pterodroma externa* Kermadec, *Pterodroma neglecta* Mottled, *Pterodroma inexpectata* Murphy's, *Pterodroma ultima* White-necked, *Pterodroma cervicalis* PEWEE, Greater, *Contopus pertinax* Lesser Antillean, *Contopus latirostris* PHAINOPEPLA, *Phainopepla nitens* PHALAROPE, Red, *Phalaropus fulicaria* Red-necked, *Phalaropus lobatus* Wilson's, *Phalaropus tricolor* PHOEBE, Black, *Sayornis nigricans* Eastern, *Sayornis phoebe* Say's, *Sayornis saya* PIGEON, Band-tailed, *Columba fasciata* Plain, *Columba inornata* Red-billed, *Columba flavirostris* Scaly-naped, *Columba squamosa* White-crowned, *Columba leucocephala* PINTAIL, Northern, *Anas acuta* White-cheeked, *Anas bahamensis* PIPIT, American, *Anthus rubescens* Olive-backed, *Anthus hodgsoni* Pechora, *Anthus gustavi* Red-throated, *Anthus cervinus* Sprague's, *Anthus spragueii* PLOVER, Black-bellied, *Pluvialis squatarola* Common Ringed, *Charadrius hiaticula* Greater Sand, *Charadrius leschenaultii* Little Ringed, *Charadrius dubius* Mongolian, *Charadrius mongolus* Mountain, *Charadrius montanus* Piping, *Charadrius melodus* Semipalmated, *Charadrius semipalmatus* Snowy, *Charadrius alexandrinus* Wilson's, *Charadrius wilsonia* POCHARD, Baer's, *Aythya baeri* Common, *Aythya ferina* POORWILL, Common, *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* PUAIOHI, *Myadestes palmeri* PUFFIN, Atlantic, *Fratercula arctica* Horned, *Fratercula corniculata* Tufted, *Fratercula cirrhata* PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, *Glaucidium brasilianum* Northern, *Glaucidium gnoma* PYRRHULOXIA, *Cardinalis sinuatus* QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, *Geotrygon mystacea* Key West, *Geotrygon chrysia* Ruddy, *Geotrygon montana* RAIL, Black, *Laterallus jamaicensis* Clapper, *Rallus longirostris* King, *Rallus elegans* Virginia, *Rallus limicola* Yellow, *Coturnicops noveboracensis* RAVEN, Chihuahuan, *Corvus cryptoleucus* Common, *Corvus corax* RAZORBILL, *Alca torda* REDHEAD, *Aythya americana* REDPOLL, Common, *Carduelis flammea* Hoary, *Carduelis hornemanni* REDSHANK, Spotted, *Tringa erythropus* REDSTART, American, *Setophaga ruticilla* Painted, *Myioborus pictus* Slate-throated, *Myioborus miniatus* REEF-EGRET, Pacific, *Egretta sacra* ROADRUNNER, Greater, *Geococcyx californianus* ROBIN, American, *Turdus migratorius* Clay-colored, *Turdus grayi* Rufous-backed, *Turdus rufopalliatus* ROSEFINCH, Common, *Carpodacus erythrinus* ROSY-FINCH, Black, *Leucosticte atrata* Brown-capped, *Leucosticte australis* Gray-crowned, *Leucosticte tephrocotis* RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, *Luscinia calliope* RUFF, *Philomachus pugnax* SANDERLING, *Calidris alba* SANDPIPER, Baird's, *Calidris bairdii* Broad-billed, *Limicola falcinellus* Buff-breasted, *Tryngites subruficollis* Common, *Actitis hypoleucos* Curlew, *Calidris ferruginea* Least, *Calidris minutilla* Marsh, *Tringa stagnatilis* Pectoral, *Calidris melanotos* Purple, *Calidris maritima* Rock, *Calidris ptilocnemis* Semipalmated, *Calidris pusilla* Sharp-tailed, *Calidris acuminata* Solitary, *Tringa solitaria* Spoonbill, *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus* Spotted, *Actitis macularia* Stilt, *Calidris himantopus* Terek, *Xenus cinereus* Upland, *Bartramia longicauda* Western, *Calidris mauri* White-rumped, *Calidris fuscicollis* Wood, *Tringa glareola* SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, *Sphyrapicus ruber* Red-naped, *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* Williamson's, *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* Yellow-bellied, *Sphyrapicus varius* SCAUP, Greater, *Aythya marila* Lesser, *Aythya affinis* SCOTER, Black, *Melanitta nigra* Surf, *Melanitta perspicillata* White-winged, *Melanitta fusca* SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, *Otus asio* Puerto Rican, *Otus nudipes* Western, *Otus kennicottii* Whiskered, *Otus trichopsis* SCRUB-JAY, Florida, *Aphelocoma coerulescens* Island, *Aphelocoma insularis* Western, *Aphelocoma californica* SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, *Haliaeetus pelagicus* SEEDEATER, White-collared, *Sporophila torqueola* SHEARWATER, Audubon's, *Puffinus lherminieri* Black-vented, *Puffinus opisthomelas* Buller's, *Puffinus bulleri* Christmas, *Puffinus nativitatis* Cory's, *Calonectris diomedea* Flesh-footed, *Puffinus carneipes* Greater, *Puffinus gravis* Little, *Puffinus assimilis* Manx, *Puffinus puffinus* Pink-footed, *Puffinus creatopus* Short-tailed, *Puffinus tenuirostris* Sooty, *Puffinus griseus* Townsend's, *Puffinus auricularis* Wedge-tailed, *Puffinus pacificus* SHOVELER, Northern, *Anas clypeata* SHRIKE, Loggerhead, *Lanius ludovicianus* Northern, *Lanius excubitor* SISKIN, Pine, *Carduelis pinus* SKIMMER, Black, *Rhynchops niger* SKUA, Great, *Stercorarius skua* South Polar, *Stercorarius maccormicki* SMEW, *Mergellus albellus* SNIPE, Common, *Gallinago gallinago* Jack, *Lymnocryptes minimus* Pin-tailed, *Gallinago stenura* Swinhoe's, *Gallinago megala* SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, *Myadestes townsendi* SORA, *Porzana carolina* SPARROW, American Tree, *Spizella arborea* Bachman's, *Aimophila aestivalis* Baird's, *Ammodramus bairdii* Black-chinned, *Spizella atrogularis* Black-throated, *Amphispiza bilineata* Botteri's, *Aimophila botterii* Brewer's, *Spizella breweri* Cassin's, *Aimophila cassinii* Chipping, *Spizella passerina* Clay-colored, *Spizella pallida* Field, *Spizella pusilla* Five-striped, *Aimophila quinquestriata* Fox, *Passerella iliaca* Golden-crowned, *Zonotrichia atricapilla* Grasshopper, *Ammodramus savannarum* Harris's, *Zonotrichia querula* Henslow's, *Ammodramus henslowii* Lark, *Chondestes grammacus* Le Conte's, *Ammodramus leconteii* Lincoln's, *Melospiza lincolnii* Nelson's Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus nelsoni* Olive, *Arremonops rufivirgatus* Rufous-crowned, *Aimophila ruficeps* Rufous-winged, *Aimophila carpalis* Sage, *Amphispiza belli* Savannah, *Passerculus sandwichensis* Seaside, *Ammodramus maritimus* Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, *Ammodramus caudacutus* Song, *Melospiza melodia* Swamp, *Melospiza georgiana* Vesper, *Pooecetes gramineus* White-crowned, *Zonotrichia leucophrys* White-throated, *Zonotrichia albicollis* Worthen's, *Spizella wortheni* SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, *Accipiter gularis* SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, *Spindalis portoricensis* SPOONBILL, Roseate, *Ajaia ajaja* STARLING, Chestnut-cheeked, *Sturnus philippensis* White-cheeked, *Sturnus