Sec. 102. Energy efficiency and renewable energy
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The Secretary of Energy shall establish direct air capture as a research priority of the Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office, with a focus on improved techniques for low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. The Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technologies Office shall carry out research relating to direct air capture under paragraph
(1)in coordination with the Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (referred to in this section as the Assistant Secretary ), shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in this paragraph. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to integrated catalyst reactor design optimized for carbon dioxide removal and utilization. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new, low-emissions sources of alkalinity for carbon mineralization. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities in clause
(i)in collaboration with the Director of the United States Geological Survey. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to design of air contactors for direct air capture with low pressure drop, high surface area, and high longevity. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to low-cost manufacturing of direct air capture components and materials. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. The Secretary of Energy shall establish terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal as a research objective in the biomass energy program of the Bioenergy Technologies Office. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Secretary of Energy shall seek to advance carbon dioxide removal approaches that generate net-negative emissions based on full lifecycle analysis. In carrying out the full lifecycle analysis described in paragraph (2), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall consider— the emissions impacts of biomass harvest and processing, including— unintended disturbances to ecosystem carbon stocks; indirect land-use change; and alternative fates of biomass used; the risk of impacts on biodiversity and food security; and the social impacts of any air pollutants. In carrying out research, development, and demonstration described in paragraph (5), the Bioenergy Technologies Office shall— conduct risk assessment of species cultivated or utilized for terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal; and take all feasible and prudent measures to minimize risk of economic, environmental, and social harm caused by invasive species. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Assistant Secretary, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in the areas described in subparagraphs
(B)through (I). The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to microalgae growth, dewatering, and conversion, including pathways such as bioreactors and non-photosynthetic pathways. The Assistant Secretary, in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, shall establish 1 or more test facilities to conduct innovative approaches for treating biomass for use in fuels and electricity generation, including modeling and analysis of optimizing biomass gathering, upgrading, and supply. In selecting facilities to be established as test facilities under clause (i), the Assistant Secretary shall— consider whether the facility has the capability for small-scale and mobile applications; and prioritize facilities that use waste feedstocks from managed ecosystems, urban areas, and areas damaged by severe weather events. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to— research on conversion pathways, including fast pyrolysis; development of— mobile processing units; and pollutant emissions control technology; and assessments of overall carbon dioxide removal potential. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause
(i)in collaboration with the Director of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to biomass to advanced cellulosic ethanol with carbon capture and storage, taking into consideration direct and indirect land-use impacts from biomass feedstocks. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause
(i)in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to management best practices and phenotype selection for aquatic macroalgae biomass production optimized for carbon dioxide removal, including limited-scale experiments at sea, designed and monitored to avoid impacts beyond the zone of the experiment. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause
(i)in collaboration with the Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to technology development and pilots for aquatic biomass conversion and carbon capture, including possible large-scale ocean-based experiments. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development of new carbon dioxide utilization products. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out the activities under clause
(i)in collaboration with— the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy and Carbon Management; and the Administrator of the Agricultural Research Service. The Assistant Secretary shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to other terrestrial and biological carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities not described in subparagraphs
(B)through (H), as determined by the Secretary. The Secretary of Energy, acting through the Building Technologies Office, shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities in each of the areas described in this subsection. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out research, development, and demonstration activities relating to development, testing, and certification of carbonate materials for construction materials. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out activities under clause
(i)in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The Building Technologies Office shall carry out other carbon dioxide removal research, development, and demonstration activities, as determined by the Secretary of Energy. There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Energy to carry out this section— $26,000,000 for fiscal year 2024; $54,000,000 for fiscal year 2025; $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2026; $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2027; $93,000,000 for fiscal year 2028; $88,000,000 for fiscal year 2029; $83,000,000 for fiscal year 2030; $73,000,000 for fiscal year 2031; $53,000,000 for fiscal year 2032; and $42,000,000 for fiscal year 2033.