Sec. 4. Basic energy sciences
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The Director shall carry out a program in basic energy sciences, including materials sciences and engineering, chemical sciences, physical biosciences, and geosciences, for the purpose of providing the scientific foundations for new energy technologies. The mission of the program described in subsection
(a)shall be to support fundamental research to understand, predict, and ultimately control matter and energy at the electronic, atomic, and molecular levels in order to provide the foundations for new energy technologies and to support Department missions in energy, environment, and national security. The Director shall carry out a program for the development, construction, operation, and maintenance of national user facilities. To the maximum extent practicable, the national user facilities developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under paragraph
(1)shall serve the needs of the Department, industry, the academic community, and other relevant entities to create and examine materials and chemical processes for the purpose of improving the competitiveness of the United States. The national user facilities developed, constructed, operated, or maintained under paragraph
(1)shall include— x-ray light sources; neutron sources; nanoscale science research centers; and such other facilities as the Director considers appropriate, consistent with section 209 of the Department of Energy Organization Act ( 42 U.S.C. 7139 ). The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Photon Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled Report on Facility Upgrades , including the development of a multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the hard x-ray energy region and a suite of beamlines optimized for this source. In this paragraph: The term flux means the rate of flow of photons. The term hard x-ray means a photon with energy greater than 20 kiloelectron volts. The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2025. Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic Energy Sciences, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph— $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; and $130,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. The Secretary shall provide for a proton power upgrade to the Spallation Neutron Source. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term proton power upgrade means the Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade described in— the publication of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy titled Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook , published December 2003; the publication of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy titled Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook , published August 2007; and the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled Report on Facility Upgrades . The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2025. Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic Energy Sciences, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph— $36,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; and $60,800,000 for fiscal year 2019. The Secretary shall provide for a second target station for the Spallation Neutron Source. For the purposes of this paragraph, the term second target station means the Spallation Neutron Source second target station described in— the publication of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy titled Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook , published December 2003; the publication of the Office of Science of the Department of Energy titled Four Years Later: An Interim Report on Facilities for the Future of Science: A Twenty-Year Outlook , published August 2007; and the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled Report on Facility Upgrades . The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the second target station under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2030, with the option for early operation in 2028. Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic Energy Sciences, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out activities, including construction, under this paragraph— $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Advanced Light Source described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled Report on Facility Upgrades , including the development of a multi-bend achromat lattice to produce a high flux of coherent x-rays within the soft x-ray energy region. In this paragraph: The term flux means the rate of flow of photons. The term soft x-ray means a photon with energy in the range from 50 to 2,000 electron volts. The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2026. Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic Energy Sciences, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph— $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; and $50,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. The Secretary shall provide for the upgrade to the Linac Coherent Light Source II facility described in the publication approved by the Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee on June 9, 2016, titled Report on Facility Upgrades , including the development of experimental capabilities for high energy x-rays to reveal fundamental scientific discoveries. The Secretary shall ensure the upgrade under this paragraph enables the production and use of high energy, ultra-short pulse x-rays delivered at a high repetition rate. In this paragraph: The term a high energy x-ray means a photon with an energy at or exceeding 12 kiloelectron volts. The term high repetition rate means the delivery of x-ray pulses up to one million pulses per second. The term ultra-short pulse x-rays means x-ray bursts capable of durations of less than one hundred femtoseconds. The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, ensure that the start of full operations of the upgrade under this paragraph occurs before December 31, 2025. Out of funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 for Basic Energy Sciences, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out the upgrade under this paragraph— $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2018; and $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2019. The Director shall carry out research and development on advanced accelerator and storage ring technologies relevant to the development of Basic Energy Sciences user facilities, in consultation with the Office of Science’s High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics programs. Section 973 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16313 ) is amended to read as follows: The Secretary shall carry out a research initiative, to be known as the Solar Fuels Research Initiative (referred to in this section as the Initiative ) to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge of photochemistry, electrochemistry, biochemistry, and materials science useful for the practical development of experimental systems to convert solar energy to chemical energy. In carrying out programs and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from— the Basic Energy Sciences Program and the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Office of Science; and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. In carrying out the Initiative, the Secretary shall organize activities among multidisciplinary teams to leverage, to the maximum extent practicable, expertise from the National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and the private sector. The multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph
(A)shall pursue aggressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. The Secretary shall provide sufficient resources to the multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph
(A)to achieve the goals described in subparagraph
(B)over a period of time to be determined by the Secretary. The Secretary may organize additional activities under this subsection through Energy Frontier Research Centers, Energy Innovation Hubs, or other organizational structures. The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research needed to bridge scientific barriers to, and discover knowledge relevant to, artificial photosynthetic systems. As part of the program described in paragraph (1)— the Director of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences shall support basic research to pursue distinct lines of scientific inquiry, including— photoinduced production of hydrogen and oxygen from water; and the sustainable photoinduced reduction of carbon dioxide to fuel products including hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbon monoxide, and natural gas; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph
(1)to determine the achievement of technical milestones. From within funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 of the Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 2018 , for Basic Energy Sciences, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2019. No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph
(1)may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy technology. The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research needed to replicate natural photosynthetic processes by use of artificial photosynthetic components and materials. As part of the program described in paragraph (1)— the Director of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences shall support basic research to expand fundamental knowledge to replicate natural synthesis processes, including— the photoinduced reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia; the absorption of carbon dioxide from ambient air; molecular-based charge separation and storage; photoinitiated electron transfer; and catalysis in biological or biomimetic systems; the Associate Director of Biological and Environmental Research shall support systems biology and genomics approaches to understand genetic and physiological pathways connected to photosynthetic mechanisms; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph
(1)to determine the achievement of technical milestones. From within funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 of the Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 2018 , for Basic Energy Sciences and Biological and Environmental Research, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2019. No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph
(1)may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy technology. . The table of contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by striking the item relating to section 973 and inserting the following: Sec. 973. Solar fuels research initiative. . Section 975 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 ( 42 U.S.C. 16315 ) is amended to read as follows: The Secretary shall carry out a research initiative, to be known as the Electricity Storage Research Initiative (referred to in this section as the Initiative )— to expand theoretical and fundamental knowledge to control, store, and convert— electrical energy to chemical energy; and chemical energy to electrical energy; and to support scientific inquiry into the practical understanding of chemical and physical processes that occur within systems involving crystalline and amorphous solids, polymers, and organic and aqueous liquids. In carrying out programs and activities under the Initiative, the Secretary shall leverage expertise and resources from— the Basic Energy Sciences Program, the Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program, and the Biological and Environmental Research Program of the Office of Science; and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. In carrying out the Initiative, the Secretary shall organize activities among multidisciplinary teams to leverage, to the maximum extent practicable, expertise from the National Laboratories, institutions of higher education, and the private sector. The multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph
(A)shall pursue aggressive, milestone-driven, basic research goals. The Secretary shall provide sufficient resources to the multidisciplinary teams described in subparagraph
(A)to achieve the goals described in subparagraph
(B)over a period of time to be determined by the Secretary. The Secretary may organize additional activities under this subsection through Energy Frontier Research Centers, Energy Innovation Hubs, or other organizational structures. The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research needed to bridge scientific barriers to, and discover knowledge relevant to, multivalent ion materials in electric energy storage systems. As part of the program described in paragraph (1)— the Director of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences shall investigate electrochemical properties and the dynamics of materials, including charge transfer phenomena and mass transport in materials; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph
(1)to determine the achievement of technical milestones. From within funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 of the Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 2018 , for Basic Energy Sciences and Biological and Environmental Research, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2019. No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph
(1)may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy technology. The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research to model and simulate organic electrolytes, including the static and dynamic electrochemical behavior and phenomena of organic electrolytes at the molecular and atomic level in monovalent and multivalent systems. As part of the program described in paragraph (1)— the Director of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, in coordination with the Associate Director of Advanced Scientific Computing Research, shall support the development of high performance computational tools through a joint development process to maximize the effectiveness of current and projected high performance computing systems; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph
(1)to determine the achievement of technical milestones. From within funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 of the Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 2018 , for Basic Energy Sciences and Advanced Scientific Computing Research, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $30,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2019. No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph
(1)may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy technology. The Secretary shall carry out under the Initiative a program to support research needed to reveal electrochemistry in confined mesoscale spaces, including scientific discoveries relevant to— bio-electrochemistry and electrochemical energy conversion and storage in confined spaces; and the dynamics of the phenomena described in subparagraph (A). As part of the program described in paragraph (1)— the Director of the Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the Associate Director of Biological and Environmental Research shall investigate phenomena of mesoscale electrochemical confinement for the purpose of replicating and controlling new electrochemical behavior; and the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy shall support translational research, development, and validation of physical concepts developed under the program. The Secretary shall review activities carried out under the program described in paragraph
(1)to determine the achievement of technical milestones. From within funds authorized to be appropriated under section 11 of the Department of Energy Science and Innovation Act of 2018 , for Basic Energy Sciences and Biological and Environmental Research, the Secretary shall make available for carrying out activities under this subsection $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2019. No funds allocated to the program described in paragraph
(1)may be obligated or expended for commercial application of energy technology. . The table of contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 is amended by striking the item relating to section 975 and inserting the following: Sec. 975. Electricity storage research initiative. . The Director shall carry out a program to provide awards, on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis, to multi-institutional collaborations or other appropriate entities to conduct fundamental and use-inspired energy research to accelerate scientific breakthroughs. A collaboration receiving an award under this subsection may include multiple types of institutions and private sector entities. A collaboration under this subsection shall be selected for a period of 4 years. An Energy Frontier Research Center in existence and supported by the Director on the date of enactment of this Act may continue to receive support for a period of 4 years beginning on the date of establishment of that center. After the end of the period described in subparagraph
(A)or (B), as applicable, a recipient of an award may reapply for selection on a competitive, merit-reviewed basis. Consistent with the existing authorities of the Department, the Director may terminate an underperforming center for cause during the performance period. As part of the program in materials sciences and engineering, the Director shall support the development of a web-based platform to provide access to a database of computed information on known and predicted materials properties and computational tools to accelerate breakthroughs in materials discovery and design. In carrying out this section, the Director shall— conduct cooperative research with industry, academia, and other research institutions to facilitate the design of novel materials; leverage existing high performance computing systems to conduct high-throughput calculations, and develop computational and data mining algorithms for the prediction of material properties; advance understanding, prediction, and manipulation of materials; strengthen the foundation for new technologies and advanced manufacturing; and drive the development of advanced materials for applications that span the Department’s missions in energy, environment, and national security. In carrying out this section, the Director shall leverage programs and activities across the Department.
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