cineraceus* STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, *Heliomaster constantii* STILT, Black-necked, *Himantopus mexicanus* STINT, Little, *Calidris minuta* Long-toed, *Calidris subminuta* Red-necked, *Calidris ruficollis* Temminck's, *Calidris temminckii* STORK, Wood, *Mycteria americana* STORM-PETREL, Ashy, *Oceanodroma homochroa* Band-rumped, *Oceanodroma castro* Black, *Oceanodroma melania* Fork-tailed, *Oceanodroma furcata* Leach's, *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* Least, *Oceanodroma microsoma* Tristram's, *Oceanodroma tristrami* Wedge-rumped, *Oceanodroma tethys* White-faced, *Pelagodroma marina* Wilson's, *Oceanites oceanicus* SURFBIRD, *Aphriza virgata* SWALLOW, Bahama, *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis* Bank, *Riparia riparia* Barn, *Hirundo rustica* Cave, *Petrochelidon fulva* Cliff, *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota* Northern Rough-winged, *Stelgidopteryx serripennis* Tree, *Tachycineta bicolor* Violet-green, *Tachycineta thalassina* SWAN, Trumpeter, *Cygnus buccinator* Tundra, *Cygnus columbianus* Whooper, *Cygnus cygnus* SWIFT, Black, *Crypseloides niger* Chimney, *Chaetura pelagica* Common, *Apus apus* Fork-tailed, *Apus pacificus* Vaux's, *Chaetura vauxi* White-collared, *Streptoprocne zonaris* White-throated, *Aeronautes saxatalis* TANAGER, Flame-colored, *Piranga bidentata* Hepatic, *Piranga flava* Puerto Rican, *Neospingus speculiferus* Scarlet, *Piranga olivacea* Summer, *Piranga rubra* Western, *Piranga ludoviciana* TATTLER, Gray-tailed, *Heteroscelus brevipes* Wandering, *Heteroscelus incanus* TEAL, Baikal, *Anas formosa* Blue-winged, *Anas discors* Cinnamon, *Anas cyanoptera* Green-winged, *Anas crecca* TERN, Aleutian, *Sterna aleutica* Arctic, *Sterna paradisaea* Black, *Chlidonias niger* Black-naped, *Sterna sumatrana* Bridled, *Sterna anaethetus* Caspian, *Sterna caspia* Common, *Sterna hirundo* Elegant, *Sterna elegans* Forster's, *Sterna forsteri* Gray-backed, *Sterna lunata* Gull-billed, *Sterna nilotica* Least, *Sterna antillarum* Little, *Sterna albifrons* Roseate, *Sterna dougallii* Royal, *Sterna maxima* Sandwich, *Sterna sandvicensis* Sooty, *Sterna fuscata* White, *Gygis alba* White-winged, *Chlidonias leucopterus* THRASHER, Bendire's, *Toxostoma bendirei* Brown, *Toxostoma rufum* California, *Toxostoma redivivum* Crissal, *Toxostoma crissale* Curve-billed, *Toxostoma curvirostre* Le Conte's, *Toxostoma lecontei* Long-billed, *Toxostoma longirostre* Pearly-eyed, *Margarops fuscatus* Sage, *Oreoscoptes montanus* THRUSH, Aztec, *Ridgwayia pinicola* Bicknell's, *Catharus bicknelli* Blue Rock, *Monticola solitarius* Dusky, *Turdus naumanni* Eyebrowed, *Turdus obscurus* Gray-cheeked, *Catharus minimus* Hermit, *Catharus guttatus* Red-legged, *Turdus plumbeus* Swainson's, *Catharus ustulatus* Varied, *Ixoreus naevius* Wood, *Hylocichla mustelina* TITMOUSE, Bridled, *Baeolophus wollweberi* Juniper, *Baeolophus ridgwayi* Oak, *Baeolophus inornatus* Tufted, *Baeolophus bicolor* TOWHEE, Abert's, *Pipilo aberti* California, *Pipilo crissalis* Canyon, *Pipilo fuscus* Eastern, *Pipilo erythrophthalmus* Green-tailed, *Pipilo chlorurus* Spotted, *Pipilo maculatus* TROGON, Eared, *Euptilotus neoxenus* Elegant, *Trogon elegans* TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, *Phaethon aethereus* Red-tailed, *Phaethon rubricauda* White-tailed, *Phaethon lepturus* TURNSTONE, Black, *Arenaria melanocephala* Ruddy, *Arenaria interpres* VEERY, *Catharus fuscescens* VERDIN, *Auriparus flaviceps* VIOLET-EAR, Green, *Colibri thalassinus* VIREO, Bell's, *Vireo bellii* Black-capped, *Vireo atricapillus* Black-whiskered, *Vireo altiloquus* Blue-headed, *Vireo solitarius* Cassin's, *Vireo cassinii* Gray, *Vireo vicinior* Hutton's, *Vireo huttoni* Philadelphia, *Vireo philadelphicus* Plumbeous, *Vireo plumbeus* Puerto Rican, *Vireo latimeri* Red-eyed, *Vireo olivaceus* Warbling, *Vireo gilvus* White-eyed, *Vireo griseus* Yellow-green, *Vireo flavoviridis* Yellow-throated, *Vireo flavifrons* VULTURE, Black, *Coragyps atratus* Turkey, *Cathartes aura* WAGTAIL, Black-backed, *Motacilla lugens* Gray, *Motacilla cinerea* White, *Motacilla alba* Yellow, *Motacilla flava* WARBLER, Adelaide's, *Dendroica adelaidae* Arctic, *Phylloscopus borealis* Bachman's, *Vermivora bachmanii* Bay-breasted, *Dendroica castanea* Black-and-white, *Mniotilta varia* Black-throated Blue, *Dendroica caerulescens* Black-throated Gray, *Dendroica nigrescens* Black-throated Green, *Dendroica virens* Blackburnian, *Dendroica fusca* Blackpoll, *Dendroica striata* Blue-winged, *Vermivora pinus* Canada, *Wilsonia canadensis* Cape May, *Dendroica tigrina* Cerulean, *Dendroica cerulea* Chestnut-sided, *Dendroica pensylvanica* Colima, *Vermivora crissalis* Connecticut, *Oporornis agilis* Elfin-woods, *Dendroica angelae* Golden-cheeked, *Dendroica chrysoparia* Golden-crowned, *Basileuterus culicivorus* Golden-winged, *Vermivora chrysoptera* Grace's, *Dendroica graciae* Hermit, *Dendroica occidentalis* Hooded, *Wilsonia citrina* Kentucky, *Oporornis formosus* Kirtland's, *Dendroica kirtlandii* Lucy's, *Vermivora luciae* MacGillivray's, *Oporornis tolmiei* Magnolia, *Dendroica magnolia* Mourning, *Oporornis philadelphia* Nashville, *Vermivora ruficapilla* Olive, *Peucedramus taeniatus* Orange-crowned, *Vermivora celata* Palm, *Dendroica palmarum* Pine, *Dendroica pinus* Prairie, *Dendroica discolor* Prothonotary, *Protonotaria citrea* Red-faced, *Cardellina rubrifrons* Rufous-capped, *Basileuterus rufifrons* Swainson's, *Limnothlypis swainsonii* Tennessee, *Vermivora peregrina* Townsend's, *Dendroica townsendi* Virginia's, *Vermivora virginiae* Willow, *Phylloscopus trochilus* Wilson's, *Wilsonia pusilla* Worm-eating, *Helmitheros vermivorus* Yellow, *Dendroica petechia* Yellow-rumped, *Dendroica coronata* Yellow-throated, *Dendroica dominica* WATERTHRUSH, Louisiana, *Seiurus motacilla* Northern, *Seiurus noveboracensis* WAXWING, Bohemian, *Bombycilla garrulus* Cedar, *Bombycilla cedrorum* WHEATEAR, Northern, *Oenanthe oenanthe* WHIMBREL, *Numenius phaeopus* WHIP-POOR-WILL, *Caprimulgus vociferus* WHISTLING-DUCK, Black-bellied, *Dendrocygna autumnalis* Fulvous, *Dendrocygna bicolor* West Indian, *Dendrocygna arborea* WIGEON, American, *Anas americana* Eurasian, *Anas penelope* WILLET, *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus* WOOD-PEWEE, Eastern, *Contopus virens* Western, *Contopus sordidulus* WOODCOCK, American, *Scolopax minor* Eurasian, *Scolopax rusticola* WOODPECKER, Acorn, *Melanerpes formicivorus* Arizona, *Picoides arizonae* Black-backed, *Picoides arcticus* Downy, *Picoides pubescens* Gila, *Melanerpes uropygialis* Golden-fronted, *Melanerpes aurifrons* Hairy, *Picoides villosus* Ivory-billed, *Campephilus principalis* Ladder-backed, *Picoides scalaris* Lewis's, *Melanerpes lewis* Nuttall's, *Picoides nuttallii* Pileated, *Dryocopus pileatus* Puerto Rican, *Melanerpes portoricensis* Red-bellied, *Melanerpes carolinus* Red-cockaded, *Picoides borealis* Red-headed, *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* Strickland's, *Picoides stricklandi* Three-toed, *Picoides tridactylus* White-headed, *Picoides albolarvatus* WOODSTAR, Bahama, *Calliphlox evelynae* WREN, Bewick's *Thryothorus bewickii* Cactus, *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus* Canyon, *Catherpes mexicanus* Carolina, *Thryothorus ludovicianus* House, *Troglodytes aedon* Marsh, *Cistothorus palustris* Rock, *Salpinctes obsoletus* Sedge, *Cistothorus platensis* Winter, *Troglodytes troglodytes* WRYNECK, Eurasian, *Jynx torquilla* YELLOWLEGS, Greater, *Tringa melanoleuca* Lesser, *Tringa flavipes* YELLOWTHROAT, Common, *Geothlypis trichas* Gray-crowned, *Geothlypis poliocephala*
(2)*Taxonomic listing.* Species are listed in phylogenetic sequence by scientific name, with the common (English) name following the scientific name. To help clarify species relationships, we also list the higher-level taxonomic categories of Order, Family, and Subfamily. Order GAVIIFORMES Family GAVIIDAE *Gavia stellata* , Red-throated Loon *Gavia arctica* , Arctic Loon *Gavia pacifica* , Pacific Loon *Gavia immer* , Common Loon *Gavia adamsii* , Yellow-billed Loon Order PODICIPEDIFORMES Family PODICIPEDIDAE *Tachybaptus dominicus* , Least Grebe *Podilymbus podiceps* , Pied-billed Grebe *Podiceps auritus* , Horned Grebe *Podiceps grisegena* , Red-necked Grebe *Podiceps nigricollis* , Eared Grebe *Aechmophorus occidentallis* , Western Grebe *Aechmophorus clarkii* , Clark's Grebe Order PROCELLARIFORMES Family DIOMEDEIDAE *Thalassarche chlororhynchos* , Yellow-nosed Albatross *Phoebastria immutabilis* , Laysan Albatross *Phoebastria nigripes* , Black-footed Albatros *Phoebastria albatrus* , Short-tailed Albatross Family PROCELLARIIDAE *Fulmarus glacialis* , Northern Fulmar *Pterodroma neglecta* , Kermadec Petrel *Pterodroma arminjoniana* , Herald Petrel *Pterodroma ultima* , Murphy's Petrel *Pterodroma inexpectata* , Mottled Petrel *Pterodroma hasitata* , Black-capped Petrel *Pterodroma externa* , Juan Fernandez Petrel *Pterodroma phaeopygia* , Dark-rumped Petrel *Pterodroma cervicalis* , White-necked Petrel *Pterodroma hypoleuca* , Bonin Petrel *Pterodroma cookii* , Cook's Petrel *Bulweria bulwerii* , Bulwer's Petrel *Calonectris diomedea* , Cory's Shearwater *Puffinus creatopus* , Pink-footed Shearwater *Puffinus carneipes* , Flesh-footed Shearwater *Puffinus gravis* , Greater Shearwater *Puffinus pacificus* , Wedge-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus bulleri* , Buller's Shearwater *Puffinus griseus* , Sooty Shearwater *Puffinus tenuirostris* , Short-tailed Shearwater *Puffinus nativitatis* , Christmas Shearwater *Puffinus puffinus* , Manx Shearwater *Puffinus auricularis* , Townsend's Shearwater *Puffinus opisthomelas* , Black-vented Shearwater *Puffinus lherminieri* , Audubon's Shearwater *Puffinus assimilis* , Little Shearwater Family HYDROBATIDAE *Oceanites oceanicus* , Wilson's Storm-Petrel *Pelagodroma marina* , White-faced Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma furcata* , Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma leucorhoa* , Leach's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma homochroa* , Ashy Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma castro* , Band-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tethys* , Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma melania* , Black Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma tristrami* , Tristram's Storm-Petrel *Oceanodroma microsoma* , Least Storm-Petrel Order PELECANIFORMES Family PHAETHONTIDAE *Phaethon lepturus, * White-tailed Tropicbird *Phaethon aethereus, * Red-billed Tropicbird *Phaethon rubricauda, * Red-tailed Tropicbird Family SULIDAE *Sula dactylatra, * Masked Booby *Sula nebouxii, * Blue-footed Booby *Sula leucogaster, * Brown Booby *Sula sula, * Red-footed Booby *Morus bassanus, * Northern Gannet Family PELECANIDAE *Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, * American White Pelican *Pelecanus occidentalis, * Brown Pelican Family PHALACROCORACIDAE *Phalacrocorax penicillatus, * Brandt's Cormorant *Phalacrocorax brasilianus, * Neotropic Cormorant *Phalacrocorax auritus, * Double-crested Cormorant *Phalacrocorax carbo, * Great Cormorant *Phalacrocorax urile, * Red-faced Cormorant *Phalacrocorax pelagicus, * Pelagic Cormorant Family ANHINGIDAE *Anhinga anhinga, * Anhinga Family FREGATIDAE *Fregata magnificens, * Magnificent Frigatebird *Fregata minor, * Great Frigatebird *Fregata ariel, * Lesser Frigatebird Order CICONIIFORMES Family ARDEIDAE *Botaurus lentiginosus, * American Bittern *Ixobrychus sinensis, * Yellow Bittern *Ixobrychus exilis, * Least Bittern *Ixobrychus eurhythmus, * Schrenk's Bittern *Ardea herodias, * Great Blue Heron *Ardea alba, * Great Egret *Mesophoyx intermedia, * Intermediate Egret *Egretta eulophotes, * Chinese Egret *Egretta sacra, * Pacific Reef-Egret *Egretta thula, * Snowy Egret *Egretta caerulea, * Little Blue Heron *Egretta tricolor, * Tricolored Heron *Egretta rufescens, * Reddish Egret *Bubulcus ibis, * Cattle Egret *Butorides virescens, * Green Heron *Nycticorax nycticorax, * Black-crowned Night-Heron *Nyctanassa violacea, * Yellow-crowned Night-Heron *Gorsachius goisagi, * Japanese Night-Heron *Gorsachius melanolophus, * Malayan Night-Heron Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE Subfamily Threskiornithinae *Eudocimus albus, * White Ibis *Eudocimus ruber, * Scarlet Ibis *Plegadis falcinellus, * Glossy Ibis *Plegadis chihi, * White-faced Ibis Subfamily Plataleinae *Ajaia ajaja, * Roseate Spoonbill Family CICONIIDAE *Jabiru mycteria, * Jabiru *Mycteria americana, * Wood Stork Family CATHARTIDAE *Coragyps atratus, * Black Vulture *Cathartes aura, * Turkey Vulture *Gymnogyps californianus, * California Condor Order PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE *Phoenicopterus ruber, * Greater Flamingo Order ANSERIFORMES Family ANATIDAE Subfamily Dendrocygninae *Dendrocygna autumnalis, * Black-bellied Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna arborea, * West Indian Whistling-Duck *Dendrocygna bicolor, * Fulvous Whistling-Duck Subfamily Anserinae *Anser fabalis, * Bean Goose *Anser albifrons, * Greater White-fronted Goose *Chen canagica, * Emperor Goose *Chen caerulescens, * Snow Goose *Chen rossii, * Ross's Goose *Branta canadensis, * Canada Goose *Branta sandvicensis, * Hawaiian Goose *Branta bernicla, * Brant *Branta leucopsis, * Barnacle Goose *Cygnus buccinator, * Trumpeter Swan *Cygnus columbianus, * Tundra Swan *Cygnus cygnus, * Whooper Swan Subfamily Anatinae *Aix sponsa, * Wood Duck *Anas strepera, * Gadwall *Anas falcata, * Falcated Duck *Anas penelope, * Eurasian Wigeon *Anas americana, * American Wigeon *Anas rubripes, * American Black Duck *Anas platyrhynchos, * Mallard *Anas fulvigula, * Mottled Duck *Anas wyvilliana, * Hawaiian Duck *Anas laysanensis, * Laysan Duck *Anas poecilorhyncha, * Spot-billed Duck *Anas discors, * Blue-winged Teal *Anas cyanoptera, * Cinnamon Teal *Anas clypeata, * Northern Shoveler *Anas bahamensis, * White-cheeked Pintail *Anas acuta, * Northern Pintail *Anas querquedula, * Garganey *Anas formosa, * Baikal Teal *Anas crecca, * Green-winged Teal *Aythya valisneria, * Canvasback *Aythya americana, * Redhead *Aythya ferina, * Common Pochard *Aythya baeri, * Baer's Pochard *Aythya collaris, * Ring-necked Duck *Aythya fuligula, * Tufted Duck *Aythya marila, * Greater Scaup *Aythya affinis, * Lesser Scaup *Polysticta stelleri, * Steller's Eider *Somateria fischeri, * Spectacled Eider *Somateria spectabilis, * King Eider *Somateria mollissima, * Common Eider *Histrionicus histrionicus, * Harlequin Duck *Melanitta perspicillata, * Surf Scoter *Melanitta fusca, * White-winged Scoter *Melanitta nigra, * Black Scoter *Clangula hyemalis, * Long-tailed Duck *Bucephala albeola, * Bufflehead *Bucephala clangula, * Common Goldeneye *Bucephala islandica, * Barrow's Goldeneye *Mergellus albellus, * Smew *Lophodytes cucullatus, * Hooded Merganser *Mergus merganser, * Common Merganser *Mergus serrator, * Red-breasted Merganser *Nomonyx dominica, * Masked Duck *Oxyura jamaicensis, * Ruddy Duck Order FALCONIFORMES Family ACCIPITRIDAE Subfamily Pandioninae *Pandion haliaetus, * Osprey Subfamily Accipitrinae *Chondrohierax uncinatus, * Hook-billed Kite *Elanoides forficatus, * Swallow-tailed Kite *Elanus leucurus, * White-tailed Kite *Rostrhamus sociabilis, * Snail Kite *Ictinia mississippiensis, * Mississippi Kite *Milvus migrans, * Black Kite *Haliaeetus leucocephalus, * Bald Eagle *Haliaeetus albicilla, * White-tailed Eagle *Haliaeetus pelagicus, * Steller's Sea-Eagle *Circus cyaneus, * Northern Harrier *Accipiter gularis, * Japanese Sparrowhawk *Accipiter striatus, * Sharp-shinned Hawk *Accipiter cooperii, * Cooper's Hawk *Accipiter gentilis, * Northern Goshawk *Asturina nitida, * Gray Hawk *Buteogallus anthracinus, * Common Black-Hawk *Parabuteo unicinctus, * Harris's Hawk *Buteo lineatus, * Red-shouldered Hawk *Buteo platypterus, * Broad-winged Hawk *Buteo brachyurus, * Short-tailed Hawk *Buteo swainsoni, * Swainson's Hawk *Buteo albicaudatus, * White-tailed Hawk *Buteo albonotatus, * Zone-tailed Hawk *Buteo solitarius, * Hawaiian Hawk *Buteo jamaicensis, * Red-tailed Hawk *Buteo regalis, * Ferruginous Hawk *Buteo lagopus, * Rough-legged Hawk *Aquila chrysaetos, * Golden Eagle Family FALCONIDAE Subfamily Caracarinae *Caracara cheriway, * Crested Caracara Subfamily Falconinae *Falco tinnunculus, * Eurasian Kestrel *Falco sparverius, * American Kestrel *Falco columbarius, * Merlin *Falco femoralis, * Aplomado Falcon *Falco rusticolus, * Gyrfalcon *Falco peregrinus, * Peregrine Falcon *Falco mexicanus, * Prairie Falcon Order GRUIFORMES Family RALLIDAE *Coturnicops noveboracensis, * Yellow Rail *Laterallus jamaicensis* , Black Rail *Crex crex* , Corn Crake *Rallus longirostris* , Clapper Rail *Rallus elegans* , King Rail *Rallus limicola* , Virginia Rail *Porzana carolina* , Sora *Porzana flaviventer* , Yellow-breasted Crake *Porphyrula martinica* , Purple Gallinule *Gallinula chloropus* , Common Moorhen *Fulica atra* , Eurasian Coot *Fulica alai* , Hawaiian Coot *Fulica americana* , American Coot *Fulica caribaea* , Caribbean Coot Family ARAMIDAE *Aramus guarauna* , Limpkin Family GRUIDAE *Grus canadensis* , Sandhill Crane *Grus grus* , Common Crane *Grus americana* , Whooping Crane Order CHARADRIIFORMES Family CHARADRIIDAE Subfamily Vanellinae *Vanellus vanellus* , Northern Lapwing Subfamily Charadriinae *Pluvialis squatarola* , Black-bellied Plover *Pluvialis dominica* , American Golden-Plover *Pluvialis fulva* , Pacific Golden-Plover *Charadrius mongolus* , Mongolian Plover *Charadrius leschenaultii* , Greater Sand Plover *Charadrius alexandrinus* , Snowy Plover *Charadrius wilsonia* , Wilson's Plover *Charadrius hiaticula* , Common Ringed Plover *Charadrius semipalmatus* , Semipalmated Plover *Charadrius melodus* , Piping Plover *Charadrius dubius* , Little Ringed Plover *Charadrius vociferus* , Killdeer *Charadrius montanus* , Mountain Plover *Charadrius morinellus* , Eurasian Dotterel Family HAEMATOPODIDAE *Haematopus palliatus* , American Oystercatcher *Haematopus bachmani* , Black Oystercatcher Family RECURVIROSTRIDAE *Himantopus mexicanus* , Black-necked Stilt *Recurvirostra americana* , American Avocet Family JACANIDAE *Jacana spinosa* , Northern Jacana Family SCOLOPACIDAE Subfamily Scolopacinae *Tringa nebularia* , Common Greenshank *Tringa melanoleuca* , Greater Yellowlegs *Tringa flavipes* , Lesser Yellowlegs *Tringa stagnatilis* , Marsh Sandpiper *Tringa erythropus* , Spotted Redshank *Tringa glareola* , Wood Sandpiper *Tringa solitaria* , Solitary Sandpiper *Catoptrophorus semipalmatus* , Willet *Heteroscelus incanus* , Wandering Tattler *Heteroscelus brevipes* , Gray-tailed Tattler *Actitis hypoleucos* , Common Sandpiper *Actitis macularia* , Spotted Sandpiper *Xenus cinereus* , Terek Sandpiper *Bartramia longicauda* , Upland Sandpiper *Numenius minutus* , Little Curlew *Numenius borealis* , Eskimo Curlew *Numenius phaeopus* , Whimbrel *Numenius tahitiensis* , Bristle-thighed Curlew *Numenius madagascariensis* , Far Eastern Curlew *Numenius americanus* , Long-billed Curlew *Limosa limosa* , Black-tailed Godwit *Limosa haemastica* , Hudsonian Godwit *Limosa lapponica* , Bar-tailed Godwit *Limosa fedoa* , Marbled Godwit *Arenaria interpres* , Ruddy Turnstone *Arenaria melanocephala* , Black Turnstone *Aphriza virgata* , Surfbird *Calidris tenuirostris* , Great Knot *Calidris canutus* , Red Knot *Calidris alba* , Sanderling *Calidris pusilla* , Semipalmated Sandpiper *Calidris mauri* , Western Sandpiper *Calidris ruficollis* , Red-necked Stint *Calidris minuta* , Little Stint *Calidris temminckii* , Temminck's Stint *Calidris subminuta* , Long-toed Stint *Calidris minutilla* , Least Sandpiper *Calidris fuscicollis* , White-rumped Sandpiper *Calidris bairdii* , Baird's Sandpiper *Calidris melanotos* , Pectoral Sandpiper *Calidris acuminata* , Sharp-tailed Sandpiper *Calidris maritima* , Purple Sandpiper *Calidris ptilocnemis* , Rock Sandpiper *Calidris alpina* , Dunlin *Calidris ferruginea* , Curlew Sandpiper *Calidris himantopus* , Stilt Sandpiper *Eurynorhynchus pygmeus* , Spoonbill Sandpiper *Limicola falcinellus* , Broad-billed Sandpiper *Tryngites subruficollis* , Buff-breasted Sandpiper *Philomachus pugnax* , Ruff *Limnodromus griseus* , Short-billed Dowitcher *Limnodromus scolopaceus* , Long-billed Dowitcher *Lymnocryptes minimus* , Jack Snipe *Gallinago gallinago* , Common Snipe *Gallinago stenura* , Pin-tailed Snipe *Gallinago megala* , Swinhoe's Snipe *Scolopax rusticola* , Eurasian Woodcock *Scolopax minor* , American Woodcock Phalaropodinae *Phalaropus tricolor* , Wilson's Phalarope *Phalaropus lobatus* , Red-necked Phalarope *Phalaropus fulicaria* , Red Phalarope Family LARIDAE Subfamily Stercorariinae *Stercorarius skua* , Great Skua *Stercorarius maccormicki* , South Polar Skua *Stercorarius pomarinus* , Pomarine Jaeger *Stercorarius parasiticus* , Parasitic Jaeger *Stercorarius longicaudus* , Long-tailed Jaeger Subfamily Larinae *Larus atricilla* , Laughing Gull *Larus pipixcan* , Franklin's Gull *Larus minutus* , Little Gull *Larus ridibundus* , Black-headed Gull *Larus philadelphia* , Bonaparte's Gull *Larus heermanni* , Heermann's Gull *Larus crassirostris* , Black-tailed Gull *Larus canus* , Mew Gull *Larus delawarensis* , Ring-billed Gull *Larus californicus* , California Gull *Larus argentatus* , Herring Gull *Larus thayeri* , Thayer's Gull *Larus glaucoides* , Iceland Gull *Larus fuscus* , Lesser Black-backed Gull *Larus schistisagus* , Slaty-backed Gull *Larus livens* , Yellow-footed Gull *Larus occidentalis* , Western Gull *Larus glaucescens* , Glaucous-winged Gull *Larus hyperboreus* , Glaucous Gull *Larus marinus* , Great Black-backed Gull *Xema sabini* , Sabine's Gull *Rissa tridactyla* , Black-legged Kittiwake *Rissa brevirostris* , Red-legged Kittiwake *Rhodostethia rosea* , Ross's Gull *Pagophila eburnea* , Ivory Gull Subfamily Sterninae *Sterna nilotica* , Gull-billed Tern *Sterna caspia* , Caspian Tern *Sterna maxima* , Royal Tern *Sterna elegans* , Elegant Tern *Sterna sandvicensis* , Sandwich Tern *Sterna dougallii* , Roseate Tern *Sterna hirundo* , Common Tern *Sterna paradisaea* , Arctic Tern *Sterna forsteri* , Forster's Tern *Sterna albifrons* , Little Tern *Sterna antillarum* , Least Tern *Sterna sumatrana* , Black-naped Tern *Sterna aleutica* , Aleutian Tern *Sterna lunata* , Gray-backed Tern *Sterna anaethetus* , Bridled Tern *Sterna fuscata* , Sooty Tern *Chlidonias leucopterus* , White-winged Tern *Chlidonias niger* , Black Tern *Anous stolidus* , Brown Noddy *Anous minutus* , Black Noddy *Anous tenuirostris* , Lesser Noddy *Procelsterna cerulea* , Blue-gray Noddy *Gygis alba* , White Tern Subfamily Rynchopinae *Rynchops niger* , Black Skimmer Family ALCIDAE *Alle alle* , Dovekie *Uria aalge* , Common Murre *Uria lomvia* , Thick-billed Murre *Alca torda* , Razorbill *Cepphus grylle* , Black Guillemot *Cepphus columba* , Pigeon Guillemot *Brachyramphus marmoratus* , Marbled Murrelet *Brachyramphus brevirostris* , Kittlitz's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus hypoleucus,* Xantus's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus craveri* , Craveri's Murrelet *Synthliboramphus antiquus* , Ancient Murrelet *Ptychoramphus aleuticus* , Cassin's Auklet *Aethia psittacula* , Parakeet Auklet *Aethia pusilla* , Least Auklet *Aethia pygmaea* , Whiskered Auklet *Aethia cristatella* , Crested Auklet *Cerorhinca monocerata* , Rhinoceros Auklet *Fratercula arctica* , Atlantic Puffin *Fratercula corniculata* , Horned Puffin *Fratercula cirrhata* , Tufted Puffin Order COLUMBIFORMES Family COLUMBIDAE *Columba squamosa* , Scaly-naped Pigeon *Columba leucocephala* , White-crowned Pigeon *Columba flavirostris* , Red-billed Pigeon *Columba inornata* , Plain Pigeon *Columba fasciata* , Band-tailed Pigeon *Zenaida asiatica* , White-winged Dove *Zenaida aurita* , Zenaida Dove *Zenaida macroura* , Mourning Dove *Columbina inca* , Inca Dove *Columbina passerina* , Common Ground-Dove *Columbina talpacoti* , Ruddy Ground-Dove *Leptotila verreauxi* , White-tipped Dove *Geotrygon chrysia* , Key West Quail-Dove *Geotrygon mystacea* , Bridled Quail-Dove *Geotrygon montana* , Ruddy Quail-Dove Order CUCULIFORMES Family CUCULIDAE Subfamily Cuculinae *Cuculus canorus* , Common Cuckoo *Cuculus saturatus* , Oriental Cuckoo *Cuculus fugax* , Hodgson's Hawk-Cuckoo Subfamily Coccyzinae *Coccyzus erythropthalmus* , Black-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus americanus* , Yellow-billed Cuckoo *Coccyzus minor* , Mangrove Cuckoo *Saurothera vieilloti* , Puerto Rican Lizard-Cuckoo Subfamily Neomorphinae *Geococcyx californianus* , Greater Roadrunner Subfamily Crotophaginae *Crotophaga ani* , Smooth-billed Ani *Crotophaga sulcirostris* , Groove-billed Ani Order STRIGIFORMES Family TYTONIDAE *Tyto alba* , Barn Owl Family STRIGIDAE *Otus flammeolus* , Flammulated Owl *Otus kennicottii* , Western Screech-Owl *Otus asio* , Eastern Screech-Owl *Otus trichopsis* , Whiskered Screech-Owl *Otus nudipes* , Puerto Rican Screech-Owl *Bubo virginianus* , Great Horned Owl *Nyctea scandiaca* , Snowy Owl *Surnia ulula* , Northern Hawk Owl *Glaucidium gnoma* , Northern Pygmy-Owl *Glaucidium brasilianum* , Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl *Micrathene whitneyi* , Elf Owl *Athene cunicularia* , Burrowing Owl *Strix occidentalis* , Spotted Owl *Strix varia* , Barred Owl *Strix nebulosa* , Great Gray Owl *Asio otus* , Long-eared Owl *Asio flammeus* , Short-eared Owl *Aegolius funereus* , Boreal Owl *Aegolius acadicus* , Northern Saw-whet Owl Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES Family CAPRIMULGIDAE Subfamily Chordeilinae *Chordeiles acutipennis* , Lesser Nighthawk *Chordeiles minor* , Common Nighthawk *Chordeiles gundlachii* , Antillean Nighthawk Subfamily Capimulginae *Nyctidromus albicollis* , Common Pauraque *Phalaenoptilus nuttallii* , Common Poorwill *Caprimulgus carolinensis* , Chuck-will's-widow *Caprimulgus ridgwayi* , Buff-collared Nightjar *Caprimulgus vociferus* , Whip-poor-will *Caprimulgus noctitherus* , Puerto Rican Nightjar *Caprimulgus indicus* , Jungle Nightjar Order APODIFORMES Family APODIDAE Subfamily Cypseloidinae *Crypseloides niger* , Black Swift *Streptoprocne zonaris* , White-collared Swift Subfamily Chaeturinae *Chaetura pelagica* , Chimney Swift *Chaetura vauxi* , Vaux's Swift *Hirundapus caudacutus* , White-throated Needletail Subfamily Apodinae *Apus apus* , Common Swift *Apus pacificus* , Fork-tailed Swift *Aeronautes saxatalis* , White-throated Swift *Tachornis phoenicobia* , Antillean Palm-Swift Family TROCHILIDAE Subfamily Trochilinae *Colibri thalassinus* , Green Violet-ear *Anthracothorax dominicus* , Antillean Mango *Anthracothorax viridis* , Green Mango *Eulampis holosericeus* , Green-throated Carib *Orthorhynchus cristatus* , Antillean Crested Hummingbird *Chlorostilbon maugaeus* , Puerto Rican Emerald *Cynanthus latirostris* , Broad-billed Hummingbird *Hylocharis leucotis* , White-eared Hummingbird *Amazilia beryllina* , Berylline Hummingbird *Amazilia yucatanensis* , Buff-bellied Hummingbird *Amazilia violiceps* , Violet-crowned Hummingbird *Lampornis clemenciae* , Blue-throated Hummingbird *Eugenes fulgens* , Magnificent Hummingbird *Heliomaster constantii* , Plain-capped Starthroat *Calliphlox evelynae* , Bahama Woodstar *Calothorax lucifer* , Lucifer Hummingbird *Archilochus colubris* , Ruby-throated Hummingbird *Archilochus alexandri* , Black-chinned Hummingbird *Calypte anna* , Anna's Hummingbird *Calypte costae* , Costa's Hummingbird *Stellula calliope* , Calliope Hummingbird *Selasphorus platycercus* , Broad-tailed Hummingbird *Selasphorus rufus* , Rufous Hummingbird *Selasphorus sasin* , Allen's Hummingbird Order TROGONIFORMES Family TROGONIDAE Subfamily Trogoninae *Trogon elegans* , Elegant Trogon *Euptilotus neoxenus* , Eared Trogon Order UPUPIFORMES Family UPUPIDAE *Upupa epops* , Eurasian Hoopoe Order CORACIIFORMES Family ALCEDINIDAE Subfamily Cerylinae *Ceryle torquata* , Ringed Kingfisher *Ceryle alcyon* , Belted Kingfisher *Chloroceryle americana* , Green Kingfisher Order PICIFORMES Family PICIDAE Subfamily Jynginae *Jynx torquilla* , Eurasian Wryneck Subfamily Picinae *Melanerpes lewis* , Lewis's Woodpecker *Melanerpes portoricensis* , Puerto Rican Woodpecker *Melanerpes erythrocephalus* , Red-headed Woodpecker *Melanerpes formicivorus* , Acorn Woodpecker *Melanerpes uropygialis* , Gila Woodpecker *Melanerpes aurifrons* , Golden-fronted Woodpecker *Melanerpes carolinus* , Red-bellied Woodpecker *Sphyrapicus thyroideus* , Williamson's Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus varius* , Yellow-bellied Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus nuchalis* , Red-naped Sapsucker *Sphyrapicus ruber* , Red-breasted Sapsucker *Picoides scalaris* , Ladder-backed Woodpecker *Picoides nuttallii* , Nuttall's Woodpecker *Picoides pubescens* , Downy Woodpecker *Picoides villosus* , Hairy Woodpecker *Picoides arizonae* , Arizona Woodpecker *Picoides stricklandi* , Strickland's Woodpecker *Picoides borealis* , Red-cockaded Woodpecker *Picoides albolarvatus* , White-headed Woodpecker *Picoides tridactylus* , Three-toed Woodpecker *Picoides arcticus* , Black-backed Woodpecker *Colaptes auratus* , Northern Flicker *Colaptes chrysoides* , Gilded Flicker *Dryocopus pileatus* , Pileated Woodpecker *Campephilus principalis* , Ivory-billed Woodpecker Order PASSERIFORMES Family TYRANNIDAE Subfamily Elaeniinae *Camptostoma imberbe* , Northern Beardless-Tyrannulet *Elaenia martinica* , Caribbean Elaenia Subfamily Fluvicolinae *Contopus cooperi* , Olive-sided Flycatcher *Contopus pertinax* , Greater Pewee *Contopus sordidulus,* Western Wood-Pewee *Contopus virens,* Eastern Wood-Pewee *Contopus latirostris,* Lesser Antillean Pewee *Empidonax flaviventris,* Yellow-bellied Flycatcher *Empidonax virescens,* Acadian Flycatcher *Empidonax alnorum,* Alder Flycatcher *Empidonax traillii,* Willow Flycatcher *Empidonax minimus,* Least Flycatcher *Empidonax hammondii,* Hammond's Flycatcher *Empidonax wrightii,* Gray Flycatcher *Empidonax oberholseri,* Dusky Flycatcher *Empidonax difficilis,* Pacific-slope Flycatcher *Empidonax occidentalis,* Cordilleran Flycatcher *Empidonax fulvifrons,* Buff-breasted Flycatcher *Sayornis nigricans,* Black Phoebe *Sayornis phoebe,* Eastern Phoebe *Sayornis saya,* Say's Phoebe *Pyrocephalus rubinus,* Vermilion Flycatcher Subfamily Tyranninae *Myiarchus tuberculifer,* Dusky-capped Flycatcher *Myiarchus cinerascens,* Ash-throated Flycatcher *Myiarchus nuttingi,* Nutting's Flycatcher *Myiarchus crinitus,* Great Crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus tyrannulus,* Brown-crested Flycatcher *Myiarchus antillarum,* Puerto Rican Flycatcher *Pitangus sulphuratus,* Great Kiskadee *Myiodynastes luteiventris,* Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher *Tyrannus melancholicus,* Tropical Kingbird *Tyrannus couchii,* Couch's Kingbird *Tyrannus vociferans,* Cassin's Kingbird *Tyrannus crassirostris,* Thick-billed Kingbird *Tyrannus verticalis,* Western Kingbird *Tyrannus tyrannus,* Eastern Kingbird *Tyrannus dominicensis,* Gray Kingbird *Tyrannus caudifasciatus,* Loggerhead Kingbird *Tyrannus forficatus,* Scissor-tailed Flycatcher *Tyrannus savana,* Fork-tailed Flycatcher *Pachyramphus aglaiae,* Rose-throated Becard Family LANIIDAE *Lanius ludovicianus,* Loggerhead Shrike *Lanius excubitor,* Northern Shrike Family VIREONIDAE *Vireo griseus,* White-eyed Vireo *Vireo latimeri,* Puerto Rican Vireo *Vireo bellii,* Bell's Vireo *Vireo atricapillus,* Black-capped Vireo *Vireo vicinior,* Gray Vireo *Vireo flavifrons,* Yellow-throated Vireo *Vireo plumbeus,* Plumbeous Vireo *Vireo cassinii,* Cassin's Vireo *Vireo solitarius,* Blue-headed Vireo *Vireo huttoni,* Hutton's Vireo *Vireo gilvus,* Warbling Vireo *Vireo philadelphicus,* Philadelphia Vireo *Vireo olivaceus,* Red-eyed Vireo *Vireo flavoviridis,* Yellow-green Vireo *Vireo altiloquus,* Black-whiskered Vireo Family CORVIDAE *Perisoreus canadensis,* Gray Jay *Cyanocitta stelleri,* Steller's Jay *Cyanocitta cristata,* Blue Jay *Cyanocorax yncas,* Green Jay *Cyanocorax morio,* Brown Jay *Aphelocoma coerulescens,* Florida Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma insularis,* Island Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma californica,* Western Scrub-Jay *Aphelocoma ultramarina,* Mexican Jay *Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus,* Pinyon Jay *Nucifraga columbiana,* Clark's Nutcracker *Pica hudsonia,* Black-billed Magpie *Pica nuttalli,* Yellow-billed Magpie *Corvus brachyrhynchos,* American Crow *Corvus caurinus,* Northwestern Crow *Corvus leucognaphalus,* White-necked Crow *Corvus imparatus,* Tamaulipas Crow *Corvus ossifragus,* Fish Crow *Corvus hawaiiensis,* Hawaiian Crow *Corvus cryptoleucus,* Chihuahuan Raven *Corvus corax,* Common Raven Family ALAUDIDAE *Alauda arvensis,* Sky Lark *Eremophila alpestris,* Horned Lark Family HIRUNDINIDAE Subfamily Hirundininae *Progne subis,* Purple Martin *Progne cryptoleuca,* Cuban Martin *Progne dominicensis,* Caribbean Martin *Progne chalybea,* Gray-breasted Martin *Tachycineta bicolor,* Tree Swallow *Tachycineta thalassina,* Violet-green Swallow *Tachycineta cyaneoviridis,* Bahama Swallow *Stelgidopteryx serripennis,* Northern Rough-winged Swallow Riparia riparia, Bank Swallow *Petrochelidon pyrrhonota,* Cliff Swallow *Petrochelidon fulva,* Cave Swallow *Hirundo rustica,* Barn Swallow *Delichon urbica,* Common House-Martin Family PARIDAE *Poecile carolinensis,* Carolina Chickadee *Poecile atricapilla,* Black-capped Chickadee *Poecile gambeli,* Mountain Chickadee *Poecile sclateri,* Mexican Chickadee *Poecile rufescens,* Chestnut-backed Chickadee *Poecile hudsonica,* Boreal Chickadee *Poecile cincta,* Gray-headed Chickadee *Baeolophus wollweberi,* Bridled Titmouse *Baeolophus inornatus,* Oak Titmouse *Baeolophus ridgwayi,* Juniper Titmouse *Baeolophus bicolor,* Tufted Titmouse Family REMIZIDAE *Auriparus flaviceps,* Verdin Family AEGITHALIDAE *Psaltriparus minimus,* Bushtit Family SITTIDAE Subfamily Sittinae *Sitta canadensis,* Red-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta carolinensis,* White-breasted Nuthatch *Sitta pygmaea,* Pygmy Nuthatch *Sitta pusilla,* Brown-headed Nuthatch Family CERTHIIDAE Subfamily Certhiinae *Certhia americana,* Brown Creeper Family TROGLODYTIDAE *Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus,* Cactus Wren *Salpinctes obsoletus,* Rock Wren *Catherpes mexicanus,* Canyon Wren *Thryothorus ludovicianus,* Carolina Wren *Thryothorus bewickii,* Bewick's Wren *Troglodytes aedon,* House Wren *Troglodytes troglodytes,* Winter Wren *Cistothorus platensis,* Sedge Wren *Cistothorus palustris,* Marsh Wren Family CINCLIDAE *Cinclus mexicanus,* American Dipper Family REGULIDAE *Regulus satrapa,* Golden-crowned Kinglet *Regulus calendula,* Ruby-crowned Kinglet Family SYLVIIDAE Subfamily Sylviinae *Locustella ochotensis,* Middendorff's Grasshopper-Warbler *Acrocephalus familiaris,* Millerbird *Phylloscopus borealis,* Arctic Warbler *Phylloscopus trochilus,* Willow Warbler Subfamily Polioptilinae *Polioptila caerulea,* Blue-gray Gnatcatcher *Polioptila californica,* California Gnatcatcher *Polioptila melanura,* Black-tailed Gnatcatcher *Polioptila nigriceps,* Black-capped Gnatcatcher Family MUSCICAPIDAE *Muscicapa narcissina,* Narcissus Flycatcher *Muscicapa griseisticta,* Gray-spotted Flycatcher Family TURDIDAE *Luscinia calliope,* Siberian Rubythroat *Luscinia svecica,* Bluethroat *Monticola solitarius,* Blue Rock Thrush *Oenanthe oenanthe,* Northern Wheatear *Sialia sialis,* Eastern Bluebird *Sialia mexicana,* Western Bluebird *Sialia currucoides,* Mountain Bluebird *Myadestes townsendi,* Townsend's Solitaire *Myadestes myadestinus,* Kamao *Myadestes lanaiensis,* Olomao *Myadestes obscurus,* Omao *Myadestes palmeri,* Puaiohi *Catharus fuscescens,* Veery *Catharus minimus,* Gray-cheeked Thrush *Catharus bicknelli,* Bicknell's Thrush *Catharus ustulatus,* Swainson's Thrush *Catharus guttatus,* Hermit Thrush *Hylocichla mustelina,* Wood Thrush *Turdus obscurus,* Eyebrowed Thrush *Turdus naumanni,* Dusky Thrush *Turdus pilaris,* Fieldfare *Turdus grayi,* Clay-colored Robin *Turdus rufopalliatus,* Rufous-backed Robin *Turdus migratorius,* American Robin *Turdus plumbeus,* Red-legged Thrush *Ixoreus naevius,* Varied Thrush *Ridgwayia pinicola,* Aztec Thrush Family MIMIDAE *Dumetella carolinensis,* Gray Catbird *Mimus polyglottos,* Northern Mockingbird *Oreoscoptes montanus,* Sage Thrasher *Toxostoma rufum,* Brown Thrasher *Toxostoma longirostre,* Long-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma bendirei,* Bendire's Thrasher *Toxostoma curvirostre,* Curve-billed Thrasher *Toxostoma redivivum,* California Thrasher *Toxostoma crissale,* Crissal Thrasher *Toxostoma lecontei,* Le Conte's Thrasher *Margarops fuscatus,* Pearly-eyed Thrasher Family STURNIDAE *Sturnus philippensis,* Chestnut-cheeked Starling *Sturnus cineraceus,* White-cheeked Starling Family PRUNELLIDAE *Prunella montanella,* Siberian Accentor Family MOTACILLIDAE *Motacilla flava,* Yellow Wagtail *Motacilla cinerea,* Gray Wagtail *Motacilla alba,* White Wagtail *Motacilla lugens,* Black-backed Wagtail *Anthus hodgsoni,* Olive-backed Pipit *Anthus gustavi,* Pechora Pipit *Anthus cervinus,* Red-throated Pipit *Anthus rubescens,* American Pipit *Anthus spragueii,* Sprague's Pipit Family BOMBYCILLIDAE *Bombycilla garrulus,* Bohemian Waxwing *Bombycilla cedrorum,* Cedar Waxwing Family PTILOGONATIDAE *Phainopepla nitens,* Phainopepla Family PEUCEDRAMIDAE *Peucedramus taeniatus,* Olive Warbler Family PARULIDAE *Vermivora bachmanii,* Bachman's Warbler *Vermivora pinus,* Blue-winged Warbler *Vermivora chrysoptera,* Golden-winged Warbler *Vermivora peregrina,* Tennessee Warbler *Vermivora celata,* Orange-crowned Warbler *Vermivora ruficapilla,* Nashville Warbler *Vermivora virginiae,* Virginia's Warbler *Vermivora crissalis,* Colima Warbler *Vermivora luciae,* Lucy's Warbler *Parula americana,* Northern Parula *Parula pitiayumi,* Tropical Parula *Dendroica petechia,* Yellow Warbler *Dendroica pensylvanica,* Chestnut-sided Warbler *Dendroica magnolia,* Magnolia Warbler *Dendroica tigrina,* Cape May Warbler *Dendroica caerulescens,* Black-throated Blue Warbler *Dendroica coronata,* Yellow-rumped Warbler *Dendroica nigrescens,* Black-throated Gray Warbler *Dendroica chrysoparia,* Golden-cheeked Warbler *Dendroica virens,* Black-throated Green Warbler *Dendroica townsendi,* Townsend's Warbler *Dendroica occidentalis,* Hermit Warbler *Dendroica fusca,* Blackburnian Warbler *Dendroica dominica,* Yellow-throated Warbler *Dendroica graciae,* Grace's Warbler *Dendroica adelaidae,* Adelaide's Warbler *Dendroica pinus,* Pine Warbler *Dendroica kirtlandii,* Kirtland's Warbler *Dendroica discolor,* Prairie Warbler *Dendroica palmarum,* Palm Warbler *Dendroica castanea,* Bay-breasted Warbler *Dendroica striata,* Blackpoll Warbler *Dendroica cerulea,* Cerulean Warbler *Dendroica angelae,* Elfin-woods Warbler *Mniotilta varia,* Black-and-white Warbler *Setophaga ruticilla,* American Redstart *Protonotaria citrea,* Prothonotary Warbler *Helmitheros vermivorus,* Worm-eating Warbler *Limnothlypis swainsonii,* Swainson's Warbler *Seiurus aurocapillus,* Ovenbird *Seiurus noveboracensis,* Northern Waterthrush *Seiurus motacilla,* Louisiana Waterthrush *Oporornis formosus,* Kentucky Warbler *Oporornis agilis,* Connecticut Warbler *Oporornis philadelphia,* Mourning Warbler *Oporornis tolmiei,* MacGillivray's Warbler *Geothlypis trichas,* Common Yellowthroat *Geothlypis poliocephala,* Gray-crowned Yellowthroat *Wilsonia citrina,* Hooded Warbler *Wilsonia pusilla,* Wilson's Warbler *Wilsonia canadensis,* Canada Warbler *Cardellina rubrifrons,* Red-faced Warbler *Myioborus pictus,* Painted Redstart *Myioborus miniatus,* Slate-throated Redstart *Basileuterus culicivorus,* Golden-crowned Warbler *Basileuterus rufifrons,* Rufous-capped Warbler *Icteria virens,* Yellow-breasted Chat Family THRAUPIDAE *Neospingus speculiferus,* Puerto Rican Tanager *Piranga flava,* Hepatic Tanager *Piranga rubra,* Summer Tanager *Piranga olivacea,* Scarlet Tanager *Piranga ludoviciana,* Western Tanager *Piranga bidentata,* Flame-colored Tanager *Spindalis portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Spindalis *Euphonia musica,* Antillean Euphonia Family EMBERIZIDAE *Sporophila torqueola,* White-collared Seedeater *Tiaris olivacea,* Yellow-faced Grassquit *Tiaris bicolor,* Black-faced Grassquit *Loxigilla portoricensis,* Puerto Rican Bullfinch *Arremonops rufivirgatus,* Olive Sparrow *Pipilo chlorurus,* Green-tailed Towhee *Pipilo maculatus,* Spotted Towhee *Pipilo erythrophthalmus,* Eastern Towhee *Pipilo fuscus,* Canyon Towhee *Pipilo crissalis,* California Towhee *Pipilo aberti,* Abert's Towhee *Aimophila carpalis,* Rufous-winged Sparrow *Aimophila cassinii,* Cassin's Sparrow *Aimophila aestivalis,* Bachman's Sparrow *Aimophila botterii,* Botteri's Sparrow *Aimophila ruficeps,* Rufous-crowned Sparrow *Aimophila quinquestriata,* Five-striped Sparrow *Spizella arborea,* American Tree Sparrow *Spizella passerina,* Chipping Sparrow *Spizella pallida,* Clay-colored Sparrow *Spizella breweri,* Brewer's Sparrow *Spizella pusilla,* Field Sparrow *Spizella wortheni,* Worthen's Sparrow *Spizella atrogularis,* Black-chinned Sparrow *Pooecetes gramineus,* Vesper Sparrow *Chondestes grammacus,* Lark Sparrow *Amphispiza bilineata,* Black-throated Sparrow *Amphispiza belli,* Sage Sparrow *Calamospiza melanocorys,* Lark Bunting *Passerculus sandwichensis,* Savannah Sparrow *Ammodramus savannarum,* Grasshopper Sparrow *Ammodramus bairdii,* Baird's Sparrow *Ammodramus henslowii,* Henslow's Sparrow *Ammodramus leconteii,* Le Conte's Sparrow *Ammodramus nelsoni,* Nelson's Sharp-tailed Sparrow *Ammodramus caudacutus,* Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed Sparrow *Ammodramus maritimus,* Seaside Sparrow *Passerella iliaca,* Fox Sparrow *Melospiza melodia,* Song Sparrow *Melospiza lincolnii,* Lincoln's Sparrow *Melospiza georgiana,* Swamp Sparrow *Zonotrichia albicollis,* White-throated Sparrow *Zonotrichia querula,* Harris's Sparrow *Zonotrichia leucophrys,* White-crowned Sparrow *Zonotrichia atricapilla,* Golden-crowned Sparrow *Junco hyemalis,* Dark-eyed Junco *Junco phaeonotus,* Yellow-eyed Junco *Calcarius mccownii,* McCown's Longspur *Calcarius lapponicus,* Lapland Longspur *Calcarius pictus,* Smith's Longspur *Calcarius ornatus,* Chestnut-collared Longspur *Emberiza rustica,* Rustic Bunting *Emberiza pallasi,* Pallas's Bunting *Emberiza schoeniculus,* Reed Bunting *Plectrophenax nivalis,* Snow Bunting *Plectrophenax hyperboreus,* McKay's Bunting Family CARDINALIDAE *Rhodothraupis celaeno,* Crimson-collared Grosbeak *Cardinalis cardinalis,* Northern Cardinal *Cardinalis sinuatus,* Pyrrhuloxia *Pheucticus chrysopeplus,* Yellow Grosbeak *Pheucticus ludovicianus,* Rose-breasted Grosbeak *Pheucticus malanocephalus,* Black-headed Grosbeak *Guiraca caerulea,* Blue Grosbeak *Passerina amoena,* Lazuli Bunting *Passerina cyanea,* Indigo Bunting *Passerina versicolor,* Varied Bunting *Passerina ciris,* Painted Bunting *Spiza americana,* Dickcissel Family ICTERIDAE *Dolichonyx oryzivorus,* Bobolink *Agelaius phoeniceus,* Red-winged Blackbird *Agelaius tricolor,* Tricolored Blackbird *Agelaius humeralis,* Tawny-shouldered Blackbird *Agelaius xanthomus,* Yellow-shouldered Blackbird *Sturnella magna,* Eastern Meadowlark *Sturnella neglecta,* Western Meadowlark *Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus,* Yellow-headed Blackbird *Euphagus carolinus,* Rusty Blackbird *Euphagus cyanocephalus,* Brewer's Blackbird *Quiscalus quiscula,* Common Grackle *Quiscalus major,* Boat-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus mexicanus,* Great-tailed Grackle *Quiscalus niger,* Greater Antillean Grackle *Molothrus bonariensis,* Shiny Cowbird *Molothrus aeneus,* Bronzed Cowbird *Molothrus ater,* Brown-headed Cowbird *Icterus wagleri,* Black-vented Oriole *Icterus dominicensis,* Greater Antillean Oriole *Icterus spurius,* Orchard Oriole *Icterus cucullatus,* Hooded Oriole *Icterus pustulatus,* Streak-backed Oriole *Icterus bullockii,* Bullock's Oriole *Icterus gularis,* Altamira Oriole *Icterus graduacauda,* Audubon's Oriole *Icterus galbula,* Baltimore Oriole *Icterus parisorum,* Scott's Oriole Family FRINGILLIDAE Subfamily Fringillinae *Fringilla montifringilla,* Brambling SubFamily Carduelinae *Leucosticte tephrocotis,* Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte atrata,* Black Rosy-Finch *Leucosticte australis,* Brown-capped Rosy-Finch *Pinicola enucleator,* Pine Grosbeak *Carpodacus erythrinus,* Common Rosefinch *Carpodacus purpureus,* Purple Finch *Carpodacus cassinii,* Cassin's Finch *Carpodacus mexicanus,* House Finch *Loxia curvirostra,* Red Crossbill *Loxia leucoptera,* White-winged Crossbill *Carduelis flammea,* Common Redpoll *Carduelis hornemanni,* Hoary Redpoll *Carduelis pinus,* Pine Siskin *Carduelis psaltria,* Lesser Goldfinch *Carduelis lawrencei,* Lawrence's Goldfinch *Carduelis tristis,* American Goldfinch *Carduelis sinica,* Oriental Greenfinch *Pyrrhula pyrrhula,* Eurasian Bullfinch *Coccothraustes vespertinus,* Evening Grosbeak *Coccothraustes coccothraustes,* Hawfinch Dated: September 19, 2001. Joseph E. Doddridge, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks. [FR Doc. 01-25525 Filed 10-11-01; 8:45 am]
Connectionstraces to 15
Traces to 15 documents
U.S. Code
12 references not yet in our index
  • 50 CFR 10
  • 16 USC 703-711
  • 39 Stat. 1702
  • 50 Stat. 1311
  • 92 Stat. 3110
  • 16 USC 703-712
  • 50 CFR 10.13
  • 50 CFR 17.11
  • 16 USC 1531-1543
  • 16 USC 1361-1384
  • 16 USC 742a-742j
  • 16 USC 3371-3378
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U.S.C.§ 601
Fed. Reg.Notices
U.S.C.§ 804
U.S.C.§ 3501
U.S.C.§ 1502
Fed. Reg.Proposed Rules
Cite50 CFR 10
Cite16 USC 703-711
Stat.39 Stat. 1702
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